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Background: Children with allergic diseases, especially bronchial asthma, are in need of protection from acute respiratory infections, as anti-epidemic measures cannot prevent the spread of influenza; vaccination remains the best means of prevention. Another promising direction in the prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI) can be immunomodulators of bacterial origin. Objective: Our aim was to study the use of immunomodulators for prevention of respiratory infections with children having allergic diseases. Methods. A comparative analysis of prophylactic efficiency of specific and nonspecific immunoprophylaxis of ARI with children having allergic diseases has been done during three epedemic seasons (2011–2014). Results. For immunization of 335 children aged 3–17 years having a variety of allergic diseases, vaccine (domestic and foreign) in combination with an immunomodulator, and without it have been used. With the help of vaccination, the number of cases of ARI during the whole observation period decreased significantly: 21 (6.3%) children did not have ARI,62 (18.5%) children had ARI once, 252 (75.2%) children — from 1–4 times in a year. Also, significant reduction of frequency of aggravation of the basic disease was observed in all treatment groups. Patients who received only immunomodulator, had significant reduction of both ARI and the basic disease (p

The article is devoted to allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) — the only etiopathogenic therapy method for allergic diseases. By promoting the formation of immunological tolerance, ASIT modifies the course of the disease, prevents the occurrence of new or the worsening of existing sensitizations, thereby preventing the development of asthma, which is especially important for pediatric patients. The authors present the mechanism of action and its main features and conditions with regard to achieving the planned effect. Considered are the key contraindications to ASIT, the principles of selecting the appropriate allergen for the treatment and features of its introduction to both children with mono sensitization and children sensitive to the allergen group. Further prospects of research development and existing achievements of this medical technology are mentioned.

The article is concerned with the issue of a standardized approach to determining the effectiveness of allergen-specific therapy (AST) in children. AST has a special role in treating allergy: only this method can induce clinical and immunological tolerance to the cause-significant allergen; is safe enough and highly effective; reduces the duration of acute conditions; reduces the necessity for both basic therapy medicines and additional symptomatic therapy; is capable of preventing the progression of allergic diseases by reducing the sensibility spectre and the formation of bronchial asthma in those suffering from allegic rhinitis; improves the control over the disease and has a positive effect on the patient’s and his family quality of life. At the moment evaluating the effectiveness of medical technologies is one of the most important tasks in medicine while the effectiveness and safety of any medical intervention should be obtained in accordance with the requirements of evidence-based medicine. In order to determine the effectiveness of AST in children, a combined clinical and pharmaceutical evaluation should be performed and as a secons point — determine the patient’s life quality and also evaluate the gravity of symptoms according to the visual analogue scale, and to count the number of days with the symptoms and without them.

Prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections and influenza in children remain one of the major tasks of practical healthcare. Their importance increases with the beginning of the autumn-winter season. Currently, the problem of choosing effective and safe drugs to treat acute respiratory infections in children is very important. The article discusses the use of various etiotropic and symptomatic drugs to treat acute respiratory infections and influenza in children.

The article is dedicated to the issues of external therapy of atopic dermatitis in children. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic allergic inflammatory skin disease; in most cases, it is the first manifestation of atopic march. Timely and adequate pathogenetic external therapy of this disease using topical glucocorticosteroids (TGCSs) helps to quickly and effectively terminate symptoms of the disease and allergic inflammation of the skin. Steroid phobia, which is prevalent among parents of the patients, reduced adherence to the TGCS therapy. The authors analyzed results of the original studies of effectiveness and safety of TGCSs, present general recommendations on TGCS use in children with due regard to morphofunctional peculiarities of children’s skin and clinical‑pharmacological description of the TGCSs featuring the most favorable therapeutic index of 0.1% methylprednisolone aceponate. Methylprednisolone aceponate available in 4 pharmaceutical forms is the optimal drug of choice for atopic dermatitis in children over 4 months of age.

The review is dedicated to treatment of allergic diseases in children, particularly to the use of the 2nd generation antihistamine. It demonstrates that mediator histamine has the crucial role in pathophysiology of the allergic reaction. Antihistamines block histamine action aimed at H1 receptors by way of competitive inhibition. The 2nd generation antihistamines are the drugs of choice for the treatment of allergic diseases due to the absence of sedative effect. The review presents clinical and pharmacological description of the selective 2nd generation antihistamine cetirizine, efficacy and safety of which have been appraised in numerous long-term clinical studies in children with allergic rhinitis, urticaria and atopic dermatitis.

Cough is the main symptom of the respiratory tract disorders. Mostly it occurs in viral, bacterial and mixed (viral and bacterial) respiratory tract infections. The highest rates of respiratory tract infections are among children: it is known that children have respiratory tract infections 3–4 times as much as adults. Available drugs used in acute respiratory tract infections are numerous and various and cover almost all methods of influence on the infectious process. Nowadays the problem of usage of effective and at the same time safe agents in acute respiratory tract infections in children is very topical. The modern approaches to treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in children are discussed in the article. A special attention is given to symptomatic therapy. The authors describe the approaches to treatment of cough according to its character, intensity and other characteristics.

The article is dedicated to the issue of bronchial asthma in children. Immaturity of respiratory and immune systems, peculiarities of the disease course, difficulty in establishing diagnosis and selecting delivery devices for drugs and a limited amount of evidence-based recommendations determine the current situation: only few guides touch upon the subject of infant asthma management. Although asthma is the most widespread disease of lower respiratory tract in children, a significant number of patients do not receive adequate treatment, which is why they cannot control asthma. The authors of this article analyzed the most up-to-date documents (ICON, GINA, PRACTALL, NAEPP, SIGN) that touch upon this subject and briefly stated the key principles of attaining control over this nosology in order to increase availability, spread and introduction of standard therapy of infant asthma.

The review of clinical trials, confirming high efficacy and safety of new inhalation glucocorticoid based on ciclesonide in treatment of childhood bronchial asthma is shown in this article. Ciclesonide is an extra-fine dispersed glucocorticoid with high pulmonary bioavailability (52%), 55% of it is distributed through peripheral respiratory tract, which plays significant role in development and clinical course of asthma. High anti-inflammatory activity, minimal systemic and local side effects and one-time administration per day make this drug usage preferable in pediatric practice.

Article is devoted to atopic dermatitis (AD) in children. The high prevalence of this pathology and significant social and economic burden are responsible for the relevance of search for new medications for the treatment of AD, which will accelerate the achievement of remission. Inclusion of emollient in basic therapy for patients with atopic dermatitis of any severity is necessary element of improvement treatment efficacy, shorten duration of steroid consumption, lengthen the period of remission and reduce the number of exacerbations.