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Volatile organic compositions of the essential oils (EOs), solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and SPME of n-hexane extracts from the flower and stem-leaf of Filipendula vulgaris (F. vulgaris) were analyzed by GC-FID/MS. A total of 107 constituents were characterized, flower and stem leaf parts of the plant were found to contain different volatile organic compounds. Tricosane (29.6%), n-nonanal (20.5%) were identified as the main components in the essential oil of the flower, while phytol (35.2%) was found to be a major constituent in the essential oil of stem-leaf. Benzaldehyde (56.0%) and n-nonanal (31.6%) were the major groups in the SPME of stem-leaf and flower, respectively. The volatiles for the SPME of n-hexane extracts of the flower and stem leaf of F. vulgaris were predominated by aromatic compounds (75.0% and 78.5%) and ketones (18.1% and 10.1%), respectively. On the other hand, a total of terpene compounds was found at the most in the EO of the stem-leaf part of the plant (48.6%). In addition, antimicrobial, tyrosinase inhibition, and nitric oxide scavenging activities of the n-hexane (H), methanol (M), aqueous extracts (A) and EOs of F. vulgaris were investigated. EOs and methanol extracts of flower and stem-leaf had high antimicrobial activity against tested various microorganisms. However, n-hexane extracts of the flower and stem-leaf only displayed activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Methanol extracts of flower and stem-leaf possessed the best tyrosine inhibition and NO scavenging activity. Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund KTU-BAP-6714

Bu araştırma, yoğun bakım birimlerinde çalışan hemşirelerin etik duyarlılık durumlarının ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla planlanmıştır. Araştırma Haziran 2016 – Mayıs 2019 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Uygulama ve Araştırma Hastanesi yoğun bakım birimlerinde çalışmakta olan toplam 176 hemşire, araştırma evrenini oluşturmuştur. Evrenden örneklem seçme yöntemine gidilmeden, araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 152 yoğun bakım hemşiresi araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri “Bireysel Bilgi Formu” ve “Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire - MSQ (Ahlaki Duyarlılık Anketi)” ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde; frekans analizleri, Kolmogorov Smirnov testi, Mann-Whitney U testi, Kruskal-Wallis H testi kullanılmıştır. Hemşirelerin, etik duyarlılık ölçeğinden aldıkları toplam puan ortalamalarının 87.05 olduğu bulunmuştur. Hemşirelerin yaş gruplarına göre “bütüncül yaklaşım”, “oryantasyon” alt boyutları ve “etik duyarlılık toplam puanı”; öğrenim durumlarına göre “otonomi” alt boyutu arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Hemşirelerin çalıştıkları kurumdaki çalışma güvencesi, meslekteki toplam çalışma süreleri ve yoğun bakım birimindeki çalışma sürelerine göre “bütüncül yaklaşım” alt boyutu arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Hemşirelerin bulundukları birimde çalışmayı kendi tercih etme durumlarına göre “yarar sağlama” alt boyutu; yoğun bakımda çalışılan süre içerisinde etik ikilemle karşılaşma durumuna göre “uygulama” alt boyutu arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Hemşirelerin cinsiyet, medeni durum, çalışmakta olduğu birim, mesleğini isteyerek yapma, okul eğitimi süresince etik konusunda eğitim alma ve aldıkları dersin adı, çalışma hayatı süresince etik ile ilgili eğitim alma ve aldıkları eğitimin niteliği, etik komite bulunma durumu, yoğun bakımda karşılaştıkları etik ikilemi çözme durumları açısından etik duyarlılık alt boyutları ve toplam puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır. Yoğun bakım hemşirelerinin etik duyarlılıklarını arttırmaya yönelik eğitimlerin düzenlenmesi, etik komitelerin sayısının arttırılması ve hemşirelerin etik komitelere aktif olarak katılımının sağlanması önerilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Etik, Etik Duyarlılık, Yoğun Bakım, Hemşire. KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI i TEŞEKKÜR ii İÇİNDEKİLER iii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ v TABLOLAR DİZİNİ vi EKLER DİZİNİ vii ÖZET viii ABSTRACT x 1. GİRİŞ 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER 3 2.1. Etik 3 2.2. Hemşirelikte Etik İlkeler 3 2.2.1. Zarar Vermeme/Yararlılık İlkesi 4 2.2.2. Özerklik/Bireye Saygı İkesi 5 2.2.3. Mahremiyet ve Sır Saklama İlkesi 5 2.2.4. Adalet ve Eşitlik İlkesi 6 2.3. Etik (Ahlaki) Duyarlılık 6 2.4. Etik İkilem ve Etik Karar Verme 9 2.5. Yoğun Bakımlarda Yaşanan Etik İle İlgili Sorunlar 10 2.5.1. Ötenazi 11 2.5.2. Resüsite Etmeme Kararı (Do Not Resuscitate) 11 2.5.3. Tedaviyi Başlatmama ve Sona Erdirme 12 2.5.4. Aydınlatma ve Onam Alma 13 2.5.5. Beyin Ölümü ve Organ Donörü Olma Önerisi 14 2.5.6. Yoğun Bakımlarda Yaşanan Ekip İçi Çatışmalar 15 2.5.7. Tıbbi Kaynakların Adil Paylaşımı 16 2.6. Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinde Etik Duyarlılığın Önemi 17 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM 19 3.1. Araştırmanın Türü 19 3.2. Araştırmanın Yapıldığı Yer ve Zaman 19 3.3. Araştırmanın Evreni ve Örneklemi 19 3.4. Dâhil Edilme ve Dışlama Kriterleri 19 3.5. Araştırmanın Sınırlılıkları ve Genellenebilirliği 20 3.6. Veri Toplama Araçları 20 3.6.1. Bireysel Bilgi Formu (Ek-1) 20 3.6.2. Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire - MSQ (Ahlaki Duyarlılık Anketi - ADA) ( Ek-2) 20 3.7. Araştırmanın Uygulanması 22 3.8. Araştırmanın Değişkenleri 22 3.9. Araştırmanın İstatistiksel Değerlendirmesi 23 3.10. Araştırmanın Etik İlkeleri 23 4. BULGULAR 24 5. TARTIŞMA 34 6. SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERİLER 43 KAYNAKLAR 45 EKLER 53 ÖZGEÇMİŞ 64

Cataloged from PDF version of article. Thesis (M.S.): Bilkent University, Department of Teaching English as a Foreign Language, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2018. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-117). This study aims to explore the academic writing needs of university students studying in various departments of a state university in Ankara, Turkey, where the medium of instruction is fully or partially English, and whether these needs are met as perceived by the main stakeholders. Data come from questionnaires filled by undergraduate students studying in various departments (N=346), English language instructors teaching the English Preparatory school of the university (N=57), and professors teaching in various departments (N=35). Further data were collected via one-on-one semi structured follow up interview with volunteered English language instructors (N= 18) and department professors (N= 23). The results of the study reveal that the skill of writing taught in the preparatory school does not seem to match what different disciplines require in the departments as perceived by main stakeholders. by Gözde Kılıç. M.A.

Bu çalışmada, metilenklorür (CH2Cl2) ortamında karbazol homopolimeri ve karbazol – anilin (PC-PANI) kopolimer filmlerin elektrokimyasal sentezleri Pt elektrot üzerine potansiyodinamik olarak ilk kez sentezlendi ve optimum koşullar belirlendi. Sentezlenen filmlerin karakterizasyonu dönüşümlü voltametri, FT-IR, Raman, UV-vis, SEM, EDS gibi yöntemler kullanılarak yapıldı. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında, filmlerin sulu ortamdaki elektrokimyasal davranışları, NaHSO4 / Na2SO4 (SBS) içeren çözeltilerde (pH 2,0 – 6,5) dönüşümlü voltametri yöntemi ile incelendi ve optimum çalışma pH'sı 4.0 olarak belirlendi. Hidrokinonun (HQ) amperometrik I-t yöntemi ile (0,40 V ile 0,60 V arasında) elekroanalizi sentezlenen modifiye elektrot kullanılarak başarıyla gerçekleştirildi. Optimum koşullarda ( pH 4,0 ve 0,55 V) en iyi analitik veriler (gözlenebilme sınırı (LOD), tayin sınırı (LOQ), doğrusal çalışma aralıkları ve regresyon katsayıları (R2) sırasıyla 2,43x10-4 mM, 8,08x10-4 mM, 8,08x10-4 –85,0 mM ve 0,9982) PC- PANI filmi kullanılarak elde edildi. Sonuçlar kaplanmamış Pt elektrot ile karşılaştırıldı. En iyi analitik sonuçların elde edildiği optimum koşullarda, filmlerin tekrarlanabilirlikleri test edildi. HQ, fenol –HQ, katekol- HQ ve fenol- katekol - HQ ile kirletilmiş nehir suyu örnekleri kullanılarak hidroksi grubu içeren fenolik bileşiklerin varlığında HQ tayini gerçekleştirildi ve yüksek geri kazanım değerleri elde edildi. Ayrıca PC –PANI filminin tekrar kullanılabilirliği test edildi. İlk ölçülen akıma göre, ilk iki kullanımda akımda önemli bir değişim gözlenmedi fakat üçüncü kullanımdan sonra akımlarda düzenli bir azalış olduğu belirlendi ve 20. kullanımda akım yaklaşık olarak % 50 oranında azaldı. Literatürdeki benzer modifiye elektrotlar ile analitik sonuçlar karşılaştırıldı. AnahtarKelimeler: Polikarbazol, polianilin, kopolimer, amperometri, hidrokinon. In this study, electrochemical synthesis of the carbazole homopolymer and carbazole - aniline copolymer films were synthesized on the Pt electrode in CH2Cl2 by potentiodynamic method for the first time and optimum conditions were determined. The characterization of the synthesized films was carried out by using some methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, FT-IR, Raman, UV-vis, SEM and EDS. In the second part of the study, electrochemical behavior of the films was examined using cyclic voltammetry in aqueous solution containing NaHSO4 / Na2SO4 (pH 2,0- 6,5) and the optimum condition was determined as to be the pH 4,0. Electroanalysis of hydroquinone with amperometric I - t method (0,40 V to 0,60 V) was successfully performed using these modified electrodes. The best analytical data (limit of detection (LOD) , limit of quantification (LOQ), linear range and regression coefficients (R2) were calculated as to be 2,43x10-4 mM, 8,08x10-4 mM, 8,08x10-4 -85,0 mM and 0,9982 respectively) in optimum conditions (pH 4,0 and 0,55 V) was obtained by the use of PC- PANI film. The results were compared with uncoated Pt electrode. The reusability of films was tested in the optimum conditions in which the best analytical results were obtained. Determination of HQ in the presence of phenolic compounds containing hydroxyl group using polluted river water samples with HQ, phenol-HQ, catechol-HQ and fenol-catechol-HQ was carried out and high satisfactory recovery values were obtained. Also reusability of PC-PANI film was tested. According to the first measured current, after the first two usages of the modified electrode, change in currents was insignificant, but after the third use, a regular decrease in currents was determined and in the twentieth use the current was decreased approximately 50%. The analytical results were compared with similar modified electrodes in the literature. Keywords: Polycarbazole, polyaniline, copolymers, amperometry, hydroquinone.

Conductive polymers can be synthesized in solution or on the electrode surface by oxidation of aromatic heterocyclic organic molecules. Polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfuran, polyphenylenevinylene, polytionaphtene, polycarbazole, polyindole and polyazulene are the most well-known conductive polymers. Although less studied among the conductive polymers, carbazole polymers have many advantages such as cheap, environmental and chemically stable because of aromatic structure, optic with nitrogen atom in structure, electrical properties, can give polymers having a lower band gap than p-phenylene polymers because occur from biphenyl group. During the polymerization, poly (2,7-carbazole) derivatives can be obtained by binding from 2- and 7- positions while poly (3,6-carbazole) polymers obtained by binding from 3- and 6- positions. Features and applications area of these polymers are different [1,2]. In previous studies, electrochemical synthesis of Polyaniline was carried out in dichloromethane medium and it was used as modified surface for determination of some phenolic compounds [3,4].In this study, electropolymerization of polycarbazole- polyaniline (PC - PANI) copolymer was firstly studied using polymerization solution containing dichloromethane / 100 mM tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) / 1.0 mM carbazole / 50.0 - 200 mM aniline and optimum polymerization conditions were determined. Aqueous and non-aqueous medium behaviors of prepared PC –PANI modified electrode were investigated. The best electroactive film was determined.Characterization of the synthesized copolymer film was carried out by UV-vis, FT-IR, Raman, SEM and EDS techniques. Electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone was investigated in NaHSO4 / Na2SO4 medium over obtained modified electrode and it was compared with its homopolymers., Aromatik heterohalkalı organik molekülün yükseltgenmesi ile elektrot yüzeyinde veya çözeltide iletken polimerler sentezlenebilmektedir. Polipirol, politiyofen, polianilin, polifuran, polifenilenvinilen, politiyanaften, polikarbazol, polindol ve poliazulen en çok bilinen iletken polimerlerdir. Đletken polimerler arasında daha az incelenmesine rağmen karbazol polimerleri; baslangıç maddesinin ucuz, aramotik yapısından dolayı çevresel ve kimyasal açıdan kararlı, yapısındaki azot atomu sayesinde optik, elektriksel özelliklere sahip olması ve bifenil grubundan olustuğu için poli(p-fenilen) polimerlerinden daha düsük band aralığına sahip polimerler verebilmesi gibi bir çok üstünlüklere sahiptir. Polimerizasyonu sırasında, genelde 3- ve 6- pozisyonlarından bağlanmalarla poli(3,6-karbazol) polimerleri elde edilirken 2- ve 7- pozisyonlarından bağlanarak poli(2,7- karbazol) türevleri de elde edilebilir. Bu polimerlerin özellikleri ve uygulama alanları farklıdır [1,2]. Daha önce yapılan çalısmalarda, polianilinin elektrokimyasal sentezi diklorometan ortamında gerçeklestirildi ve bazı fenolik bilesiklerin tayini için modifiye yüzey olarak kullanıldı[3,4].Bu çalısmada, diklorometan / 100 mM tetrabutilamonyumperklorat(TBAP) / 1.0 mM karbazol / 50.0 – 200 mM anilin içeren polimerizasyon çözeltisi kullanılarak polikarbazol – polianilin (PC – PANI) kopolimerinin elektropolimerizasyonu ayrıntılı olarak ilk kez çalısıldı ve optimum polimerizasyon sartları belirlendi. Hazırlanan PC –PANI modifiye elektrodunun sulu ve susuz ortamlardaki davranısları incelendi. Elektroaktivitesi en iyi olan film belirlendi. Sentezlenen kopolimer filmininkarakterizasyonu UV-vis, FT-IR, Raman, SEM ve EDS yöntemleri ile gerçeklestirildi. Elde edilen modifiye elektrot üzerinden, hidrokinonun NaHSO4 / Na2SO4 ortamda elektrokimyasal davranısı incelendi ve homopolimerleri ile karsılastırıldı.

WOS: 000294979500013, The present study aims to investigate the effect of Tl on the survival and morphology of Tubifex tubifex (sludge worm). For this purpose, Tl was applicated to the animals for 96 h of daily renewal tests at the following test concentrations: 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L(-1). Acute toxicity was analysed by the measurement of 96-h LC(50) value, and daily survival rates were analysed. Autotomy was evaluated as a criterion for sublethal toxicity. Morphological observations were conducted by binocular microscopic and scanning electron microscopic analyses. 96- h LC(50) and EC(50) values were determined to be 0.018 mg L(-1) and 0.0077 mg L(-1), respectively. The worms exhibit mortality starting from the lowest concentration (0.005 mg/L(-1)). When exposure time was extended, autotomized worms were observed to be deceased. Tl exposure resulted in the appearance of morphological alterations and adaptation responses in exposed worms. Constriction and/or loss of segments were observed in caudal region of most animals. There was a beaded appearance in the degenerating part of body. Mucus production was found to be increased. The results revealed that Tl is toxic to T. tubifex worms, even at lowest concentration (0.005 mg L(-1)).. This study represents the first assessment of Tl impact on T tubifex at laboratory conditions., Anadolu University Commission of Scientific Research Projects [081029], The authors are grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr Mujdat Caglar from Anadolu University Department of Physics for his help at scanning electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscope which is used in the study was obtained by the support of Anadolu University Commission of Scientific Research Projects with the grant number 081029.

WOS: 000254383700006, The mutagenic potential of water samples from the Tuz Lake, Turkey was examined by applying the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames test), using TA 98 and TA 100 strains without metabolic activation. XAD 4 and XAD 16 column extracts of the samples were used in plate incorporation assay. The results obtained were negative for both TA 98 and TA 100, although the number of revertants of XAD 4 extracts at one station and XAD 16 extracts at another station were higher than those of the other stations for TA 100 strain, compared to the solvent control. The difference was not significant to be considered as mutagenic.

Sarcophagidae familyasına ait olan ve kozmopolit bir yayılış gösteren Sarcophaga africa (Wiedemann, 1824) türü, patojenlerin taşınmasında aracı bir vektör olarak insan ve hayvanlarda sağlık problemlerine ve ciddi ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Borik asit, en büyük rezervleri ülkemizde bulunan bor elementinin bir bileşiğidir ve zararlı böceklerle mücadelede etkin bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da BA'nın S. africa türü larvaların gelişimi ve sterilitesi üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kültüre alınan sineklerden elde edilen larvalar üzerindeki deneyler 5 tekrarlı olarak yapılmıştır. Kontrol grubu ile 100 g besine 14, 28, 42 ve 56 mg BA ilave edilmiş olan farklı 4 deney grubunda, BA'nın larval gelişime olan etkileri ile steriliteye olan (kısırlaştırıcı) etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada BA'nın larvaların gelişim süresi, ağırlık, boy, pupa gelişimi ve boy-çap üzerine etkileri ile BA'ya maruz bırakılan larvalardan elde edilen ergin sineklerdeki steriliteye olan etkisi belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, BA'nın sindirim sistemine olan etkileri histolojik açıdan incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak BA'nın Grup II, III ve IV larvalarında gelişimi önemli düzeyde etkilediği (p

Bu çalışmada, Sprague Dawley cinsi sıçanlara 30 gün süre ile ve oral yolla alüminyum klorür (AlCl3) uygulanarak alüminyum (Al) toksisitesi modeli oluşturulmuş ve karaciğerde meydana gelen değişiklikler üzerinde modifiye sitrus pektin'in (MCP) düzenleyici etkileri araştırılmıştır. Grup I (Kontrol: % 0.9 NaCl); Grup II (34 mg/kg/gün AlCl3); Grup III (50 mg/kg/gün MCP); Grup IV (2 saat ara ile ve sırasıyla 34 mg/kg/gün AlCl3 + 50 mg/kg/gün MCP) olmak üzere 4 grup (n=6) üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT) ve lipid peroksidasyonu biyokimyasal olarak ölçümlenmiştir. Histolojik değişiklikler değerlendirilmiştir. Karaciğer hücrelerinin proliferasyon durumunun belirlenebilmesi için proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA); DNA onarımının değerlendirilmesi için BRCA1 ve BRCA2 proteinlerinin immüno floresan analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre MCP, karaciğer dokusunda meydana gelen steatoz ve nekroz gibi patolojik değişiklikleri önlemekte ve lipid peroksidasyonunu baskılamaktadır. Ek olarak MCP Al toksisitesi sonucunda hücre yapı ve fizyolojisinde meydana gelen değişiklikler ile DNA hasarına karşı koruyucu etki göstermiştir. Bu etkilerin gerçekleşmesinde MCP'nin metal şelatlayıcı ve endojen antioksidan özelliklerinin birlikte rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Alüminyum, Hepatotoksisite, Modifiye sitrus pektin, BRCA, PCNA In this study, aluminum (Al) toxicity model was formed by applying aluminum chloride (AlCl3) orally for 30 days to Sprague Dawley rats and the regulatory effects of modified citrus pectin (MCP) on changes in the liver were investigated. Group I (Control: 0.9% NaCl); Group II (34 mg / kg / day AlCl3); Group III (50 mg / kg / day MCP); Group IV (2 hours intervals and respectively 34 mg / kg / day AlCl3 + 50 mg / kg / day MCP) was studied in 4 groups (n = 6). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation were measured biochemically. Histological changes were evaluated. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was performed for determining the proliferation status of liver cells; Immunofluorescence analyzes of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins were performed to evaluate DNA repair. According to the findings, MCP prevents pathological changes such as steatosis and necrosis in liver tissue and suppresses lipid peroxidation. In addition, MCP has a protective effect against DNA damage and alterations in cellular structure and physiology as a result of aluminum toxicity. Metal chelating and endogenous antioxidant properties of MCP are thought to play role together in the realization of these effects.Keywords: Aluminium, Hepatotoxicity, Modified citrus pectin, BRCA, PCNA 95

Probiyotikler antidiyabetik etki ve antioksidan özellikler nedeniyle diyabet için alternatif terapötik ajan olarak düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte probiyotiklerin antidiyabetik etkilerinin mekanizması henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu nedenle farklı izolatların antidiyabetik etkilerinin ortaya koyulması ve sonrasında yapılacak çalışmalarda bu etkilerin mekanizmalarının detaylı olarak incelenmesi önem taşımaktadır.Bu çalışmada daha önceden çalışılmış olan laktik asit bakterilerinin morfolojik, fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal testlere tabi tutularak ve moleküler düzeyde tanımlanması yapılmıştır. Bunun yanında β-galaktosidaz, asitlik direnci, glikosidaz, kolesterol ve lipit metabolizmasına üzerine etkisine bakılmıştır. Probiyotik özelliğinin yüksek olmasının yanında glikosidaz aktivitesinin yüksek olan izolat seçilmiştir. Bu hususlar göz önüne alınarak daha önce yapılan çeşitli araştırmalarda izole edilen laktik asit bakterilerinin ön tarama yöntemlerinde yüksek etkiye sahip olan bir izolatın antidiyabetik etkisinin olup olmadığının belirlenmiştir. Tip 1 modeli oluşturulan ratlara seçilen laktik asit bakterisi verilerek diyabet üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Probiotics are considered as an alternative therapeutic agent for diabetes due to their antidiabetic effect and antioxidant properties. However, the mechanism of the antidiabetic effects of probiotics has not yet been fully understood. For this reason, it is important to determine the antidiabetic effects of different isolates and to investigate the mechanisms of these effects in detail in future studies.However, the mechanism of the antidiabetic effects of probiotics has not yet been fully understood. For this reason, it is important to determine the antidiabetic effects of different isolates and to investigate the mechanisms of these effects in detail in future studies.In addition to high probiotic properties, isolates with high glycosidase activity were selected. Considering these issues, it has been determined whether or not an isolate with high effect on the pre-screening methods of isolated lactic acid bacteria has antidiabetic effect. Lactic acid bacteria were given to rats of type 1 model and their effect on diabetes was investigated 101

Bu çalışmada alüminyum (Al) toksisitesinin neden olduğu karaciğer hasarı ve bu hasarın önlenmesinde saf zeytinyağında bulunan güçlü bir antioksidan bileşik olan hidroksitirosol (HT)'nin düzenleyici etkileri araştırılmıştır. Swiss albino cinsi fareler, Grup 1-Kontrol: % 0.9'luk NaCl; Grup 2-AlCl3: bir kez 25 mg/kg; Grup 3-HT: 10 mg/kg/gün-7 gün; Grup 4-AlCl3+HT: sırasıyla 25 mg/kg bir kez ve 10 mg/kg/gün-7gün olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Tüm uygulamalar intraperitonal (i.p.) olarak yapılmıştır. Oksidatif stres düzeyinin belirteci olarak süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT) ve lipid peroksidasyonu (LP) ölçülmüştür. Karaciğerin histolojik yapısı ışık mikroskobunda incelenmiştir. Hücre döngüsündeki değişiklikleri ve rejenerasyonu belirlemek amacıyla çoğalan hücre çekirdek antijeni (PCNA), DNA hasarı onarım yanıtının belirteci olarak BRCA1ve BRCA2 gen bölgelerinin ifade edilme düzeyleri immunofloresan analizlerle ölçümlenmiştir. HT, Al maruziyeti sonucunda gelişen Kupffer hücre hiperplazisini, nekroz ve inflamasyonu önlemekte, dokudaki lipid peroksidasyonunu azaltmaktadır. BRCA1, BRCA2 ve PCNA bulguları HT'nin DNA onarımını teşvik ederek hücre döngüsünün normal işleyişini desteklediğini ortaya koymaktadır. HT'nin hücrelerin sağ kalımı ve normal fizyolojik işleyişine dair koruyucu etkilerinin, karaciğerin endojen antioksidan kapasitesinin anlamlı seviyede desteklenmesiyle gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Alüminyum, Hidroksitirosol, Karaciğer, Oksidatif stres, DNA hasarı onarım yanıtı The present study investigated the preventive effects of hydroxythyrosol, a powerful antioxidant compound which is found in pure olive oil, on liver damage caused by aluminum toxicity. Swiss albino mice were grouped into four (Group 1 - Control: 0.9% NaCl, Group 2 - AlCl 3: once 25mg / kg, Group III - HT: 10mg / kg / day-7 days, Group IV - AlCl3 + HT: 25mg / kg once and 10 mg / kg / day-7days respectively ) and studies were made based on their liver tissues. All applications were performed intraperitoneally (i.p.). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LP), which are indicators of oxidative stress (OS) level, were measured biochemically. Histological structure of the liver was examined under light microscope. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were measured with immunofluorescence analysis to determine the changes in the cell cycle regeneration. Expression levels of the BRCA1and BRCA2 gene regions were measured by immunofluorescence analysis to determine DNA damage repair response. HT prevents Kupffer cell hyperplasia, necrosis, inflammation and decreases LP in the tissue. BRCA1, BRCA2 and PCNA findings revealed that HT induces DNA repair and supports normal process of the cell cycle. It is determined that protective effects of HT on cell survival and normal physiologic process is related to the significant support to endogenous antioxidant capacity.Keywords: Aluminum, Hydroxytyrosol, Liver, Oxidative stress, DNA damage repair response 71

PubMed: 31476894, Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant which is used to treat the symptoms of epilepsy. Although it is frequently used during reproductive ages, studies that investigated the effects of ZNS on reproductive system are limited. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of ZNS on male reproductive system by oral administration to rats in 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg doses for 28 days. After the exposure period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage, as biomarkers of reproductive toxic effects, were determined, and histopathological examination of testis was performed. In addition, levels of the hormones that play a role in the regulation of reproductive functions, such as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were measured and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers that take part in the reproductive pathologies such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, were determined. Reproductive toxic effects related to ZNS administration were shown by the significant decrease of sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology in ZNS groups. Additionally, pathological findings were observed in the testicular tissues of ZNS-administered groups dose dependently. In addition, serum LH and testosterone levels were significantly decreased in the ZNS groups. Decreased catalase activities and increased malondialdehyde levels in ZNS groups were evaluated as oxidative stress findings in the testis tissue. It could be expressed that ZNS administration induced dose-dependent reproductive toxic effects in rats, and pathological findings associated with the reproductive system could be the result of that hormonal changes and testicular oxidative stress, which in turn might be considered as possible mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity

WOS: 000454945000005, PubMed ID: 29774748, Trazodone (TRZ) is an antidepressant drug commonly used in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Although some studies demonstrated the adverse effects of TRZ related to cardiovascular system, the conflicting results were observed in these studies. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cardiac adverse effects of TRZ in rats at repeated doses in our study. In accordance with this purpose, TRZ was administered orally to rats at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg doses for 28 days. Electrocardiogram records, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-myoglobin band, cardiac troponin-T (cTn-T) levels, DNA damage in cardiomyocytes, and histologic view of heart tissues were evaluated. In addition, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured to determine the oxidative status of cardiac tissue after TRZ administration. Heart rate was decreased, PR interval was prolonged, and QRS and T amplitudes were decreased in 20 mg/kg TRZ-administered group compared to the control group. Serum AST and cTn-T levels were significantly increased in 10 and 20 mg/kg TRZ-administered rats with respect to control rats. DNA damage was significantly increased in these groups. Additionally, degenerative histopathologic findings were observed in TRZ-administered groups. Although there was no difference in MDA levels between groups, GSH levels were significantly decreased in 10 and 20 mg/kg TRZ-administered groups compared to the control group. Our results have shown that TRZ induced cardiotoxicity in rats dose-dependently. It is assumed that oxidative stress related to GSH depletion may be accompanied by these adverse effects.

WOS: 000444248700007, PubMed ID: 30310659, Sertraline is an antidepressant that is frequently prescribed to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and anxiety. This drug had a safe cardiotoxicity profile, until the reporting of cases of sertraline-associated cardiotoxicities in the early 2000s. Since then, there have been conflicting results on the cardiotoxicity of this drug. In the study reported here we aimed to identify the cardiotoxic effects of sertraline by evaluating serum cardiac biomarkers, such as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine phosphokinase-myoglobin band (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardiac troponin T (cTn-T) levels as well as electrocardiographic parameters, DNA damage in cardiomyocytes, and histological findings of heart tissue in rats that were administered oral doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg kg(-1) of sertraline for 28 days. Additionally, to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying cardiotoxicity, glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in cardiac tissue were determined to evaluate oxidative stress. According to our results, AST, LDH, and cTn-T levels were significantly increased in the 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) sertraline groups when compared to the control group. Heart rates were increased, PR intervals prolonged, a short QTc value was observed, and T-wave amplitudes were decreased significantly in the 20 mg kg(-1) sertraline group when compared to the control group. Significant DNA damage was observed in the high-dose groups. Histopathological investigations also revealed some degenerative changes in the 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) sertraline groups. Glutathione levels were significantly decreased in the 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) sertraline groups when compared with the control group. In conclusion, our findings support the cardiotoxic potential of sertraline and also suggest that oxidative stress may play a role in the toxicity of sertraline.

WOS: 000399875200060, PubMed ID: 28419133, Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic drug commonly used in the treatment of epilepsy because of its excellent safety profile in all age groups. It is remarkable that there are no studies evaluating the toxic effects of this drug on the male reproductive system, as it is commonly used in male patients of reproductive age. From this point of view, our aim was to evaluate the possible toxic effects of LEV on the male reproductive system. Therefore, LEV was administered to male rats orally at 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 70 consecutive days. At the end of this period, alterations to body and organ weights were calculated, and sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were investigated by a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. Sperm DNA damage was determined by comet assay and histopathological examination of the testes was carried out. Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured by ELISAs to determine the effects of hormonal status, while glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde levels in the testes were measured by colorimetric assay kits to determine the role of oxidative status in potential toxicity. According to the results, sperm quality was decreased by LEV treatment in a dose-dependent manner. LEV induced significant DNA damage in the 150 and 300 mg/kg LEV-administered groups. Histopathology of the testes showed that LEV resulted in testicular injury in the 300 mg/kg LEV-administered group. Serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels were significantly decreased in the 300 mg/kg LEV-administered group. Glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were significantly decreased in all experimental groups while malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in 150 and 300 mg/kg LEV-administered groups. According to these results, it was determined that LEV administration decreased sperm quality and it was alleged that hormonal alteration and oxidative stress are potential contributors to reproductive toxicity., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [1505S412], This study was supported by the Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under grant no 1505S412.

Tez (yüksek lisans) - Anadolu Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Kayıt no: 384173, Bu çalışmada, Wistar cinsi ratlarda alüminyum (Al) toksisitesinin neden olduğu nörotoksisite, oksidatif stres, lipid peroksidasyonu, patolojik değişiklikler ve DNA hasarının önlenmesinde modifiye sitrus pektin (MCP)'in antioksidan ve metal şelatlayıcı özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Bir kontrol ve üç deney grubu (n=6) olmak üzere toplam 24 rat üzerinde çalışılmış, deneylerdeki tüm uygulamalar otuz gün süre ile ve oral yolla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Grup I'e (kontrol) fizyolojik salin (% 0.9); Grup II'ye AlCl2 (34 mg/kg/gün); grup III'e MCP (50 mg/kg/gün); grup IV'e ise sırasıyla ve 2 saat ara ile AlCl2 (34 mg/kg/gün) ve MCP (50 mg/kg/gün) uygulanmıştır. Çalışma süresinin sonunda beyin serebral korteks dokusu çıkarılmış ve biyokimyasal ölçümler (süperoksit dismutaz, katalaz, glutatyon peroksidaz, glutatyon S-transferaz, asetilkolin esteraz aktiviteleri, toplam glutatyon düzeyi ve lipid peroksidasyonu) ve histopatolojik incelemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. DNA hasarı 'tek hücre jel elektroforezi (SCGE)' yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular MCP'in özellikle metal şelatlayıcı özelliğine bağlı olarak, rat beyin dokusunda Al toksisitesinin neden olduğu oksidatif stresi, lipid peroksidasyonuna eşlik eden doku hasarını ve nöronal sinyal iletimdeki fonksiyonel bozuklukları azaltabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte, MCP uygulaması ile DNA hasarı da azaltılabilmektedir.

WOS: 000230311700017, PubMed ID: 16158850, …

WOS: 000413790500010, PubMed ID: 27976631, This study was conducted to clarify the toxic effects of sertraline (SRT) on the reproductive system of male rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Rats were treated orally with SRT at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg kg(-1) for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were investigated by computer-assisted sperm analysis system whereas sperm DNA damage was detected by comet assay. The oxidative status of the testes was investigated, and a histopathological examination was conducted. Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured to determine the effects of SRT on the spermatogenesis process. One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Dunnett's T3 test for the sperm comet assay, and post-hoc Tukey's test for the others were performed for statistical analysis. The results showed that SRT caused an increase in sperm DNA damage and induced histopathological lesions in all groups treated with SRT. There was abnormal sperm morphology and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the 10 mg kg(-1) treatment group. More dramatic changes were observed in the 20 mg kg(-1) treatment group. Decreased sperm count was accompanied by a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology, DNA damage, and degeneration in cellular-tubular structures. Serum LH and testosterone levels were elevated in the 20 mg kg(-1) treatment group. Decreased glutathione (GSH) and increased MDA were signs of enhanced oxidative stress (OS). In conclusion, SRT induced testicular toxicity in a dose-dependent manner and OS is suggested as a crucial mechanism., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission [1404S128], This study was supported by the Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission under the grant no. 1404S128.

47th Congress of the European-Societies-of-Toxicology -- AUG 28-31, 2011 -- Paris, FRANCE, WOS: 000293814500205, …, European Soc Toxicol

47th Congress of the European-Societies-of-Toxicology -- AUG 28-31, 2011 -- Paris, FRANCE, WOS: 000293814500377, …, European Soc Toxicol