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Introduction: This study was performed to evaluate the oxidative and histopathological changes that occur following the application of electrosurgical devices (monopolar or bipolar cautery) to penile tissue., Material and Methods: Eighteen Wistar albino male rats were randomly distributed into three groups. In the control group (CG, n = 6), all penile tissues were sampled without any additional process following the administration of anesthesia. In the monopolar cautery group (MPG, n = 6), a 15-W cauterization process lasting 5 s was performed on an approximately 2 mm 2 area of the ventral side of the penile shaft, 0.5 cm proximal to the edge of the glans in the midline. Bipolar cautery was practiced in the third group (BPG, n = 6) using the same techniques outlined in the previous statement. Penile tissues consisted of the cautery application area, the edge of the glans, and dorsal side of the penis and were sampled after 90 min; then, histopathological evaluation and biochemical examination involving malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) measurements were performed., Results and Discussion: Histopathologically, the MPG and BPG demonstrated increased inflammation, fibrosis, and epithelial loss in the urethra in the areas to which cautery was applied as compared to the CG (P < 0.05). The vascular structures of the corpus cavernosa were significantly decreased in the cautery application area of both the MPG and the BPG as compared to the CG (P < 0.05). In the Masson's trichrome stained samples, significant collagen deposition was observed in the cautery application area both in the MPG and the BPG as compared to the CG (P < 0.05). However, S-100 staining was decreased in these groups as compared to the CG (P < 0.05). S-100 staining was also decreased in the MPG as compared to the BPG on the edge of the glans (P < 0.05). Biochemically, MDA values were significantly increased in the MPG as compared to the CG and the BPG (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Monopolar and bipolar cautery both did cause oxidative changes and triggered inflammatory, vascular, and peripheral nerve alterations in the cautery application area while bipolar cautery did not cause any distant effects., (Copyright © 2019 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Dorsal penile block (DPB) is a frequently used technique for regional anesthesia, but the effect of DPB on penile tissue has not been reported so far., Objective: An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the acute effects of DPB on penile tissue., Methods: Eighteen male rats were included and randomly assigned to three groups. No intervention was made in the control group (CG, n = 6). In the sham group (SG, n = 6) 1 ml normal saline, and in DPB group (PBG, n = 6) 1 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine without adrenaline (0.5 mg/kg), was infused with a 30 mm, 23 gauge needle. DPB was performed by inserting the needle in the midline when pulling down the penis and directing the needle to the 11 and 1 o'clock positions. Another puncture was done at the midline on the ventral side and the remaining drug was infused slowly. The penile tissues were harvested for biochemical (malonyldialdehyde: MDA; nitric oxide: NO; superoxide dismutase: SOD) and histopathological examination. Histopathological assessments were made of inflammation, edema and fibrosis; epithelial degradation in the urethra; vascular obliteration in periurethral tissue; and the peripheral nerve cells., Results: Concentrations of NO and SOD were significantly decreased in the PBG compared with the CG and SG (p < 0.05). The concentration of MDA was significantly increased in the PBG compared with the CG and SG (p < 0.05) (Table). Histopathological examination revealed no significant difference between groups regarding edema, inflammation, or fibrosis (p > 0.05). In hematoxylin and eosin stain samples, vascular structures of the corpus cavernosa were slightly decreased in number in the SG and PBG compared with the CG, but that difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The S-100 staining was significantly higher in the PBG and SG compared with the CG (p < 0.05), and significantly higher in the SG compared with the PBG (p < 0.05)., Discussion: DPB causes alteration in oxidative stress markers because of an unknown effect. Although the results revealed increased inflammatory reaction in penile tissue after DPB, they are not enough to suggest not using bupivacaine for DPB in clinical practice., Conclusion: Although DPB does not cause any major histopathological alteration, it results in an increase in inflammatory response in the penile tissue in the short term., (Copyright © 2015 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious clinical condition. Colchicine and low-dose methotrexate have anti-inflammatory features. An experimental model was conducted to investigate the effect of colchicine and methotrexate on intestinal I/R injury., Methods: Twenty-four rats were included. Only laparotomy was done in control group (CG, n=6). In experimental groups, superior mesenteric artery was occluded. After 1h ischemia, reperfusion (1h) was started by de-occlusion. 30min before reperfusion, saline in sham group (SG, n:6), colchicine (1mg/kg) in colchicine group (CNG, n:6), and methotrexate (0.1mg/kg) in methotrexate group (MTXG, n:6) were infused intraperitoneally. Small intestines were harvested for evaluation of intestinal mucosal injury (Chiu score) and oxidative stress markers (nitric oxide: NO, malondialdehyde: MDA, superoxide dismutase: SOD)., Results: Biochemically, MDA levels were significantly low in CG compared to SG, CNG, and MTXG (p<0.05). NO levels were significantly low and SOD levels were significantly high in CG compared to MTXG (p<0.05). Histopathologically, Chiu score was significantly low in CG compared to SG, CNG, and MTXG (p<0.05), and significantly high in MTXG compared to SG and CNG (p<0.05)., Conclusion: The present experimental model caused I/R injury in rat intestines. Contrary to literature, it was found that methotrexate worsens and colchicine does not attenuate intestinal I/R injury., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To evaluate the pepsin and oxidative stress markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)., Patients and Method: Patients with a presumptive diagnosis of GERD with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal problems aged between 2 and 14 years were included in the study. All patients underwent pH monitoring. Patients with a reflux index (RI) ≥4 were assessed as the reflux group, and those with an RO <4 were assessed as the non-reflux group. Pepsin levels and oxidative stress markers [NO metabolites (NOX) and total sulphydrile (TSH) levels] were measured in the EBC., Results: There were 24 patients in the reflux group [RI 17.6 (6.6-46.4)] [median, interquartile range] and 23 in the non-reflux group [RI 0.8 (0.5-1.9) (p<0.001). Pepsin levels in the EBC were below the level of detection. The median levels of NOx in the EBC of children with reflux [13.7 μmol/L (7.3-24.5)] were lower in than non-reflux group [21.0 μmol/L (14.0-25.2)] (p=0.034). There was a negative correlation between reflux index and NOX levels in EBC (rs: -0.331, p=0.023). In contrast, there was no difference in TSH levels between the reflux and non-reflux groups [37.4 μmol/L (30.2-44.6) vs 40.1 μmol/L (37.4-44.9), respectively, (p>0.05)]., Conclusion: Decreased levels of NOX in patients with GER disease suggest increased oxidative stress in airways of these patients., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: The omentum plays a crucial role in abdominal defense mechanism by adhering to sites of inflammation and absorbing bacteria and debris from the peritoneal cavity. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the inflammatory response of omentum in different abdominal events with omental P-/E-selectin levels and histopathologic findings., Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were placed into 5 groups (n = 6), including a control group (CG), sham group (SG), bladder perforation (BP) group, splenic laceration (SL) group, and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group. Omental samples were obtained in CG after median laparotomy. In accordance with described models, BP, SL, and CLP were performed in experimental groups. Twenty-four hours after the first laparotomy, localization of the omental pad was noted, and omental samples were obtained for biochemical analysis of levels and histopathologic findings (no. of vessels in sections, polymorphic nuclear leukocytes [PMLs], lymphocytes). The mean P-/E-selectin levels and histopathologic findings of inflammation were compared between groups., Results: Although omentum was adhered to the cecum in all subjects after CLP, similar findings were not detected in other groups. P-selectin and E-selectin levels and number of PML were significantly increased in the CLP group when compared with other groups (P < .05). The number of vessels in sections was significantly increased in CLP group when compared with SG and BP groups (P < .05), and the BP group had a decreased number of vessels than CG (P < .05). The number of PML was significantly increased in SG and SL and BP groups with respect to CG (P < .05)., Conclusion: Among different experimental intraabdominal catastrophes, only CLP caused an inflammatory response and increased levels of adhesion molecules in the omentum. These findings suggest that the nature of the inflammation is the main determining factor for the omental function in intraabdominal events., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)