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Objectives Investigation of novel vertical radiation shield (VRS) in reducing operator radiation exposure. Background Radiation exposure to the operator remains an occupational health hazard in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL). Methods A mannequin simulating an operator was placed near a computational phantom, simulating a patient. Measurement of dose equivalent and Air Kerma located the angle with the highest radiation, followed by a common magnification (8 in.) and comparison of horizontal radiation absorbing pads (HRAP) with or without VRS with two different: CCL, phantoms, and dosimeters. Physician exposure was subsequently measured prospectively with or without VRS during clinical procedures. Results Dose equivalent and Air Kerma to the mannequin was highest at left anterior oblique (LAO)‐caudal angle (p

Three-dimensional (3D) compensated MnBi2Te4 is antiferromagnetic, but undergoes a spin-flop transition at intermediate fields, resulting in a canted phase before saturation. In this work, we experimentally show that the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in MnBi2Te4 originates from a topological response that is sensitive to the perpendicular magnetic moment and to its canting angle. Synthesis by molecular beam epitaxy allows us to obtain a large-area quasi-3D 24-layer MnBi2Te4 with near-perfect compensation that hosts the phase diagram observed in bulk which we utilize to probe the AHE. This AHE is seen to exhibit an antiferromagnetic response at low magnetic fields, and a clear evolution at intermediate fields through surface and bulk spin-flop transitions into saturation. Throughout this evolution, the AHE is super-linear versus magnetization rather than the expected linear relationship. We reveal that this discrepancy is related to the canting angle, consistent with the symmetry of the crystal. Our findings bring to light a topological anomalous Hall response that can be found in non-collinear ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic phases.

Nutrient availability is one of the most important factors controlling Arctic plant productivity. It is also sensitive to climate change, with increased nitrogen (N) mineralization arising from warmer soils and deeper snow. However, warming also tends to reduce snow cover duration, leading to antagonistic effects of climate change on mineralization. Furthermore, since snow melt is also a trigger for seasonal nutrient pulses, changes to snow melt timing may alter seasonal availability to plants. To investigate the impacts of environmental conditions on ecosystem nutrient availability and seasonal dynamics, we undertook regular, high-frequency measurements of soil extractable and plant N and phosphorus (P) concentrations along with winter and summer N and P mineralization rates along a sub-Arctic catchment representing a gradient in temperature, snow melt timing and vegetation composition. Our data show that a delay in snow melt timing of 11 days did not alter the seasonal dynamics of soil or leaf N and P concentrations. Net N mineralization, however, was highest at the warmest site and at the site with the most productive vegetation, while P was strongly immobilized at all sites, both in winter and summer. N:P ratios suggest that plants were generally P limited at all sites, probably due to strong P immobilization. Our data suggest that where warming and resulting vegetation change increase net N mineralization rates, in combination with strong P immobilization this may impose greater P limitation, possibly limiting the extent to which Arctic ecosystems can increase productivity under warming.

Nutrient availability limits productivity of arctic ecosystems, and this constraint means that the amount of nitrogen (N) in plant canopies is an exceptionally strong predictor of vegetation productivity. However, climate change is predicted to increase nutrient availability leading to increases in carbon sequestration and shifts in community structure to more productive species. Despite tight coupling of productivity with canopy nutrients at the vegetation scale, it remains unknown how species/shoot level foliar nutrients couple to growth, or how climate change may influence foliar nutrients–productivity relationships to drive changes in ecosystem carbon gain and community structure. We investigated the influence of climate change on arctic plant growth relationships to shoot level foliar N and phosphorus (P) in three dominant subarctic dwarf shrubs using an 18-year warming and nutrient addition experiment. We found a tight coupling between total leaf N and P per shoot, leaf area and shoot extension. Furthermore, a steeper shoot length-leaf N relationship in deciduous species (Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium uliginosum) under warming manipulations suggests a greater capacity for nitrogen to stimulate growth under warmer conditions in these species. This mechanism may help drive the considerable increases in deciduous shrub cover observed already in some arctic regions. Overall, our work provides the first evidence at the shoot level of tight coupling between foliar N and P, leaf area and growth i.e. consistent across species, and provides mechanistic insight into how interspecific differences in alleviation of nutrient limitation will alter community structure and primary productivity in a warmer Arctic.

The bone-resorbing activity of thyroid hormones was evaluated in neonatal mouse calvaria maintained in organ culture for 96 h. Thyroxine (T4) between 10(-8) and 10(-5) mol/liter and triiodothyronine (T3) between 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/liter caused a dose-dependent release of calcium from cultured bone. The thyroid hormone effect was delayed in onset for at least 24 h, and after 96 h of culture amounted to 50-90% of the bone-resorbing activity of 10(-8) mol/liter parathyroid hormone (PTH). The bone-resorbing action of T4 as well as of T3 was completely blocked by 100 U/ml interferon-gamma (IF-gamma) or 20 mU/ml salmon calcitonin (CT). "Escape" from CT inhibition, which is a well-known phenomenon in the action of PTH, was not observed with thyroid hormone-mediated bone resorption. Thyroid hormone treatment of cultured calvaria resulted in a gradual increase between 48 and 96 h of medium concentrations of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and particularly of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the inactive metabolite of prostacyclin (PGI2). The release of PGF2 alpha in general was not significantly affected. Although the effect of thyroid hormones on PG release from cultured calvaria was completely abolished by 5 x 10(-7) mol/liter indomethacin, in some experiments indomethacin reduced thyroid hormone-mediated bone resorption by only 50%. This indicates that thyroid hormone action on bone is also mediated by a PG-independent mechanism.

This paper introduces the culture preparation of ovine, bovine and human cancellous bone cores to be used in an explants model Zetos. The three dimensional (3D) bone cores were prepared and evaluated for all three animals. Bone cells in vivo constantly interact with each other, migratory cells, surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) and interstitial fluid in a microenvironment, which continuously responds to various endogenous and exogenous stimuli. The Zetos system was designed to culture and mechanically load viable cancellous bone explants in their near natural microenvironment. This 3D ex vivo system bridges the current gap between in vitro and in vivo methods. One aim of this work was to compare the macro and micro-architecture of ovine, bovine and human cancellous bone tissue in preparation for culture within the Zetos system in order to determine the optimal source of experimental material. A second aim was to optimise the preparations of the bone cores as well as develop techniques involved during tissue maintenance. Bone core response was visualised using histological and immunohistochemical methods. The results demonstrate that cancellous bone explants vary greatly in trabecular density and bone volume depending on species, age and location. Sheep and human samples displayed the greatest variation between bones cores when compared to bovine. Even cores taken from the same animal possessed very different characteristics. The histology demonstrated normal bone and cell structure after the core preparation. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated antigen retention after preparation methods.

Overlap fermions implement exact chiral symmetry on the lattice and are thus an appropriate tool for investigating the chiral and topological structure of the QCD vacuum. We study various chiral and topological aspects on Luescher-Weisz-type quenched gauge field configurations using overlap fermions as a probe. Particular emphasis is placed upon the analysis of the spectral density and the localisation properties of the eigenmodes as well as on the local structure of topological charge fluctuations., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, talk given at the Workshop on Computational Hadron Physics, Nicosia, Cyprus, September 14-17, 2005; v2: Fig.6 corrected, statistics in Fig. 4-6 increased, minor text changes

We compute hadron masses and nucleon matrix elements in quenched QCD using overlap fermions.

Mit der vorliegenden Ubersichtsarbeit soll ein umfassender klinischer Uberblick uber diffuse interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen, insbesondere solche, welche mit Erkrankungen aus dem rheumatischen Formenkreis assoziiert sind, gegeben werden. Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen (ILE) umfassen eine auserst heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen mit unterschiedlichster und teilweise unbekannter Atiologie, wodurch eine exakte Klassifikation derselben schwierig ist. ILE werden in der klinischen Praxis selten angetroffen und bereiten oft diagnostische und differentialdiagnostische Schwierigkeiten. Die Diagnostik umfasst eine exakte Anamnese, die klinische Untersuchung, serologisch-immunologische und laborchemische Tests, die pulmonale Funktionsdiagnostik, die Thoraxradiologie inklusive hochauflosender Computertomographie (HRCT), die bronchioloalveolare Lavage (BAL) und lungenbioptische Verfahren. Die exakte Diagnostik von interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen erfordert daher ein hohes Mas an interdisziplinarer Zusammenarbeit, um rechtzeitig therapeutische Masnahmen einleiten zu konnen.

This study, based on the phenomenological approach, was aimed at exploring the meaning of privacy for forensic psychiatric patients. The narratives of two such patients, diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized on a forensic unit because of a killing offence, were analysed by means of qualitative content analysis. The study was conducted in a Swiss psychiatric clinic with forensic units. The results demonstrated that ‘privacy’ is not a question of luxury but a very basic human right. The ethical implications for nurses acting as key workers in such situations are highlighted. Recommendations for practice are detailed.

Hintergrund: Mangels spezialisierter schmerztherapeutischer Einrichtungen werden Schmerzpatienten an “normalen” Klinikabteilungen aufgenommen. Ein Drittel dieser Schmerzpatienten ist mit der Schmerztherapie wahrend des Krankenhausaufenthalts unzufrieden. Dies war Anlass, eine Diagnose- und Therapieroutine fur chronische Schmerzpatienten zu entwickeln und im Klinikalltag zu erproben.

In this work, we present the novel process architecture EXTIGATE (EXtended Trench Isolation GAte TEchnology) which solves major problems associated with shallow-trench-isolation (STI) and n/sup +//p/sup +/ dual workfunction gate technology. These achievements are realized without increasing process complexity or cost. Furthermore, the process window for planarization is enlarged leading to a robust, submicron n/sup +//p/sup +/ gate STI-CMOS process ideally suited for low-voltage CMOS applications.

The subarctic environment of northernmost Sweden has changed over the past century, particularly elements of climate and cryosphere. This paper presents a unique geo-referenced record of environmental and ecosystem observations from the area since 1913. Abiotic changes have been substantial. Vegetation changes include not only increases in growth and range extension but also counterintuitive decreases, and stability: all three possible responses. Changes in species composition within the major plant communities have ranged between almost no changes to almost a 50 per cent increase in the number of species. Changes in plant species abundance also vary with particularly large increases in trees and shrubs (up to 600%). There has been an increase in abundance of aspen and large changes in other plant communities responding to wetland area increases resulting from permafrost thaw. Populations of herbivores have responded to varying management practices and climate regimes, particularly changing snow conditions. While it is difficult to generalize and scale-up the site-specific changes in ecosystems, this very site-specificity, combined with projections of change, is of immediate relevance to local stakeholders who need to adapt to new opportunities and to respond to challenges. Furthermore, the relatively small area and its unique datasets are a microcosm of the complexity of Arctic landscapes in transition that remains to be documented. subarctic environment, climate change impacts, ecosystem stability

Overlap fermions preserve a remnant of chiral symmetry on the lattice. They are a powerful tool to investigate the topological structure of the vacuum of Yang-Mills theory and full QCD. Recent results concerning the localization of topological charge and the localization and local chirality of the overlap eigenmodes are reported. The charge distribution is radically different, if a spectral cut-off for the Dirac eigenmodes is applied. The density q(x) is changing from the scale-a charge density (with full lattice resolution) to the ultraviolet filtered charge density. The scale-a density, computed on the Linux cluster of LRZ, has a singular, sign-coherent global structure of co-dimension 1 first described by the Kentucky group. We stress, however, the cluster properties of the UV filtered topological density resembling the instanton picture. The spectral cut-off can be mapped to a bosonic smearing procedure. The UV filtered field strength reveals a high degree of (anti)selfduality at “hot spots” of the action. The fermionic eigenmodes show a high degree of local chirality. The lowest modes are seen to be localized in low-dimensional space-time regions.

We present selected recent results of the QCDSF collaboration on the localization and dimensionality of low overlap eigenmodes and of the topological density in the quenched SU(3) vacuum. We discuss the correlations between the topological structure revealed by overlap fermions without filtering and the confining monopole and P-vortex structure obtained in the Indirect Maximal Center Gauge., 7 pages, 6 figures, parallel talk given at Lattice 2007, Regensburg

A detailed comparison is made between the topological structure of quenched QCD as revealed by the recently proposed over-improved stout-link smearing in conjunction with an improved gluonic definition of the topological density on one hand and a similar analysis made possible by the overlap-fermionic topological charge density both with and without variable ultraviolet cutoff $\lambda_{cut}$. The matching is twofold, provided by fitting the density-density two-point functions on one hand and by a point-by-point fitting of the topological densities according to the two methods. We point out the similar cluster structure of the topological density for moderate smearing and $200 \mathrm{MeV} < \lambda_{cut} < 600 \mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. We demonstrate the relation of the gluonic topological density for extensive smearing to the location of the overlap zero modes and the lowest overlap non-zero mode as found for the unsmeared configurations., Comment: 19 pages, 18 figures

Der groszugig dimensionierte Hof weist gleich mehrere innovative Momente im Zusammenhang mit dem Wohnbauprogramm der Gemeinde Wien auf: Die Anlage ist zwar als konventioneller Riesenhof konzipiert, aber die Detailformulierung der Kubaturen und Fassaden weicht besonders bei jenem Bauteil, der von Ernst Lichtblau ausgefuhrt wurde, vom Ublichen ab. Die Gebaudeecken werden durch Staffelungen aufgelost und die Symmetrie der Fassaden mittels Abweichungen gebrochen, ein Einfluss Josef Franks darf hier wohl vermutet werden.

Overlap fermions have an exact chiral symmetry on the lattice and are thus an appropriate tool for investigating the chiral and topological structure of the QCD vacuum. We study various chiral and topological aspects of quenched gauge field configurations. This includes the localization and chiral properties of the eigenmodes, the local structure of the ultraviolet filtered field strength tensor, as well as the structure of topological charge fluctuations. We conclude that the vacuum has a multifractal structure., Comment: 68 pages, 31 figures, file size: 1.7 MB (PDF)

Three complementary views on the QCD vacuum structure, all based on eigenmodes of the overlap operator, are reported in their interrelation: (i) spectral density, localization and chiral properties of the modes, (ii) the possibility of filtering the field strength with the aim to detect selfdual and antiselfdual domains and (iii) the various faces of the topological charge density, with and without a cutoff \lambda_{\rm cut} = O(\Lambda_{QCD}). The techniques are tested on quenched SU(3) configurations., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, talk given by E.-M. I. at "Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum VII", Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal, to appear in the Proceedings

Theoretical Physics Division, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool L69 3BX, UKE-mail:galletly@ph.ed.ac.uk, martin.guertler@desy.de,rhorsley@ph.ed.ac.uk, karl.koller@lrz.uni-muenchen.de,volkard.linke@physik.fu-berlin.de,rakow@amtp.liv.ac.uk,cjr@amtp.liv.ac.uk, gerrit.schierholz@desy.de,thomas.streuer@desy.deQCDSF CollaborationWe compute the lowest moments of the nucleon’s structure functions using quenched overlapfermions at two different lattice spacings. The renormalisation is done nonperturbatively in theRI

Overlap fermions are a powerful tool for investigating the chiral and topological structure of the vacuum and the thermal states of QCD. We study various chiral and topological aspects of the finite temperature phase transition of N_f=2 flavours of O(a) improved Wilson fermions, using valence overlap fermions as a probe. Particular emphasis is placed upon the analysis of the spectral density and the localisation properties of the eigenmodes as well as on the local structure of topological charge fluctuations in the vicinity of the chiral phase transition. The calculations are done on 16^3x8 lattices generated by the DIK collaboration., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, talk presented at the XXIIIrd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, 25-30 July 2005, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

This article gives a comprehensive overview of diffuse interstitial lung diseases especially those associated with connective tissue diseases. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) represent a heterogeneous group of diseases of very different and partially unknown etiologies. Therefore, an exact classification of the ILD is difficult. ILDs are rarely seen in clinical practice and often lead to diagnostic problems. Diagnostic procedures require the patient's history, physical examination, serological-immunological and routine laboratory tests, pulmonary function testing, chest X-ray and high-resolution CT scan, bronchioloalveolar lavage (BAL) and bioptic procedures. The diagnostic approach to ILD requires an intensive multidisciplinary cooperation to offer early and effective therapeutic regimens.

Several studies have compared bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) as stem cell sources in patients receiving allografts, but the cell doses infused have not been considered, especially for BM. Using the ALWP/EBMT registry, we retrospectively studied 881 adult patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), who received a non-T-depleted allogeneic BM (n = 515) or mobilized PB (n = 366) standard transplant, in first remission (CR1), from an HLA-identical sibling, over a 5-year period from January 1994. The BM cell dose ranged from 0.17 to 29 × 108/kg with a median of 2.7 × 108/kg. The PB cell dose ranged from 0.02 to 77 × 10 8/kg with a median of 9.3 × 108/kg. The median dose for patients receiving BM (2.7 × 108/kg) gave the greatest discrimination. In multivariate analyses, high-dose BM compared to PB was associated with lower transplant-related mortality (RR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.98; P = .04), better leukemia-free survival (RR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46-0.91; P = .013), and better overall survival (RR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44-0. 92; P = .016). The present study in patients with AML receiving allografts in first remission indicates a better outcome with BM as compared to PB, when the dose of BM infused is rich. © 2003 by The American Society of Hematology.

For lack of specialized pain centers patients with chronic pain are referred to medical, neurological or geriatric departments. One third of these patients are dissatisfied with pain management during stay in hospital (patients interviews 1998). To improve this situation, a pain management system was developed and tested under daily clinical conditions.If the history-taking resulted chronic pain (longer than 3 months), the first step was staging the chronicity of pain by the Mainz Pain Staging System. In case of advanced chronic pain (stages II or III), a comprehensive history-taking of the patient's pain including psychometric tests (ADS, SES, PDI) followed. For each patient we worked out an individual and interdisciplinary therapy. To verify the results, each patient was interviewed on the day before dismissal.27,8% of our patients in half a year period (n = 381) suffered from chronic pain. By pain management activities we were able to rise significantly the satisfaction of the patients with pain therapy.It is necessary to search consequently for chronic pain. Especially elder people do not mention their suffer, often believing, that pain is an unavoidable sign of old age. Concentrating on medical reports alone is not adequate for chronic pain and even can aggravate the condition to a significant extent. Chronic pain can neither be explained nor treated without integrating psychological and social factors. A routine diagnostic- and therapy-practice facilitates an interdisciplinary pain therapy, raises the therapeutic capability of the staff and increases the therapeutic outcome.

An ultrasound-guided portocentesis was performed in 21 clinically healthy cows, and blood was collected for haematological, biochemical and blood-gas analyses. At the same time blood samples were collected from the left jugular vein of each cow for the same analyses. Immediately after the centesis, portal blood pressure was measured. The cows were examined daily thereafter for eight days and then slaughtered for postmortem examination of the internal organs. The mean (sd) portal blood pressure was 37.1 (5.47) mmHg, and ranged from 24 to 49 mmHg. There were small but significant differences between many of the haematological and biochemical parameters in jugular and portal blood, and the concentration of bile acids was on average 2.7 times higher, and the concentration of ammonia was 19.3 times higher in portal blood. The demeanour and behaviour of the cows, and their appetite and rectal temperature remained normal during the eight-day observation period. The haematocrit, total and differential leucocyte counts, and the concentrations of total solids and fibrinogen were not affected by portocentesis. On postmortem examination, no lesions were apparent in the peritoneum, liver and portal vein.

Metabolism and excretion of the new antitumor drug N4-octadecyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NOAC) was investigated in mice. Mice were injected i.v. with tritium-labeled liposomal NOAC (4 micromol/mouse). Analysis of HPLC-purified extracts of liver homogenates by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed only the presence of unmetabolized drug. To study the excretion of the administered drug, mice were injected with tritium-labeled liposomal NOAC or as comparison with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C; 4 micromol/mouse) and housed up to 48 h in metabolic cages. Urine and feces were collected at different time points and the kinetics of excreted radioactivity were determined. After 48 h, 39% of the injected [5-3H]NOAC radioactivity was excreted in urine and 16% in feces, whereas ara-C radioactivity was only found in urine with 48% of the injected dose. Feces extracts and urine were purified by HPLC and radioactive fractions were further analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The radioactivity of feces extracts of NOAC-treated mice was composed of unmetabolized NOAC, hydroxylated NOAC (NOAC + OH), its sulfated derivative (NOAC + OSO3H), and unidentified metabolites, whereas in urine, the hydrophilic molecules ara-C and ara-U were found. During the period of 48 h only 2% of the injected NOAC was eliminated in its unmetabolized form, whereas 25% was identified as main metabolite ara-C. Urine collected during 48 h in ara-C-treated mice contained 33% of the injected dose as unmetabolized drug and 13% as the main metabolite ara-U. Thus, NOAC is metabolized by two major pathways, one leading to the hydrophilic metabolites ara-C and ara-U and the other to hydroxylated and sulfated NOAC.

The interactions of N4-octadecyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (NOAC), a lipophilic derivative of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), were studied in vitro with human blood components. Binding of NOAC incorporated into liposomes to erythrocytes (Ec) was saturated at 63 nmol/10(9) Ec and binding analysis resulted in a weak affinity of 3 x 10(3) liters/mol and 4 x 10(7) binding sites per Ec. The Ec partition coefficient D(Ec) was approximately 4, which demonstrates the high accumulation of NOAC in Ec membranes. The calculated fraction f(b) of drug bound to plasma proteins was 30%. Analysis of serum protein binding of NOAC was done by density gradient ultracentrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis. Liposomal NOAC was distributed to low-density lipoproteins (LDL) at 36%, to high-density lipoproteins at 21%, to albumin and other proteins at 12% and to very-low-density lipoproteins at 5%. Comparable results were obtained for the analog N4-hexadecyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and when the drugs were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The biodistribution of liposomal NOAC in ICR mice after intravenous application revealed a biphasic blood concentration versus time curve with a distribution half-life t1/2alpha of 23 min and an elimination half-life t1/2beta of 7 h. The drug was distributed mainly into the liver with an organ load of 69% and with an elimination half-life of 8 h. The strong affinity of NOAC to LDL might be exploited for the enhanced uptake of the drug in tumor cells expressing high numbers of LDL receptor molecules.

The clinical effects of thyroid hormones on bone in hypo- and hyperthyroidism are well known but their fundamental role in the regulation of bone remodeling is still poorly understood. In this review the current literature is summarized and experimental data from our laboratory are presented. The direct stimulation of bone resorption by thyroid hormones in organ culture, which in part is mediated by prostaglandins and TGF-beta, and the effect of different agents thereon are reviewed. More recent data concerning thyroid hormone action in the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3E1, are summarized. From their effect on proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity, we conclude that thyroid hormones accelerate osteoblastic differentiation. The regulation of the transcriptional expression of certain genes by nuclear T3 receptors and their effect on osteoblastic target genes like IGF-I are reviewed. In addition a novel role of triiodothyronine as inhibitor of growth factor induced transcriptional expression of regulatory genes (c-fos, c-jun) is suggested.

The shape, the typical orientation, and the average size of mineral crystals in different types of mineralized tissues were investigated by means of small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). To rule out eventual artifacts due to sample preparation, four different standard preparation techniques were used and a comparison showed that the SAXS results were identical for all four methods. In mineralized turkey leg tendon, a frequently used model system for bone, the crystals were found to be typically plate-like with a thickness of the order of 2 nm. This stands in contrast to the case of bone (calvaria, femur, and iliac crest) from mouse, rat, and dog, where mainly needle-like crystals were found. The thickness of these crystals ranged from 3 to 4 nm but was remarkably constant for different bones of a given animal. The preferred orientation of the needle-like crystals was along the main axis of the femur and within the surface of the calvaria (for mouse, rat, and dog). The mineral plates in turkey leg tendon were located inside the hole zone and oriented along the fibril axis. Finally, no periodic arrangement of the crystals inside the hole zone of the collagen could be found.

The mechanism of calcification in bone and related tissues is a matter of current interest. The mean size and the arrangement of the mineral crystals are important parameters difficult to obtain by electron microscopy. Furthermore, most studies have been carried out on poorly calcified model systems or chemically treated samples. In the work presented here, native bone was studied as a function of age by a quantitative small-angle X-ray scattering method (SAXS). Bone samples (calvariae and ulnae) from rats and mice were investigated. Measurements were performed on native bone immediately after dissection for samples up to 1 mm thick. The size, shape, and predominant orientation of the mineral crystals in bone were obtained for embryonal, young, and adult animals. The results indicate that the mineral nucleates as thin layers of calcium phosphate within the hole zone of the collagen fibrils. The mineral nuclei subsequently grow in thickness to about 3 nm, which corresponds to maximum space available in these holes.

The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (1–10 μmol L ) inhibited 45 Ca release from parathyroid hormone (PTH; 10 nmol L ) stimulated prelabeled neonatal mouse calvaria in short term culture (24 h). This effect of forskolin was potentiated by rolipram, Ro 20-1724, and isobutyl-methylxanthine, three structurally different inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Forskolin (10 μmol L ) and calcitonin (30 mU/mL) inhibited the mobilization of stable calcium and inorganic phosphate as well as the release of the lysomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from PTH-stimulated unlabeled bones. Osteoclasts in PTH-stimulated calvaria showed active ruffled borders with numerous membrane infoldings. Treatment of PTH-stimulated bones with forskolin and calcitonin resulted in a rapid (2 h) loss of the active ruffled border. In addition, forskolin and calcitonin induced similar changes with respect to the number and size distribution of cytoplasmic vesicles in PTH-activated osteoclasts. After 24 h, all signs of osteoclast inactivation were still prominent, whereas after 48 h of treatment with forskolin or calcitonin, the reappearance of a ruffled border on a number of osteoclasts signaled an escape from the inhibitory action of both calcitonin or forskolin. These data indicate that forskolin inhibits bone resorption by a cyclic AMP dependent mechanism and that the effect of forskolin and calcitonin on bone resorption and osteoclast morphology are comparable. These observations lend further support to the view that cyclic AMP may be an intracellular mediator of the inhibitory action of calcitonin on multinucleated osteoclasts.

We study the 4-jet and photon plus 3-jet decays of orthoquarkonia, 3S1(QQ)→GGGG+GGqq→4 jets, 3S1(QQ→γGGG+γGqq→γ+3 jets. We show that the characteristic features of the jet distributions in the final state are determined by the 3-gluon vertex of quantum chromodynamics. These decays of a heavy quarkonium resonance (toponium) will offer clear signals for the gluons' self-coupling which can establish QCD as a local non-abelian gauge theory.

We discuss QCD predictions for the production of direct photons ine+e− collisions,e+e−→ γ*→γ+ hadrons (C=+). A simple derivation of the QCD results for the structure functions is presented. These turn out to be exactly predicted by the theory, in contrast to hadron production where only the change withQ2 is predictable. We also take up the phenomenology of this process. A dramatic rise of the γ/π0 ratio withz=Eγ/E B (Eπ/E B ) and withQ2 is predicted.

We discuss the angular asymmetries of 3-jet events ine + e − annihilation, originating from hard gluon bremsstrahlung off quarks. Lepton beam polarization helps to disentangle the various helicity components of the bremsstrahlung cross section. They are sensitive to the spin of the radiated quantum but are otherwise parameter-free.

We discuss the process $$e^ + e^ - \to Q\bar Q \to 3gluons \to 3jets$$ with attention to the kinematics and observability of the jets. We also show how to check the gluon spin through jet or hadron angular distributions. Gluon flavor can be checked by looking for quantum number correlations between opposite jets. We predict that correlations exist off resonance for\(e^ + e^ - \to q\bar q\), but not on resonance for\(Q\bar Q \to 3g\).

The objective of this study was the development of an assay based on suppression of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis in cultured neonatal mouse calvaria for evaluation of the biopotency of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bone. In preliminary trials, osteolytic activity due to spontaneous prostaglandin production over a 72 h culture period was found highly variable, and could not be stabilized by addition of the common precursor arachidonic acid to the culture medium. Eventually, continuous exposure of mouse calvaria to moderate concentrations of thrombin (greater than or equal to 14 U/ml medium) proved to be satisfactory to achieve stable rates of bone resorption through continuous stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis from endogenous sources. Notably, the extent of net calcium release into the medium was highly reproducible in different experiments. As an example for possible applications of the bioassay, the ability of acemetacin to interfere with prostaglandin synthesis in bone, which had not been assessed before, was evaluated in a comparative assay with indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid. While 1 X 10(-8) M acemetacin appeared to augment thrombin-induced bone resorption, as did 5 X 10(-6) M acetylsalicylic acid, a dose-dependent inhibition of calcium release was observed between 10(-7)-10(-5) M acemetacin. In this respect, the biopotency of indomethacin was 50 times higher than that of acemetacin and exceeded that of acetylsalicylic acid by a factor of more than 2000. These data could be useful for the appraisal of multiple effects of the investigated drugs on prostaglandin-related bone turnover.

We show how the Q2 evolution of gluon jets can be used to provide indirect but strong evidence for the three-gluon vertex of QCD. We propose looking for this evolution in the Q Q ¯ → 3 G → hadrons decay of successive 1 3S1 quarkonium states. The results apply to other processes if G-jets can be isolated.

Die cellulare (mittels Migrations-inhibitionstest, MT) und humorale (mittels Immunfluorescenztechnik) Immunreaktion gegen Nebennieren-Antigene wurde bei 19 Patienten mit idiopathischer Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz (INI) und 19 Kontrollpersonen untersucht. Bei 12 Patienten konnte eine ausgepragte Hemmung der Migration mononuclearer Zellen (MM) in Gegenwart von NN-Mikrosomen beobachtet werden; dagegen lag bei 18 der 19 Kontrollpersonen die MM im Normbereich. Zusatzlich konnten bei 11 (53%) der Patienten Nebennierenrinden-Antikorper (NNR-AK) festgestellt werden. In einer weiteren Untersuchungsreihe wurden NN-Mikrosomen mit NNR-AK vorinkubiert, im MT eingesetzt und die erhaltenen Migrationsindices mit denen durch NN-Mikrosomen allein erzielten verglichen. Bei 6 der 10 NNR-AK positiven Patienten konnte eine Hemmung der MM mit NN-Mikrosomen durch spezifische AK blockiert werden. Bei den NNR-AK negativen Patienten war kein einheitlicher Trend zu einer negativen oder positiven Beeinflussung der MM nachweisbar. Eine Blockierung der cellularen Immunreaktion durch spezifische Antikorper in diesem System erscheint wahrscheinlich. Mogliche Mechanismen, die dazu fuhren konnten, sowie die Bedeutung der NNR-AK werden diskutiert.

We discuss what can be learned from the 3S1 quarkonium decay QQ → 3 gluons, QQ → γ + 2 gluons. The former is a way to find gluon jets and test QCD. The latter also allows us to measure gluon + gluon → hadrons, and look for pure gluonic resonances (glueballs).

We propose an SU(5) model for the new heavy mesons, with a charge −1 3 fancy quark in addition to a charge +2 3 charmed quark. Besides interpreting the two narrow vector mesons J/Ψ and Ψ′ as c c and f f bound states and accounting for present data in a natural way, the model has (i) three new fancy vector mesons in addition to the charmed ones of the SU (4) model, (ii) at most two new C = P = + mesons ( c c , 3 P J , J = 0, 1) between J/Ψ and Ψ ′, with suppressed radiative decays Ψ′ → 3 P J + γ , (iii) a state near 4.6 GeV in e + e − , decaying mostly to fancy mesons if it is broad or perhaps charmed mesons if it is narrow, (iv) V + A weak currents and a large anomaly in ν N reactions, (v) a possible heavy lepton.

A role of γ-interferon in the bone remodeling process can be implicated from its interference with bone resorptive processes in cultured neonatal mouse calvaria. The immune interferon is an efficient inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, particularly after stimulation by thrombin or arachidonic acid, and, in addition, has a calcitonin-like inhibitory effect on PTH-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. γ-Interferon Bone resorption Neonatal mouse calvaria Prostaglandin synthesis Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin

We discuss the forward-backward asymmetry and the polarization (mean helicity) of the quark, antiquark and gluon ine−e+→γ,\(e^ - e^ + \to \gamma , {\rm Z}^0 \to q\bar qg\), and of the inclusively produced hadrons (baryons or vector mesons) belonging to the most energetic jet. In the energy range of present interest we find substantial asymmetries (up to 30%) and polarizations (up to 15%), with partons (predominantly antiquarks) of positive helicity emitted preferentially in the forward direction.