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The authors are grateful to the Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow for the continuous guidance and encouragement to carry out the research work. We also extend sincere thanks to Dr G Rathore, Head, FHM&E Division, ICAR-NBFGR, Lucknow for the facilities and support to carry out this study. The research work is carried out under Institute based project on ‘Risk and benefit assessment modelling for exotic fishes’.

Impacts of water quality parameters on the fish diversity of the river Yamuna were studied from January 2010 to December 2011 at 11 sampling sites from uppermost Badwala to Allahabad. Certain key water quality parameters were showing considerable increase in their values from Badwala to Etawah. The highest value of chloride was observed at Mathura (217.4 ppm). The fish diversity of the river Yamuna were investigated for the first time and 112 fish species belonging to 10 orders, 29 families and 73 genera were identified. Indian major carp fishery has considerably declined in the system while exotics, especially Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus, are increasing at an alarming rate in the middle and downstream stretches. The exotic common carp was observed at all sampling sites except the uppermost, almost pristine Badwala and formed a maximum 27.0% of the total fish catch at Arail (Allahabad), Tilapia was recorded between the Panipat to Allahabad stretch, and formed a maximum 84.8% population at highly polluted Etawah. The population of exotics comprised 93.0% of the total fish catch at Etawah.

Background: Nepal Cleft & Burn Center, Kirtipur Hospital, Kathmandu has been providing the acute burn care since 2013 with 10 ICU beds, 32 general beds and two operating rooms. This study analyses the demographics of and early outcome in the acute burn patients. Methods: This is a descriptive retrospective study of the clinical data of acute burn patients admitted from January 1to December 31, 2014. Results: There were 78 patients from 3 months to 88 years of age with a median age of 29 years. Forty six (58.9%) were females and 32 (41.1%) were males. Most of the injuries (n=57; 73%) occurred inside the house. Flame burn was the commonest mode of injury (n= 48, 61.6%). Only eleven (14.1%) patients arrived on the same day of the injury. The time elapsed was from 1 to 67 days with a median of  5 days. Only two (2.5%) patients had poured water for more than 20 minutes. Range of total body surface area (TBSA) involved was 1% to 70% with a median of 12%.Range of hospital stay was 1 to 105 days with a median of 17 days. Sixty (76.9%) patients underwent 102 surgical operations. Twenty six (33.3%) patients needed blood transfusion. A total of 15 (19.2%) patients died. None survived a burn injury of more than 40% TBSA. Conclusions: Treatment of acute burn is very challenging with high mortality rate. A lot of effort is needed to change the present standard of care. Awareness programs on First Aid treatment of burn injuries together with the preventive programs focused on high risk population such as females and children in a large scale needs to be organized as soon as possible.  Keywords: acute burn; burn injury; burn mortality; burn outcome; epidemiology.

Abstract