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It is important to know the community coping strategies during the rapid uprise of a pandemic, as this helps to predict the consequences, especially in the mental health spectrum. This study aims to explore coping strategies used by Bangladeshi citizens during the major wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional survey of adults living in Bangladesh. Methods: Participants were interviewed for socio-demographic data and completed the Bengali-translated Brief-COPE Inventory. COPING indicators were categorized in four ways, such as approach, avoidant, humor, and religion. Results: Participants (N = 2001), aged 18 to 86 years, were recruited from eight administrative divisions within Bangladesh (mean age 31.85 ± 14.2 years). The male-to-female participant ratio was 53.4% (n = 1074) to 46.6% (n = 927). Higher scores were reported for approach coping styles (29.83 ± 8.9), with lower scores reported for avoidant coping styles (20.83 ± 6.05). Humor coping scores were reported at 2.68 ± 1.3, and religion coping scores at 5.64 ± 1.8. Both men and women showed similar coping styles. Multivariate analysis found a significant relationship between male gender and both humor and avoidant coping (p < 0.01). Male gender was found to be inversely related to both religion and approach coping (p < 0.01). Marital status and education were significantly related to all coping style domains (p < 0.01). The occupation was related to approach coping (p < 0.01). Rural and urban locations differed in participants’ coping styles (p < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis revealed two cluster groups (factors 1 and 2) of mixed styles of coping. Conclusions: Participants in this study coped with the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing mixed coping strategies. This study finds female gender, the married, elderly, and rural populations were adaptive to positive approaches to coping, whereas the male and educated population had the avoidant approach to coping.

Md Shahadat Hossain,1,&ast; Sapia Akter,1,&ast; Mustafa Amimul Ehsan Siddique,2 Md Kaoser Bin Siddique,3 G M Reza,1 Foisal Mohammad Mosiul Alom,4 Mohammad Ali,5 Md. Obayadur Rahman Noman,6 M Mazibar Rahman,2 Md. Shofiqul Islam,6 K M Amran Hossain7,&ast; 1Bangladesh Institute of Manual Therapy & Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Department of Research, Planning & Development, Grand Health Sector, TMSS, Bogura, Bangladesh; 4Department of Physiotherapy, National Institute of Traumatology & Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Uttara Adhunik Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 6Department of Physiotherapy, Bangladesh Health Professions Institute (BHPI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 7Department of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation, Jashore University of Science & Technology (JUST), Jashore, Bangladesh&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: K M Amran Hossain, Department of Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation, Jashore University of Science & Technology (JUST), Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh, Tel +8801735661492, Email kma.hossain@just.edu.bdBackground: The study aimed to determine the outcome of Multidisciplinary physiotherapist-led conservative treatment of lumbar disc herniation at an in-patient set-up of a specialized spine center in Dhaka, Bangladesh.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 228 cases completing treatment and follow-up sessions. The outcome was evaluated as pain at rest and five different functional positions, neurological recovery, and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes during discharge and follow-up.Results: 80.3% had a complete recovery with a typical motor and sensory status, no limitations in straight leg raise (SLR), no cauda equina symptom (CES), and no or < 3 pain during more than 30 minutes of daily living activities. Statistically significant changes were noted at all outcome measures at the follow-up (day 90), compared to baseline (day 1) P< 0.01. In the posthoc tests, pain, SLR, and CES had the most significant improvement at discharge (day 12) compared to the baseline (P < 0.01) and at follow-up compared to discharge (P < 0.01). No major adverse events noted.Conclusion: Physiotherapist-led in-patient treatment results in significant resting and functional pain outcomes in 12 days. Also, the improvements in neurological recovery and normalizing disc position are statistically significant in 90 days.Keywords: lumbar disc herniation, multidisciplinary, conservative treatment, physiotherapy

BackgroundThis report describes an effective rehabilitation programme for a 13-year-old girl, diagnosed with acute transverse myelitis, as an example of best clinical practice.Case descriptionMiss A was admitted to the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital in Dhaka, where she was diagnosed with acute transverse myelitis, in September 2018. She was discharged and referred for intensive rehabilitation over 3 months as an outpatient at the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed in Bangladesh. The therapy team conducted a baseline assessment before starting treatment, which included the following outcome measures: the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury Scale; Spinal Cord Independence Measure; and the Spinal Cord Injury Functional Ambulation Inventory. After 3 months, Miss A was discharged home to continue with a home exercise programme supported by her parents. Outcome measurements were repeated at 3-, 6- and 12-month time points.ResultsMiss A regained muscle power in her legs and normal sensation in S4/5 dermatomes, in addition to regaining voluntary anal muscle contraction. Her mobility and transfers improved so that she was able to transfer in and out of her wheelchair independently and use two elbow crutches to walk short distances outdoors.ConclusionsThis report shows that it is possible for a child who had been severely disabled by acute transverse myelitis to make substantial physical improvements up to 12 months after diagnosis when provided with effective rehabilitation. It also identifies that rehabilitation can provide multiple benefits and value for the individual patient, family, community and society.

PurposeThis study compared the effect of Structural Diagnosis and Management (SDM) approach over Myofascial Release (MFR) on gastrocnemii, soleus and plantar fascia in patients with plantar heel pain.SubjectsSixty-four (n=64) subjects, aged 30-60 years, with a diagnosis of plantar heel pain, plantar fasciitis or calcaneal spur by a physician and according to ICD-10. Participants were equally allocated to MFR (n=32) and SDM (n=32) group by hospital randomization and concealed allocation.MethodsIn this assessor blinded randomized clinical trial, the control group performed MFR (three tissue specific stretching techniques) and the experimental group performed 2 tissue-specific interventions utilizing the Structural Diagnosis and Management (SDM) concept for 12 sessions over a 4-week period. In addition, both groups received strengthening exercises and other conventional treatments. Pain, activity limitations and disability were assessed as primary outcomes utilizing the foot function index (FFI) and range of motion (ROM) of the ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors were measured with a universal goniometer. Secondary outcomes were measured using the Foot Ankle Disability Index (FADI) and 10-point manual muscle testing process for the ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors.ResultBoth MFR and SDM groups exhibited significant improvements from baseline in all outcome variables, including: pain, activity level, disability, range of motion and function after the 12-week intervention period (pConclusionMFR and SDM approaches are both effective to reduce pain, improving function, ankle range of motion, and reduce disability in plantar heel pain. However, the SDM approach is significantly superior (for reducing pain, improving function and reducing disability (p

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of chest physiotherapy along with early mobility after abdominal surgery. The study was investigating the effect of chest physiotherapy along with early mobility and only chest physiotherapy after major abdominal surgeries on respiratory function, length of hospital stays, pain intensity, oxygen saturation level and status of functional independency (FIM). Methodology: This was a quasi-experimental study where sixty patients with Lower abdominal surgery conveniently selected from the post-operative unit of the tertiary level specialized hospitals in Dhaka and simple random sampling was used for differentiating the groups. Thirty patients in chest physiotherapy group (control) and thirty in chest physiotherapy along with early mobility group (Experimental). It was measured the respiratory function, length of hospital stays, pain intensity, oxygen saturation level and status of functional independence. Results: Regarding this study the mean age of the experimental group were 46.7 (±18.12) years and mean age of control group were 43.4 (±15.66) years. Mean length of hospital stay was 7.90 (± 2.078) days in experimental group and 11.50 (±3.75) in control group, and the p value was 0.0016 in experimental group and 0.019 in control group so it was proved that the chest physiotherapy along with early mobilization significantly reduce the duration of hospital stay and chest physiotherapy was also effective. However it was showed that post-operative day-05 experimental group treatment was significantly effective where the p value was ≤0.05 (p=0.0378). So it was absolute showed that the treatment of experimental group was much effective. Study was showed that the effect on improving functional independency level was significantly effective of experimental group of FIM score in all parameters and also in control group also but in comparison it was showed that the experimental group was more effective than control group. Conclusion: It was identified the significant effectiveness of chest physiotherapy (CPT) along with early mobility rather than only chest physiotherapy after abdominal surgeries. But both groups of participants were showed significant effectiveness. Participants in the CPT along with early mobility exercise after abdominal surgeries showed that it significantly reduces the duration of hospital stay and as well as increase the peripheral oxygen saturation level and also improved functional independence rather than the control group who got only chest physiotherapy.

Bangladesh is going through a potentially catastrophic situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The most densely populated country in the world with a high rate of disabled people, poor economic resilience, and lack of proper pandemic preparedness makes it particularly vulnerable. Rehabilitation care for disabled people will fare even worse fate during this pandemic unless a clear national strategy is formulated rapidly, which must be implemented quickly. The paper aims to explain the impact of COVID 19 on the Persons with disability of Bangladesh in epidemiological, healthcare, social, and rehabilitation contexts.

Background: The Rohingyas are an ethnic minority group from Myanmar who have experienced severe forms of violence such as murder, rape, humanitarian defilement and forcible expellation from their motherland. Exposure to trauma has a long-lasting impact on psychological well-being and Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL). Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of depression and association with HRQoL for Rohingya displaced persons. Methodology: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study in two refugee camps in Southern Bangladesh, with a structured and language validated questionnaire. Results: The study indicates the prevalence of depression was 70% (n=150 respondents), with 8.7% reporting “severe depression” in PHQ-9. WHOQOL-BREF scores were inversely associated with symptoms on the depression scale with a strong and significant correlation (r= 0.652; p Conclusion: There are higher incidence rates of moderate to severe depression than the population norms and low health-related quality of life than published population norms for Rohingya displaced persons living in refugee camps. Depression rates were inversely associated with HRQoL for Rohingya displaced persons living in refugee camps. Future research may consider the prevention of related medical issues for long term program implementation.

AimThe aim of this research is to focus on gaining an insight into the knowledge, attitudes, behavioural practises (KAP), and psychological impact relating to COVID-19 among the people living with spinal cord injury receiving in-patient rehabilitation.MethodsA prospective, cross-sectional survey of people with SCI (N = 207), who were in active in-patient rehabilitation from two tertiary SCI Rehabilitation Centres in Bangladesh. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews, after voluntary consent, using a pretested, language validated questionnaire on Knowledge, Attitude and Behavioural practises (KAP) and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). Ethical approval and trial registration were obtained prospectively.ResultsA total of 207 people with SCI responded, among which 87% were men and 13% were women, with a mean age of 34.18 ± 12.9 years. Within the sample group, people living with tetraplegia comprised 33.8%, and people living with paraplegia comprised 66.2%. Overall, 63.8% of the participants were diagnosed with an SCI categorised as ASIA-A. Overall, the “knowledge score” was 8.59 ± 2.3 out of 12, “depression” was 11.18 ± 8, “anxiety” was 7.72 ± 5.1, and “stress” was 9.32 ± 6.7 from a total of 21 scores each category. The strong correlation was between knowledge, DASS scores, and age (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a strong correlation between knowledge, gender (p < 0.05) and education (p < 0.01). Binary logistic regression found a stronger association of knowledge and DASS scores with gender, young age, illiteracy (p < 0.01), and rural residence (p < 0.05). A positive relationship was found between depression and anxiety scores (p < 0.01) and a moderate positive relationship was found between depression and stress scores (p < 0.01). A positive attitude was reported by the majority of participants (p < 0.05). In terms of behavioural practises, participants reported both self and caregiver had followed health advice with regard to consulting health professionals (65.7%), implementing isolation (63.8%), taking droplet precaution care (87.4%), and hygiene care (90.3%).ConclusionParticipants in this study reported high levels of knowledge, adoption of positive attitudes, and the practise of positive health advisory behaviours related to COVID-19 prevention procedures. However, high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were also reported. Overall, women and younger participants were more likely to have high KAP, whereas those living in rural areas and with literacy challenges were less likely to report high knowledge scores.

This study aims to investigate coping strategies used by Bangladeshi citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignProspective, cross-sectional survey of adults (N=2001) living in Bangladesh.MethodsParticipants were interviewed for socio-demographic data and completed the Bengali translated Brief-COPE Inventory. Statistical data analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 20).ResultsParticipants (N=2001), aged 18 to 86 years, were recruited from eight administrative divisions within Bangladesh (mean age 31.85±14.2 years). Male to female participant ratio was 53.4% (n=1074) to 46.6% (n=927). Higher scores were reported for approach coping styles (29.83±8.9), with lower scores reported for avoidant coping styles (20.83 ± 6.05). Humor coping scores were reported at 2.68±1.3 and religion coping scores at 5.64±1.8. Both men and women showed similar coping styles. Multivariate analysis found a significant relationship between male gender and both humor and avoidant coping (p religion and approach coping (p approach coping (p ConclusionParticipants in this study coped with the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing a combination of coping strategies. Factor 1 revealed both avoidant and approach coping strategies and Factor 2 revealed a combination of humor and avoidant coping strategies. Overall, a higher utilization of approach coping strategies was reported, which has previously been associated with better physical and mental health outcomes. Religion was found to be a coping strategy for all participants. Future research may focus on understanding resilience in vulnerable populations, including people with disability or with migrant or refugee status in Bangladesh.

The study aims to determine the Neuro-muscular Impairments in Prolapsed Lumbar Intervertebral Disc (PLID) according to Structural Diagnosis and Management (SDM). Structural Diagnosis and Management (SDM) of musculoskeletal medicine focuses on a comprehensive approach to assess both the contractile and non-contractile structures to generate a hypothesis to solve the specific sources hindering normal activities in the lumbar spine. This has been developed through 15 years’ experience of Dr. M Shahadat Hossain treating diverse cases of musculoskeletal medicine. The SDM assessment directs conservative management procedure in a way of taking history, examination of arthokinemetic and osteokinemtic motions of lumbar spine, stretching the series of muscles in lumbopelvic and lower extremities with biomechanical rationale, strength test to relative prime, segmental and regional stabilizer, neurological examination to the biomechanical contributor, myotomes and isolated neural structures to generate a diagnosis.

Executive summary: The first confirmed case of COVID 19 in Bangladesh was on 8th March 2020, then it subsequently rises and makes the government worried as well as for mass people of the country. Within 9th March it reaches 100 and exceeded 200 cases within next two days. Almost every country taken therapeutic and nontherapeutic measures to control the devastating situation of SARS-CoV where in Bangladesh there is an ongoing debate whether the measures have been adopted adequately or efficiently. It seems government did not impose any strict rules and the mass people also seem not too serious to maintain just a simple rule of wearing a Musk, which seems fancy and impractical to them. However, the consequences of the impact of SARS CoVwas frustrating, until today confirmed case was 371631, death case 5405, recovered 284833 and in Isolation 81393 (evident from corona.gov.bd).Developed countries investing a lot in research to discover the vaccine that can fight SARS CoV. Health care professionals with adequate training act as frontline fighters for SARS-CoV where all over the globe Rehabilitation professionals act as crucial health care providers for post-COVID patients. For instance, our research has four phases where phase one is completed and phase two is under process. For now, we aimed to complete our phase three and four. Phase Three aim: Identify the Functioning, disability, and other indicators of COVID-19 positive patients after recovery. and Phase four aim: evaluate the impact of physiotherapy and rehabilitation among the recovered COVID-19 patients.

Background: A Delphi-Based Consensus Statement: Recommendation for Physiotherapy Management and Rehabilitation of people living with Long COVID in Bangladesh Background: Covid-19 is a new and deadly virus with global consequences with special vulnerabilities in Bangladesh. The World Health Organization confirmed 22,451,122,614 cases and 4,627,540 deaths, worldwide (13th September 2021). In the United Kingdom, 1.5% of the estimated population of 970,000, suffers from Long COVID. Physiotherapy plays a vital role both in decreasing the number of deaths during the acute stage and improving function for patients across the spectrum of severity in the acute, sub-acute, and long-term context. Objectives: This Delphi-Based Consensus, provides recommendations for physiotherapy management and rehabilitation of people living with Long COVID. It includes recommendations for physiotherapy management for acute and subacute respiratory complications, a specific prescriptive exercise guideline for fatigue and musculoskeletal dysfunction and for improving psychological outcomes through combination of both counseling and rehabilitation. Methods: A team of 8 national and 6 international experts working in different disciplines were provided with studies on physiotherapy interventions in Long COVID-19 and were asked to provide treatment opinions based on the current literature for musculoskeletal, neurorehabilitation, respiratory, cardiac and psychological health domains. Statements were ranked and presented with individual opinions measured on a 10-point Likert Scale. The mean scores for each intervention were calculated and a manuscript with recommended physiotherapy interventions was prepared based on currently available evidence as presented and agreed upon by expert consensus. Findings: Experts recommended the following interventions based on mean agreement scores: diaphragmatic breathing (Mean = 7.5), thoracic expansion (with shoulder elevation) (Mean =8.5) and expiratory muscle training (Mean=6.3) for respiratory rehabilitation. Mild to moderate graded exercise (Mean= 7.7) was suggested for recovery from fatigue and McKenzie directional preference exercises for low back pain (Mean= 8.6), neck pain (Mean =7.9) and knee pain (Mean =8.3). Additionally, communicative and educative strategies were recommended for the rehabilitation of COVID-19. Conclusion: This consensus is structured according to the expert opinions of medical and rehabilitation professionals and based on current literature to recommend a series of rehabilitation interventions for physiotherapy professionals to manage Long COVID cases. Funding: This research has not been funded by any other external organization nor received any grants from commercial or not-for-profit organizations. Declaration of Interests: None declared. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical permission was obtained from the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP) ethics committee. The reference number CRP-R&E-0401-337. Trial Registration: Trial registration from the WHO Clinical trial registry platform, the reference number CTRI/2020/10/028179.

Study DesignA prospective cross-sectional survey.ObjectiveThe study aimed to examine the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of people living with Spinal cord injury (SCI) towards COVID-19 and their psychological status during in-patient rehabilitation in Bangladesh.SettingThe Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP) and the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), two tertiary level hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh.MethodsFrom July to September 2020, a prospective, cross-sectional survey of SCI subjects, 13-78 years of age, carried out in two SCI rehab centers in Bangladesh. Data has been collected by face to face interview through a pretested, and language validated questionnaire on KAP and Depression, Anxiety, Stress (DASS). Ethical approval and trial registration obtained prospectively. As all the patients were previously living with Spinal cord injury (SCI), therefore, all the patients admitted/ attend SCI rehab centers were considered as SCI positive samples.ResultsA total of 207 people with SCI responded, 87%were male, and 13% were female with mean age34.18±12.9 years. 33.8% was tetraplegic and 66.2% was paraplegic and 63.8% of them were diagnosed ASIA-A, with motor score 45.38±19.5, sensory score 97.2±52, SpO2 95.07±3.3, and Vo2max 35.7±3.7mL/kg/min. 178 people had at least one health issue. Overall knowledge score was 8.59±2.3 out of 12, depression 11.18±8, anxiety 7.72±5.1, and stress was 9.32±6.7 from a total of 21 scores each. There was a correlation between Knowledge and DASS with age (POR 6.6, 6.6, .95, 6.6; POR.418, POR3.81, POR.48, Pr.45, Pr.58, PConclusionsDuring in-patient rehabilitation in Bangladesh, the majority of SCI reported that they had communicated with health professionals and practiced behaviors that would reduce transmission and risk of COVID-19.

Executive summary: The first confirmed case of COVID 19 in Bangladesh was on 8th March 2020, then it subsequently rises and makes the government worried as well as for mass people of the country. Within 9th March it reaches 100 and exceeded 200 cases within next two days. Almost every country taken therapeutic and nontherapeutic measures to control the devastating situation of SARS-CoV where in Bangladesh there is an ongoing debate whether the measures have been adopted adequately or efficiently. It seems government did not impose any strict rules and the mass people also seem not too serious to maintain just a simple rule of wearing a Musk, which seems fancy and impractical to them. However, the consequences of the impact of SARS CoVwas frustrating, until today confirmed case was 371631, death case 5405, recovered 284833 and in Isolation 81393 (evident from corona.gov.bd).Developed countries investing a lot in research to discover the vaccine that can fight SARS CoV. Health care professionals with adequate training act as frontline fighters for SARS-CoV where all over the globe Rehabilitation professionals act as crucial health care providers for post-COVID patients. For instance, our research has four phases where phase one is completed and phase two is under process. For now, we aimed to complete our phase three and four. Phase Three aim: Identify the Functioning, disability, and other indicators of COVID-19 positive patients after recovery. and Phase four aim: evaluate the impact of physiotherapy and rehabilitation among the recovered COVID-19 patients.

Introduction: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common determinant of low back pain (LBP) and priority for cost-effective therapeutic approach is necessary. The objective of the study was to explore the effectiveness of McKenzie Manipulative Therapy (MMT) for patients with LDH. Methodology: This was an assessor blinded, 36-month RCT, at Center for Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP) in Savaar, Bangladesh. Seventy-two subjects, ages 28-47 years and clinically diagnosed with MRI findings of LDH, were randomly recruited from hospital records and sixty-eight found eligible. The control group received stretching exercise and graded oscillatory mobilization, and the experimental group received McKenzie manipulative therapy for 12 sessions in 4 weeks, both groups received a standard set of care also. The pain was the primary outcome and the secondary outcome was participation in functional activities and disability. Results: Pain and Disability found significant improvement in both groups, with the McKenzie approach significantly superior to the control group (p Conclusion: The McKenzie manipulative therapy approach was found to be effective for pain, disability and participation in activities for single or multiple level LDH patients in a short time from day 1 to week 4, and the treatment effect extends after 6 months. Clinical Trial Registration No.: CTRI/2020/ 04/024667.

Aims: To explore the effectiveness of sports activities to improve the psychological status through progression in anxiety and depression level of Spinal Cord Injury patients. Methods: The design of the study was prior and after an experimental design of quantitative research. The data were collected from inpatient SCI Unit, Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Bangladesh. The study involved thirtyone (31) male participants with SCI selected by conveniently and they were participating in sports three weeks. The assessor was blind (Single blinded study). The dependable variable was psychological status (anxiety and depression), assessed with Strait-trait anxiety inventory X2 for anxiety, Depression Measurement Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS) - for Anxiety and depression. Independent variables included socio-demographic factors (age, sex, marital status etc), sports, type of paralysis and type of patients. Data analyzed by paired T-test considering the questionnaire as parametric Test in SPSS 20 version. Results: Analysis of difference revealed major positive change and reduced the anxiety and depression level of SCI patients after participating in sports. The mean age was 34.81 years and the paraplegic patient was 25 and tetraplegic 6, while the complete patient was 16 and incomplete 15. Mean score between Strait Trait Anxiety-X2 (STAI-X2) before 55.9 and after 45.9, Depression Measurement Scale (DMS) 104.9 and 76.3, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) for anxiety 13.1 and 10 and HADS for depression 13.7 and 10.3. There was significance variance within Scale. In addition, paraplegic and incomplete participants were more improved then tetraplegic and complete participants. The ‘p’ value of the variable is (lessthan 0.05). Conclusion: Sports activities play an important role to alleviate anxiety and depression level after spinal cord injury. Both were hampering their quality of life. The study would indicate that improvement was higher in paraplegic and incomplete person with SCI.

BackgroundStress urinary incontinence (SUI) in females is a common gynecological issue that impedes lifestyle. Exercise had a significant effect; however, studies did not determine the exercise frequency and intensity for pelvic floor stabilization in stress urinary incontinence.AimThe aim of the study is to determine if maximum repetition of pelvic stabilization exercise impacts the management of stress urinary incontinence in females.MethodologyOne arm quasi-experimental study design was used. 40 patients having SUI and associated musculoskeletal complaints were recruited from the outpatient unit of Physiotherapy department of the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Bangladesh. The study was conducted over 4weeks. Outcome measurement was included pelvic floor and abdominal muscle strength, endurance, and incontinence measurement.ResultPelvic floor muscle and abdominal strength, and endurance had a positive and significant result in maximum repetition (P .001). Pelvic floor strength has been significantly improvement in week 2 (P .001), and week 3 (P .01). Interference in activities (P .003), and ICIQ total (P .001) had improvement but majority of the improvement was noted in weeks 2-3. There was a significant improvement in the frequency of urine leakage in the first week (P .001), and week 3 (P .005) and week 4 (P .001).ConclusionPelvic floor exercise with increasing repetition is an effective approach to improve stress urinary incontinence in females. The study had a significant impact on incontinence frequency, amount, and associated quality of life for women with stress urinary incontinence with pelvic floor exercise with maximum repetition.

Background: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of ‘Long COVID’ symptoms (LCS) in a large cohort of survivors and identify any potential associated risk factors. Methods: A prospective survey was undertaken of an inception cohort of confirmed COV|ID-19 survivors (Aged 18 to 87 years). 14392 participants were recruited from 24 testing facilities across Bangladesh between June, and November 2020. All participants had a previously confirmed positive COVID-19 diagnosis, and reported persistent symptoms and difficulties in performing daily activities. Participants who consented, were contacted by telephone, and were interviewed regarding LCS, and restriction of activities of daily living. Cardio-respiratory parameters were also measured. Statistical analysis included binary logistic and multiple linear regressions were performed with LCS as the dependent variable. Associated risk factors were identified using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Findings: Among 2198 participants, the prevalence of LCS at 12 weeks was 16·1%. Overall, eight LCS were identified and in descending order of prominence are: fatigue, pain, dyspnea, cough, anosmia, appetite loss, headache, and chest pain. COVID survivors experienced between 1 to 5 LCS with an overall duration period of 21·8 ± 5·2 weeks. SEM predicted the length of LCS to be related to younger age, female gender, rural residence, prior functional limitation and smoking. Interpretation: In this cohort of survivors, at 31 weeks post diagnosis, the prevalence of LCS was 16·1%. The risk factors identified for presence and longer length of LCS warrant further research and consideration to support public health initiatives. Clinical Trial Registration Details: The study was registered at World Health Organization (WHO) Primary Clinical trial registry platform (CTRI/2020/09/028165) on 30/09/2020 with the title “Symptoms presentation among the COVID-19 survivors in Bangladesh”. Funding Information: No funding. Declaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical permission was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at the Institute of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation, and Research (Ethical review committee at Bangladesh Physiotherapy Association) on September 17, 2020 (BPA-IPRR/IRB/17/09/2020/028). Verbal consent was obtained during the initial telephone call and written consent was obtained at interview. The principles of the Helsinki Declaration19 were followed throughout the research to ensure confidentiality, ethics and privacy.

Ankle sprain is considered to be a commonest sports injury globally [1]. Sprain to the lateral ligaments of ankle in inversion mechanism consists more than 85% of ankle sprains...

Background: In healthcare and rehabilitation profession, continuous professional education (CPE) is deemed as an essential tool by institutions, regulatory bodies and organizations. It is considered to be a safeguard to professional practice to ensure patient safety and efficient service delivery. Leadership program is an emerging subject that integrates technical, management and leadership skill that found indispensable to enhance ultimate professional development. Objective: The purpose of this article is to explore the potential impact of CPE on leadership training for rehabilitation professionals in Bangladesh. Methodology: This pilot study was a mixed methods study. 20 rehabilitation professionals participated in the study. Quantitative data were collected by structured questionnaire and qualitative data were obtained by face to face video recording interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and thematic analysis was considered for qualitative data. Result: Study findings showed that 95% of the participants (n=19) were in their 2nd to 3rd decade of life, there mean age were 26 and male participation (n=12) were higher than female (n=8). Highest academic qualification was master’s degree and none of the participants attended leadership training before. Overall objective, planning and atmosphere of the training course, quality of trainers and time management seemed effective and satisfactory to the participants they agreed with. Leadership qualities and elements have profound impacts on knowledge and attitude towards positivity in performing professional duties and Responsibilities. The training also enhances motivation to be a skilled professional in clinical practice, also encourages serving with outmost excellence towards patients or clients. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that education on leadership to professionals have an impact on motivation and positivity towards developing technical, management and professional skills. The study may have impact on developing diverse qualities of a professional in personal and organizational perspective; this can be explored by continuing education on leadership and evaluation of the behavioral changes, professional and management skills in rehabilitation professionals’ serving in an organization in longer run.