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In the present study, the effect of frozen storage on quality-related parameters of Pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) minced meat was evaluated on 4 samples stored for 120 days. Cryoprotectant and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were used in the minced meat to see their effect on frozen storage quality. The protein and other biochemical compositions of minced meat decreased significantly (p

In this study, the effects of carbon allotropes on surface and bulk properties of flax fiber-reinforced composites (FFRC) are examined. Flax reinforced composites were prepared using two different nanofillers as FG & GO. Various surface and bulk properties like heat deflection, hardness, impact & tensile-strength & flexural-strength tests were performed. Addition of nanofillers like GO/ FG enhances the entire surface and bulk properties. Experimental values manifests that at 0.75 wt% of GO, the FFRC has better impact and tensile-strength, hardness, flexural-strength and heat deflection that is 30%, 15%, 18%, 20% and 13% respectively. But for FG as nanofillers, have manifested better properties when contrast to the GO and pure the FFRC. The properties like impact & tensile-strength, hardness, heat deflection & flexural-strength test are improved by 36%, 18%, 22%, 22% and 15% respectively. It was found that, after the addition of optimum weight % of nano-fillers, there was a degradation of surface and bulk properties.

Noodles, commonly prepared from hard/soft wheat flour, is popular throughout globe due to its’ versatility, low cost, ease of preparation and nutritional quality. Commercial noodles are rich in carbohydrates, but deficient in essential nutrients, like proteins, dietary fiber and vitamins. Due to scarcity of Essential Amino Acids (EAA) like lysine and methionine in wheat-proteins, incorporation of EAA-rich-protein and fatty-acid-rich-lipids from other sources are important to improve the nutritional quality of noodles. Fish, being an excellent source of high-quality protein, rich in lysine and methionine, omega-3 fatty-acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), along with vitamins like A, D, B6, and B12, minerals like iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, potassium and sodium, protein enrichment can be achieved by fortification of carbohydrate-rich cereal-based-noodle with dried fish surimi powders. This makes the fortified noodles nutritionally significant and the sensory attributes facilitate greater consumption. Attributes like taste, nutrition, convenience, safety, longer shelf-life and reasonable price have increased global acceptance of noodles and admiration by all generations. Thus, instant noodles are used as space and emergency foods. As consumers are becoming health conscious by preferring diet rich in fiber, protein and low fat, readily digestible fish protein incorporated noodles can satisfy their nutritional requirement.

The match between dry fish supply and nutrient needs is vital to support the health and well-being of the increasing human population. The depleting fisheries resources also suggest a corrective me...

Shrimp head waste (SHW) is rich in protein (40.37%) with excellent amount of amino acid which can easily be incorporated in fish feed preparation by replacing fish meal. The utilization of SHW is limited due to the presence of crude fiber (chitin) which interferes in digestibility of fish. This problem may be overcome through bio-fermentation using Bacillus subtilis (FPTB-13) which can reduce this crude fiber by the breakdown of glycosidic bond between protein and chitin converting the product easily digestible. Fermentation of shrimp head waste in biofermenter increases the amount of available protein with proper proportion of amino acid and reduces the fermentation time substantially as compared to conventional method.

Microbial and zinc concentration changes in Tilapia (

Fish fillets are very popular products that have been dominating the world fish market. Seafood industry is always looking for innovative processing technologies to improve the quality of raw fish fillets. Texture profile analysis is a modern technique to indicate the quality of fish muscle by measuring various parameters like hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, resilience and adhesiveness. Texture of the fish muscle is dependent on its composition which can be treated in various ways to maintain and/or improve the quality throughout cold chain. Soluble protein injection is an alternative method to improve the fillet texture and quality. In this study, fish protein soluble (FPS) was recovered from seabass filleting waste and injected to fish fillets prepared from same fish species i.e. seabass (Lates calcarifer). FPS was injected in 4 different incorporation levels at 0, 5, 10 and 15% (v/w) and denoted as C, TI1, TI2, TI3 respectively. Texture profile of the samples was analysed during chilled storage and highest hardness values were obtained in TI2 samples (13451.67±27.45 g) and lowest in control (C). TI1 samples showed better adhesiveness (-1338.20±12.32 g/s) compared to other samples. Cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness, chewiness and resilience showed that the protein injection had significant effect (p

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: Although it has long been recognized that smooth muscle Na/K ATPase modulates vascular tone and blood pressure (BP), the role of its accessory protein phospholemman has not been characterized. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that phospholemman phosphorylation regulates vascular tone in vitro and that this mechanism plays an important role in modulation of vascular function and BP in experimental models in vivo and in humans. Methods: In mouse studies, phospholemman knock-in mice (PLM3SA; phospholemman [FXYD1] in which the 3 phosphorylation sites on serines 63, 68, and 69 are mutated to alanines), in which phospholemman is rendered unphosphorylatable, were used to assess the role of phospholemman phosphorylation in vitro in aortic and mesenteric vessels using wire myography and membrane potential measurements. In vivo BP and regional blood flow were assessed using Doppler flow and telemetry in young (14–16 weeks) and old (57–60 weeks) wild-type and transgenic mice. In human studies, we searched human genomic databases for mutations in phospholemman in the region of the phosphorylation sites and performed analyses within 2 human data cohorts (UK Biobank and GoDARTS [Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside]) to assess the impact of an identified single nucleotide polymorphism on BP. This single nucleotide polymorphism was expressed in human embryonic kidney cells, and its effect on phospholemman phosphorylation was determined using Western blotting. Results: Phospholemman phosphorylation at Ser63 and Ser68 limited vascular constriction in response to phenylephrine. This effect was blocked by ouabain. Prevention of phospholemman phosphorylation in the PLM3SA mouse profoundly enhanced vascular responses to phenylephrine both in vitro and in vivo. In aging wild-type mice, phospholemman was hypophosphorylated, and this correlated with the development of aging-induced essential hypertension. In humans, we identified a nonsynonymous coding variant, single nucleotide polymorphism rs61753924, which causes the substitution R70C in phospholemman. In human embryonic kidney cells, the R70C mutation prevented phospholemman phosphorylation at Ser68. This variant’s rare allele is significantly associated with increased BP in middle-aged men. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate the importance of phospholemman phosphorylation in the regulation of vascular tone and BP and suggest a novel mechanism, and therapeutic target, for aging-induced essential hypertension in humans.

The main agenda of writing this particular review is to study and understand the current situation and practices related to the various waste management steps taken in India for human development. On the other hand, we can even acknowledge some recommendations and suggestions to improve the waste management techniques in rural and urban areas of India. This review is mainly focused on secondary research. Ongoing reports which are based on improving the systems are studied which are mainly related to waste management techniques and recommendations of key industry experts or NGOs or government accountability agencies or planners or consultants. It acknowledges us about the different waste management techniques in India and helps us to find out the ways for improvement in the waste management for the human well-being. The review of this paper attempts and tries to understand the importance of the role played by the government and private sectors who are generally involved in the managing, the garbage of India.

Low grade laryngeal chondrosarcomas are rare, slow growing tumors. Surgical removal of the tumor along with preservation of laryngeal function is the preferred modality of treatment. We report a case of a large low grade chondrosarcoma removed by transoral CO2 LASER surgery which had avoided an open surgery.

Considering the necessity on the use of chitosan and acetic acid as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, an attempt was made to study their effect on Asian sea bass fillets stored at refrigerated temperature of 4±1°C. The effectiveness of different antimicrobials (Chitosan and Acetic acid) were measured by disk diffusion method against five bacterial strains (E. coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas fragi) with 1% Acetic acid as (T1), 1% Acetic acid + 1% Chitosan as (T2), 1% Acetic acid + 2% Chi-tosan as (T3) and distilled water as control (C).T2 was more effective in inhibiting all the bacteria except Pseudomo-nas fragi. Treatment T1 was found to be more effective against it whereas the action of T3 on the bacterial strains was also effective but less than the other two treatments. Further, antioxidant property of the treatments were measured by DPPH method which indicated that T3 showed highest % of antioxidative activity (3.94%) followed by T1 (3.85%), T2 (2.62%), and C (1.788%).Thus, it is observed that the antioxidant activity was found to be increased with the increasing concentration of chitosan. Application of chitosan and acetic acid coatings on Asian sea bass ( Lates calcarifer) fillets successfully controlled the TVB-N values, PV and TBA values (p

The shellfish processing industry in India generates about 8.5 million tonnes of waste per year which is rich in protein (40.37±0.74) with excellent amount of amino acid and can effectively be substituted in fish meal for feed preparation. The utilization of available protein in shrimp head meal by fishes is limited due to the presence of crude fibre (chitin). Fermentation can reduce this crude fibre by the breakdown of glycosidic bond between protein and chitin converting the product easily digestible. Fermentation of shrimp head waste in biofermenter reduces the fermentation time substantially as compared to conventional method.

Dry fish is the low cost dietary protein source in India. Sometimes dry fishes are kept for a longer period that is the key factor of the deterioration of nutritional value of dry fishes, as they absorb moisture from the surrounding air. In the present study Bombay duck ( Harpodon nehereus ) were treated separately with saturated brine (Control, C), dry salt with 0.25 per cent potassium sorbate ( T 1 ) and saturated brine with 0.3 per cent sodium benzoate (T 2 ) and kept at ambient temperature for storage study after drying in open sun. The general purpose of this study is to determine the proximate composition of dry fishes treated with chemical preservatives and to investigate the quality changes of dried fishes with the increasing of storing period. The values for protein, fat, ash and moisture of dry fish for three different treatments were found in a range of 53.91 to 56.33 per cent, 5.94 to 11.77per cent, 14.78 to 21.96 per cent and 6.9 to 7.42 per cent, respectively. The results of biochemical parameters revealed that during storage period, TVBN, TMA and PV content of T 2 was better than C and T 1 whereas TBA of C was better than T 1 and T 2 . The microbial parameters revealed that the quality of the dry fishes of both the samples (T 1 and T 2 ), treated with preservatives, were of good quality and remain acceptable for longer duration than the control (C). Depending upon the sensory evaluation the overall acceptability of the dried fishes (T 1 , T 2 and C) was significantly declined during storage. The findings of this study showed that nutritional value of dry fishes treated with chemical preservatives give a better storage life than control.

Presence of Lactobacillus group of bacteria has long being explored and documented for their presence in different kinds of fermented food products. In the present study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selectively isolated from shidal, a traditional fermented fish product of Assam. Lactobacillus spp. constitutes a diverse group of bacteria widely distributed in the fermented products. In the context, Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated from shidal. The isolate was found to be bacteriocin positive possessing promising antibacterial property.

The growing consumer demand for finding natural but effective food preservation free of potential health risks has stimulated research in the field of biopreservation to find an attractive and alternative approach to chemical preservatives. Among the 51 colonies that displayed antibacterial activity against the indicator lawn of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, one colony isolated from curd, showed strong antimicrobial activity against the indicators tested, viz., Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (MTCC 2729), Vibrio cholera and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . The isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and NCBI BLAST Analysis, having the Accession number KF556680. The neutralized cell free supernatant (NCFS) of isolate B. subtilis FPTB23 was able to inhibit the growth of S. aurus (ATCC 25923), E. faecalis (MTCC 2729), V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus inferring that the NCFS contains metabolites which is either a bacteriocin or bacteriocin like inhibitory substance. The strong antagonism against a number of serious and challenging foodborne pathogens/spoilage-causing micro-organisms advocated the high possibility of using this isolate as an effective preservative in food. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the NCFS of Bacillus subtilis FPTB23 against Enterococcus faecalis (MTCC 2729) was found to be 200 AU/ml. The antimicrobial substance produced by B. subtilis FPTB23 was moderately heat stable, showed maximum activity at pH 7. The NCFS was completely inactivated after treatment with proteolytic enzymes such as, proteinase K and protease, which reveals the proteinaceous nature of the active substance. Exposure to Triton x-100, Tween 80, chloroform and butanol significantly decrease inhibition action. The molecular mass of the active form was found 21.5kDa by SDS-PAGE. The isolated species or its NCFS, therefore, can be used as food preservative reducing the requirement of intense heat treatments for foods to extend the shelf lives, thus, helping to maintain the freshness or unique texture of foods.

Lactobacillus pentosus FPTLB13 was used as a biopreservative agent for hilsa steaks ( Tenualosa ilisha ) in vacuum packs at 5OC. The inoculated steaks (T) exhibited lowering of pH from 6.2 to 5.6 on day 12, probably due to production of organic acids. A sharp increase in total volatile base nitrogen was seen after day 12 of storage in treated steaks which could be attributed to extended lag phase of the spoilage microorganisms as result of competitive inhibition by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and effect of acidification. Application of LAB cultures seems to have decreased the rate of trimethylamine formation (p 0.05) the texture and flavour of hilsa steaks, although the scores of overall acceptability suggests a significant improvement (p

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. There is a need for enhanced disease resistance, feed efficiency and growth performance of cultured fish species. The cost of production are likely to be reduced if growth performance and feed efficiency are increased in commercial aquaculture. Also if the survivility of the fishes increase, then their overall production cost would be remarkably reduced. Dietary supplementation of different feed additives e.g. immunostimulants, probiotics and prebiotics usually in small quantities for the purpose of fortifying it with certain nutrients have been found to be beneficial for improving immune status, feed efficiency and growth performance of crustaceans and finfishes. The present article was constructed to highlight the effect of dietary prebiotics on different body growth parameters of fish. However, the application of prebiotics and supplementary enzymes in fish feed is now gradually gaining importance in commercial aquaculture practices, the article stresses on the effect of prebiotics on live body weight gain, dressing percentage, weight of vital organs and muscles and mean villus lengths in digestive tract of fish along with their application as growth promoters in commercial aquafeed (Gatesoupe in Aqua Feeds Formul Beyond 2(3):3–5, 2005; Ganguly et al. in Israeli J Aquac Bamidgeh 62(3):130–138, 2010a, Fish Chimes 30(7):64, 2010b).

The customers of the vehicles reported high noise and vibration in the engine at an early stage of service lifetime. An analysis of the various components of the internal combustion engine was carried out. Subsurface cracks and pit marks were seen in the crank pin, roller bearings and big end surfaces of the connecting rod. It was found that high wear at the interface of these components was the main culprit. A laboratory test set-up was developed to correlate and reproduce the field failures. The loads and boundary conditions obtained from the experiments were used in the finite element model of the connecting rod assembly. Results shows high interfacial pressure and stresses near the junction of web and flange of the connecting rod. The modified design of the connecting rod shows significant reduction in the extreme pressure in FEM resulting in the significant enhancement of durability life in laboratory test. A discussion of the spalling problem has been provided leading to the connection of pick pressure and spalling phenomena.

Protein hydrolysates were produced from shrimp waste mainly comprising head and shell of Penaeus monodon by enzymatic hydrolysis for 90 min using four microbial proteases (Alcalase, Neutrase, Protamex, Flavourzyme) where PR(%) and DH (%) of respective enzymes were compared to select best of the lot. Alcalase, which showed the best result, was used to optimize hydrolysis conditions for shrimp waste hydrolysis by response surface methodology using a central composite design. A model equation was proposed to determine effects of temperature, pH, enzyme/substrate ratio and time on DH where optimum values found to be 59.37 °C, 8.25, 1.84% and 84.42 min. for maximum degree of hydrolysis 33.13% respectively. The model showed a good fit in experimental data because 92.13% of the variability within the range of values studied could be explained by it. The protein hydrolysate obtained contained high protein content (72.3%) and amino acid (529.93 mg/gm) of which essential amino acid and flavour amino acid were was 54.67-55.93% and 39.27-38.32% respectively. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) (2.99) and chemical score (1.05) of hydrolysate was suitable enough to recommend as a functional food additive.

Effect of chitosan on physicochemical attributes of croaker fish surimi during storage at -20 ± 2 °C for 180 days was evaluated. The quality of croaker surimi added with 1% (w/w) chitosan was examined in terms of muscle protein, thaw drip, gel strength and Ca(2+) ATPase activity comparing with those surimi samples added with 4% sucrose and 4% sorbitol. Surimi without any cryoprotectant was treated as control. Chitosan showed cryoprotective effect similar to commercial cryoprotectants as both of them minimized the negative effects of frozen storage on physico-chemical attributes of myofibrillar proteins. The residual Ca(2+) ATPase activity and gel strength of surimi with chitosan were higher than those of control throughout the storage period. Ca(2+) ATPase activity and gel strength had high positive correlation. It is concluded that chitosan was effective in preservation of croaker muscle protein native structure during 6 months of frozen storage and is comparable to other commercial cryoprotectants.

Effect of sodium lactate as cryostabilizer on physico-chemical attributes of croaker (Johnius gangeticus) fish muscle protein was studied during freezing and frozen (-20 ± 2°C) storage for 3 months. Minced meat was mixed with 4% sucrose, 4% sorbitol, and 0.3% sodium tri poly phosphate (STPP) (T1), minced meat was mixed with 6% (w/v) sodium lactate and 0.3% STPP (T2) and control (C) was without any additive. The decreasing rate of Ca(2+) ATPase activity, thaw drip, water holding capacity and relative viscosity in T1 and T2 samples from that of C was significantly lower, indicating higher protective effect of additives. In case of cryoprotectant treated samples, the degradation of myosin heavy chain was much lower than that of C which prevents the aggregation and subsequent insolubilization of myosin during frozen storage. The sodium lactate prevented Ca(2+)ATPase activity more than that of sucrose/sorbitol during isothermal storage at -20 ± 2°C for 3 months. This inferred that sodium lactate can effectively be used as an alternative cryostabilizer to sucrose/sorbitol for stabilization of croaker muscle protein native structure.

Protein hydrolysates prepared by hydrolysis of shrimp waste (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus) for 90 min. using Alcalase enzyme following pH-stat method. Antioxidative activities of SWPH were assessed determining FRAP, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities, which increased linearly with increasing concentration of protein hydrolysate upto 5 mg/ml maintaining good correlation. SWPH showed high stability over wide ranges of pH (2–11) and temperature (up to 100 °C for 150 min), in which the activity of more than 80% was retained. Protein hydrolysate solution with a concentration of 5 mg/ml significantly lowered TBA values of Croaker fish fillet and maintained yellowishness of skin colour compared to untreated control sample during 10 days of refrigerated storage at 4 °C. SWPH also restricted the increase of PV and FFA values in Croaker fish fillet within acceptable limit.

Lactobacillus brevis FPTLB3 was isolated from freshwater fish, capable of producing bacteriocin that had broad spectrum of inhibition (3200 AU/ml) against Escherichia coli MTCC 1563, Enterococcus faecalis MTCC 2729, Lactobacillus casei MTCC 1423, Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The antimicrobial activity of crude supernatant fluid was stable after heating at 121 °C for 60 min and declined thereafter. Stability of antimicrobial activity was observed at pH range of 2.0 to 8.0. Its active principle was proteinaceous in nature since the bacteriocin was inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, but not by other non–proteolytic enzymes. Mitomycin C and UV light did not affect the activity of the bacteriocin, while chloroform extraction completely destroyed their activity. Exposure to surfactant resulted in an increase in titre, except Nonidet P-40, which led to total loss of activity. No bacteriocin adsorption was detected at pH 1 to 2, whereas 100% bacteriocin adsorption was found at pH 6.5. Based on Tricine SDS-PAGE the estimated molecular mass of bacteriocin was 54 kDa. No plasmid was found to present in the isolate.

The distribution of functionally active, inwardly rectifying K (KIR) channels was investigated in the rat small mesenteric artery using both freshly isolated smooth muscle and endothelial cells and small arterial segments. In Ca2+-free solution, endothelial cells displayed a KIR current with a maximum amplitude of 190 ± 16 pA at –150 mV and sensitivity to block with 30 µM Ba2+ (n = 7). In smooth muscle cells, outward K current was activated at around –47 ± 3 mV, but there was no evidence of KIR current (n = 6). Furthermore, raising extracellular [K+] to either 60 or 140 mM, or applying the α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE; 30 µM), failed to reveal an inwardly rectifying current in the smooth muscle cells, although PE did stimulate an iberiotoxin-sensitive outward K current (n = 4). Exogenous K+ (10.8–16.8 mM) both relaxed and repolarized endothelium-denuded segments of the mesenteric artery contracted with PE. These effects were depressed by 100 µM ouabain but unaffected by either 30 µM BaCl2 or 3 µM glibenclamide. These data suggest that functional, inwardly rectifying Ba2+-sensitive channels are restricted to the endothelial cell layer in the rat small mesenteric artery.

1. In rat small mesenteric arteries contracted with phenylephrine, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO; 3-300 microM) evoked concentration-dependent relaxation that, above 100 microM, was associated with smooth muscle hyperpolarization. 2. 1-EBIO-evoked hyperpolarization (maximum 22.1+/-3.6 mV with 300 microM, n=4) was endothelium-dependent and inhibited by charybdotoxin (ChTX 100 nM; n=4) but not iberiotoxin (IbTX 100 nM; n=4). 3. In endothelium-intact arteries, smooth muscle relaxation to 1-EBIO was not altered by either of the potassium channel blockers ChTX (100 nM; n=7), or IbTX (100 nM; n=4), or raised extracellular K(+) (25 mM). Removal of the endothelium shifted the relaxation curve to the right but did not reduce the maximum relaxation. 4. In freshly isolated mesenteric endothelial cells, 1-EBIO (600 microM) evoked a ChTX-sensitive outward K-current. In contrast, 1-EBIO had no effect on smooth muscle cell conductance whereas NS 1619 (33 microM) stimulated an outward current while having no effect on the endothelial cells. 5. These data show that with concentrations greater than 100 microM, 1-EBIO selectively activates outward current in endothelial cells, which presumably underlies the smooth muscle hyperpolarization and a component of the relaxation. Sensitivity to block with charybdotoxin but not iberiotoxin indicates this current is due to activation of IK(Ca). However, 1-EBIO can also relax the smooth muscle by an undefined mechanism, independent of any change in membrane potential.

Intercellular communication between cells within the blood vessel wall plays an important role in the control of artery diameter. The endothelial cells lining the lumen of arteries can evoke smooth muscle hyperpolarization both by the release of a factor (EDHF) and by direct cell-cell coupling through gap junctions. Hyperpolarizing current can spread rapidly to cause widespread vasodilatation, and thus increase blood flow to that segment. In addition to the spread of current, small molecules, such as Ca2+, can also pass between cells, but at a much reduced rate. Instead of co-ordinating changes in diameter, intercellular Ca2+ signalling acts to amplify and, in special cases, modulate vascular responses. Together, direct cell-cell communication enables the blood vessel wall to act as a functional syncytium, which is influenced by surrounding tissues and nerves, and blood constituents.

Crude extracts of both fresh and dry ginger induced the perfused rat hindlimb to consume oxygen in association with increases in perfusion pressure and lactate production. The principles responsible for these observations, the gingerols and shogaols, were isolated and tested for relative thermogenic activity. The gingerol homologues possessed greater molar potency than their shogaol counterparts. (6)-Gingerol was the most potent principle isolated, causing a mean maximal increase in oxygen consumption of 1.4 +/- 0.1 mumol/g/h (21%), an increase in lactate efflux of 4.7 +/- 0.6 mumol/g/h (87%) with a perfusion pressure increase of 7.7 +/- 0.7 mmHg (30%). Increases in alkyl chain length within each homologous series led to decreased molar potency. Specific nitro-vasodilation using glyceryl trinitrate demonstrated that thermogenesis was at least partly associated with vasoconstriction. Concurrent infusion of alpha or beta antagonists showed that neither adrenergic receptors nor secondary catecholamine release were responsible for the observed effects. Increasing doses of the ginger principles ultimately led to inhibition of steady state oxygen consumption, although perfusion pressure continued to increase. Removal of high ginger principle doses was followed by apparent increases in oxygen uptake unaccompanied by elevated perfusion pressure. As a consequence, the effective concentration ranges of the ginger principles were relatively narrow. The cause of high dose effects is as yet undetermined but may have been due in part to disruption of mitochondrial function.

Das aus Tryptamin (I) und dem Benzylesterchlorid (II) in Benzol/NaOH erhaltene Derivat (III) kondensiert sich mit Anthranilsaure (IV) in Benzol in Gegenwart von POCl3 zu der Titelverbindung (V).