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Seseli taxa are widely known as a traditional medicinal herb, and S. resinosum collected from stony and rocky areas is endemic to the flora of Turkey. In this study, to reveal the plant's pharmacological importance, its ability to inhibit some medicinal enzymes was examined, assisted by molecular docking studies and phytochemical component analysis. The IC50 values for studied enzymes were calculated between 0.434 - 92.81 μg/mL, and the extract has lower inhibitory concentrations against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and HMG_CoA reductase involved in carbohydrate and cholesterol metabolism. In addition, reverse-phase HPLC analysis was performed to correlate the enzyme inhibition ability with phenolic compositions. Benzoic acid and methyl chavicol were detected as the most abundant ingredients with the amount of 204.50±2.23 and 93.18±1.01 μg g-1, respectively. TPC and TFC of the extract were founded at 31.23 ± 0.56 GAE/g and 5.54 ± 0.11 QE/g, respectively. The extract showed inhibitory and lethal effects, especially against all tested gram-negative strains at 7.5 and 15 mg mL-1, respectively. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that S. resinosum extract harbors bioactive compounds with inhibitory properties such as benzoic acid and catechin. It is expected that these primary data on the S. resinosum may contribute to building new experimental studies to open new avenues for research to support the pharmacological effects.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) consist of laminin, collagen, elastin, fibroblasts, and glycosaminoglycans. Its main role maintain the integrity and strength of organs as well as acts as a primary barrier to prevent the spread of the tumor cells because is a major component of the cellular microenvironment. The degradation of ECM involves different types of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) such as collagenase and elastase. MMPs play a central role in major stages of tumor progression so novel potential inhibitors should be developed to prevent their protease activities. Coordination complexes have been used in medicine for their therapeutic properties. In the present study, we aim to investigate in vitro inhibitory effect of [Ni(edbea)Ag3(CN)5] against to collagenase and elastase activities by spectrophotometrically. Inhibition constant (Ki) of these enzymes was obtained from drawn Lineweaver Burk graphs. The complex containing silver exhibited effectively inhibitory effects on collagenase and elastase. Ki constants against to collagenase and elastase was found as 16.73+1.07 µM and 42.81 ± 9.62 µM, respectively. The IC50 value of the novel compound against to these enzymes was 10.66 µM and 49.5 µM, respectively. Inhibition type of the compound was noncompetitive against to collagenase and elastase activity. In conclusion, it has been indicated that novel dicyanidogylene compound have in vitro inhibitory effect on collagenase and elastase. In the future, the inhibitory effect of the molecule on ECM-degrading enzymes can be investigated in cell cultures and animal experiments for beneficial effects and the result may lead to designing potent new inhibitors. 1

Inhibition properties of some coordination compounds containing dicyanidogylene were investigated on human carbonic anhydrase I (CA I, E.C. 4.2.1.1). Carbonic anhydrase, a multifunctional enzyme, catalyzes reversibly a crucial reaction between carbon dioxide and water, leading to the formation of protons (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3). CA inhibitors (CAIs) have clinical importance because they are used in the treatment of various diseases such as antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant and diuretics. Coordination complexes have remarkable biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activities, and as therapeutic compounds due to their pharmaceutical properties. Metal complexes have effects on the inhibition of enzymes that play a role in biochemical reactions, which are important reactions for human life quality. In the present study, we investigate inhibitory effect of two coordination compounds ([Ni(bishydeten)2Ag(CN)2][Ag(CN)2].H2O and [Ni(edbea)Ag3(CN)5]) synthesized by our project team on hCA I and enzyme activity was measured by spectrophotometrically. Inhibition constant (Ki) were calculated from drawn Lineweaver Burk charts. These complexes exhibited effectively inhibitory effects on hCA I and Ki values were found as 635.30 nM and 184.01 nM, respectively. The IC50 values of the complexes against hCA I were 350.01 µM and 466.02 µM, respectively. Inhibition type of the complexes is noncompetitive against to hCA I enzyme activity. In conclusion, it has been indicated that novel coordination complexes have in vitro inhibitory effect on hCA. In the future, the inhibitory effect of these compounds can be observed in animal experiments for beneficial health effects and these data may lead to designing potent novel inhibitors.

Heavy metals have restricted the plant regular life cycles affecting the plant primer and seconder metabolites by biochemical and physiological pathways. Phenolic compounds considered as products of metabolic alterations have been synthesized in various numbers and typical characteristic of plants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the variations of phenolic compounds with HPLC in leaves of tomato exposed to heavy metals. The applications of Cu, Cd and Pb significantly reduced the total phenolic content, levels of caffeic, chlorogenic and vanillic acids in all treated groups except for 50 and 20 ppm of Pb for total phenolics and vanillic acid, respectively. The level of benzoic acid is generally decreased by the application of heavy metals except for Cu at 50 ppm doses. Rutin is the most abundant phenolic compound in term of quantity among to analyzed phenolics and its content decreased depending on the heavy metal doses except for 10 ppm doses of Cd. The responses of tomato under heavy metals stress resulted in lower amount of phenolic compounds. In the present study, it was showed that total phenolic content has positive correlations with caffeic acid in all treatment of heavy metals.

The accumulation of heavy metals in the agricultural environments causes the oxidative stress in leading physiological and biochemical alterations in the plants. Regulation of fatty acids is considered as an adaptive mechanism for plants exposed to oxidative damages. In the present study, we investigated the changes of fatty acid composition with GC in the leaves of tomato subjected to increasing doses of heavy metals. The exposures of heavy metals changed the fatty acid compositions and ?-linoleic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid were the main fatty acids in respect to percentage, respectively. The percentages of arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and docosahexaenoic acid clearly increased in leaves of tomato. The level of linoleic acid and palmitoleic acid significantly reduced in all application of heavy metals compared to control plants. The content of stearic acid and oleic acid methyl ester changed depending on heavy metal types and doses while the quantity of ?-linolenic acid and palmitic acid remained unchanged by the treatment of Cu and Pb, but the application of Cd slightly increased the percentage of ?-linolenic acid in tomato leaves. The content of lipid peroxidation significantly increased in all exposures of heavy metal. The exposures of heavy metal increased the content of saturated fatty acid like arachidic acid, behenic acid and lignoceric acid, while heavy metals decreased linoleic acid and palmitoleic acid which belong to unsaturated fatty acid compared to control plants. These changes in the fatty acid percentages may be related to the increases of lipid peroxidation. Tarımsal alanlarda ağır metallerin birikimin bitkilerde fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal değişimlere yol açarak oksidatif strese neden olur. Oksidatif hasara maruz kalan bitkiler için yağ asitlerinin düzenlenmesi adaptasyon mekanizması olarak düşünülür. Mevcut çalışmada, artan dozda ağır metale maruz kalan domates bitkisi yapraklarında yağ asidi kompozisyonundaki değişimleri inceledik. Ağır metal uygulaması yağ asidi dağılımını değiştirdi ve ?-linoleik asit, palmitik asit ve linoleik asit yüzde dağılım bakımından sırasıyla temel yağ asitleridir. Araşidik asit, behenik asit, lignoserik asit ve docosaheksaenoik asit yüzdeleri domates yapraklarında açık şekilde artmıştır. Kontrol bitkilerine kıyasla linoleik asit ve palmitoleik asit seviyeleri ağır metal uygulamasında önemli derecede azalmıştır. Stearik asit ve oleik asit metil ester içeriği uygulanan ağır metal tip ve dozuna bağlı olarak değişirken, ?-linolenik asit ve palmitik asit miktarı Cu ve Pb uygulamasında değişmemiştir. Fakat Cd uygulaması domates yapraklarında ?-linolenik asit yüzdesini hafif şekilde artırmıştır. Lipid peroksidasyon içeriği tüm ağır metal maruziyetlerinde önemli şekilde artmıştır. Kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında, ağır metaller araşidik asit, behenik asit ve lignoserik asit gibi doymuş yağ asidi içeriğini artırırken, doymamış yağ asitlerinden olan linoleik asit ve palmitoleik asit azalmıştır. Yağ asidi yüzdelerindeki bu değişimler lipid peroksidasyonundaki artışla ilişkili olabilir.

Heavy metals are one of the abiotic stress factor for plants, they effect the plant life cycles binding to sulfhydryl groups in amino acids and proteins. The presence of heavy metal in plant tissues changes the plant’s molecular, biochemical and physiological responses such as variations in gene expression, enzyme activities and amino acid content. This study aimed to determine the expression of P5CS and PCS genes to investigate their roles in the leaves of tomato plants subjected to increasing doses of heavy metals. The cultivars of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv.) were cultivated in plastic pots containing peat and garden soil (1:1) under greenhouse conditions. Three weeks after the plantings, the tomato plants were exposed to 10, 20 and 50 ppm doses of CdCI2, CuSO4 and Pb(NO3)2 salts. The leaves of tomato were harvested for sampling two weeks after the treatments and total RNA was extracted by using the Plant RNA Mini-Preps Kit. The first-strand cDNA was synthesized from the isolated RNA; the expression of the selected genes was detected by using RTqPCR with SYBR Green RT-PCR kit. Also, free proline content and metal-chelating ability was identified spectrophotometrically. The application of heavy metals significantly increased the expression of PCS1 gene in the leaves of tomato compared to control plants. The most evident expressions were observed in plants given the high doses of heavy metals. Transcript expression of P5CS1 changed depending on heavy metal doses; treatments of Cu (20 and 50 ppm), Cd and Pb (10 and 20 ppm) remarkably increased P5CS1 expression. The metal-chelating potency of the extract of tomato leaves exposed to Pb and Cd was higher than that of untreated plants. The proline content in the leaf extract significantly increased with the addition of 10 and 20 ppm of Pb and Cd, but significantly decreased at high doses (50 ppm) (p

Heavy metals are considered to be the most important pollutants in the contamination of soils; they adversely affect plant growth and development and cause some physiological and molecular changes. The contamination of agriculturalsoils by heavy metals has changed the mineral element content of vegetables. Plant metallothioneins (MTs) are thought to have the functional role in heavy metal homeostasis, and they are used as the biomarkers for evaluating environmental pollution. We aimed to evaluate the expression of MT isoforms (MT1, 2, 3 and 4) and some mineral element composition of tomato roots, leaves and fruits exposed to copper and lead. RESULTS: Heavy metal applications increased MT1 and MT2 gene expressions compared to the control in the tissues of tomato. The highest level of MT1 and MT2 transcripts was found in roots and leaves, respectively. The expression of MT3 is induced in roots, leaves and fruits except for Pb treatment in roots. MT4 expression increased in fruits; however, other tissues did not show a clear change. Our results indicated that Cu content was higher than Pb in all tissues of tomato. The lower doses of Cu (10 ppm) increased the content of Mg, Fe, Ca and Mn in roots. Pb generally increased the level of minerals in leaves and fruits, but it decreased Mg, Mn and Fe contents in roots. CONCLUSION: Both heavy metals not only moved to aerial parts but also caused alterations to mineral element levels. These results show that MT transcripts are regulated by Cu and Pb, and expression pattern changes to MT isoforms and tissue types

In this research, algal composition of Blacksea in Gerze Coastline was studied and a total of 52 taxa were identified. Bacillariophyta was the dominant group in algal flora with 71 %, followed by Chlorophyta 11 %, Cyanobacteria 8 %, Ochrophyta % 4, Charophyta, Miozoa and Rhodophyta with 2 %, respectively. At the algal flora, Navicula cincta, Nitzschia palea and Leptolyngbya tenuis were the most dominant species. Navicula was represented by the most number of taxa species in the coastline of Gerze. According to chemical and physical analysis, sea water was slightly alkaline and mesohaline.

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