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In free recall, there is a tendency to generate a word that either follows or precedes the just recalled word in the study list, which is known as the contiguity effect. The main aim of this project is to understand the mechanisms behind the contiguity effect. This effect has been explained by two main accounts in the literature: causal models and non-causal models. Causal models claim that the contiguity effect occurs due to the utilization of the just recalled item as a cue to recall the next item; whereas according to non-causal models, items are not used as cues, but instead the similarity between the mental state during the study and test phases results in the contiguity effect. To differentiate between these two claims, probed recall task can be used. In a probed recall task, participants are presented with word lists and in the test phase, they are given a random word from a random list. First, they are asked "Did you see this word" with a confidence interval. Then, they are asked to write another word from the list they saw this word from. When Kılıç and her colleagues used probed recall task (2013), they observed a contiguity effect, which supports the causal models. However, they could not observe the forward-asymmetry which is usually observed in a contiguity effect. When participants have low performance, asymmetry can vanish (Spillers & Unsworth, 2011). Therefore, I aim to facilitate and optimize the probed recall task to improve the performance to test this claim. In experiment 1, I will try to replicate the original article but with a few changes that result in an increase in performance. Those changes are: increasing item strength, reducing the number of lists, reducing the word number, reducing the time of the distractor task, and only having one block. In experiment 2, in addition to all this, I will strengthen the list context by adding a scene picture between each list. Participants will see 5 word lists and each list will include 15 words in each experiment. Between lists, there will be a distractor task (arithmetic calculations) and a waiting period. Then, in the test phase, there will be 3 words randomly selected from each list and 5 new words (20 words in total). First, there will be a recognition part with a CI and then, they will be asked to recall a word from a list that they have seen this probe word in.

Word frequency and output interference effects are two of the effects which are observed in recognition memory. These two effects are explained differently in item and context noise models. The aim of the current project is to examine the effects together to create a data set for the current recognition memory models.

The present study combined dimensional and categorical approaches to emotion to develop normative ratings for a large set of Turkish words on two major dimensions of emotion: arousal and valence, as well as on five basic emotion categories of happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust. A set of 2031 Turkish words obtained by translating Affective Norms for English Words to Turkish and pooling from the Turkish Word Norms were rated by a large sample of 1527 participants. This is the first comprehensive and standardized word set in Turkish offering discrete emotional ratings in addition to dimensional ratings along with concreteness judgments. Consistent with Affective Norms for English Words and word databases in several other languages, arousal increased as valence became more positive or more negative. As expected, negative emotions (anger, sadness, fear, and disgust) were positively correlated with each other, whereas the positive emotion, happiness, was negatively correlated with the negative emotion categories. Data further showed that the valence dimension was strongly correlated with happiness, and the arousal dimension was mostly correlated with fear. These findings show highly similar and consistent patterns with word sets provided in other languages in terms of the relationships between arousal and valence dimensions, relationships between dimensions and specific emotion categories, relationships among specific emotions, and further support the stability of the relationship between basic discrete emotions at the word level across different cultures. © The Author(s) 2018.

Introduction Heavy metal pollution is one of the most .important stress factors that limit plant growth and survival. Also, these metals accumulate in plant tissues, increase their toxicity and join the food chain. Industrial activities, agricultural chemical and urban wastes are the main sources of heavy metal pollution. Plants have different responses to heavy metals according to its type, concentration and duration of exposure. Wheat is a basic crop mostly grown in a lot of countries.. Material and Methods In the present experiment, the effects of two metal (cadmium and lead) on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sagittario) was investigated. So, seeds were germinated in Petri dishes in controlled climate room and watered with 0 (as control) -100 and 200 µm lead (as PbNO3) and cadmium (as CdCl2) for four days (each application had four replicates), harvested and growth parameters were evaluated with LSD test. Findings Both cadmium and lead affected negatively growth parameters. Root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights decreased by increasing lead and cadmium concentrations. As compared with control groups, the change of lengths and root dry weight were found significant statistically (according to LSD test) in all applications. Results and Discussion It is determined that the most toxic effect was found at the highest dose of lead (200 µm) to Sagittario cv that we used in this study.

Salinity is an important abiotic factor that affects plant life quality. Indole acetic acid is one of the most important hormones that affect growth and development in plants and promotes vegetative growth. Wheat, which is the plant material of this study, is basic crop mostly grown in a lot of countries. The aim of this study was to research the effects of salt (125 mM) and different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 25 ppm) on some growth parameters of bread wheat, which grow under the controlled conditions. For this purpose, wheat seeds imbibed in distilled water (as control) and different indole acetic acid solutions and germinated in Petri dishes. The dishes were watered with 0- 125 mM NaCl solutions and harvested five days later. Growth parameters of seedlings (shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight) were recorded and data were evaluated with LSD test. The salinity had negative effect on wheat’s examined some growth parameters (shoot-root length, dry weights) significantly. In addition to these, 25 ppm indole acetic acid decreased these parameters, too; but these findings not found significant. 5 ppm indole acetic acid, slightly ameliorated salinity’s damaging effect. As a result of this study, 125 mM salt concentration had negative effects on wheat seedlings. Although indole acetic acid is a plant growth regulator, the high concentrations of it may cause negative results. Nevertheless, 5 ppm indole acetic acid concentration, positive effects on wheat seedlings slightly against salinity. In conclusion, plant growth regulators may be used by farmers to protect from salinity stress

Allelopathy is described as the effect of a plant’s chemical secretions on other plants or microorganisms. While plants live in their natural habitat, they can affect another plant’s life cycle in different ways. Weeds are usually found in fields, compete with crops and may have an allelopathic effect. Xanthium strumarium is an important weed species that known being poisonous because of hydroquinone content. Another weed used in this study is Sorghum halepense, one of the most dangerous weed species that threatens biodiversity. In addition to this soybean (Glycine max) used as crop material in this study. It is grown in a lot of countries as an alternative to animal protein but it often exposed to weed invasion in the fields. So it is aimed to research the effects of two weed species on some physiological parameters of soybean. For this purpose. soybean seeds (Glycine max cv. Arısoy) were sown in soil and grown two weeks. There were three area in the field non-contaminated (as control) Xanthium strumarium contaminated and Sorghum halepense contaminated. For each area randomly four orders were chosen and SPAD values of six seedlings were measured in each order. Also, random three seedlings of each area were brought to laboratory for determining relative water content and electrolyte leakage. While Sorghum halepense didn’t affect the pigment content of soybean seedlings, Xanthium strumarium decreased it as it had less SPAD value. Both weed species increased relative water content but Xanthium strumarium had more important effect than other one. Also, both weeds increased electrolyte leakage but Sorghum halepense had bigger effect on this parameter.

Salt stress is an important abiotic factor that limits plant development. The effect of salt stress on the plants varies depending on the salt concentration and plant species. Sunflower and cotton are two different plant species that mostly grown as industrial crop. The aim of this study was to research the effects of different salt concentrations (0 -100 and 200 mM NaCl) on sunflower (Helianthus annus cv Ekllor) and cotton (Gossypium hirsitum cv Lydia) germination and growth. For this purpose, seeds were germinated in petri dishes, watered with salt solutions in controlled conditions during four days. Each application had there replications, and random three seedlings' datas from each petri were recorded at harvest. In sunflower, salinity inhibited seed germination. In addition to this, salinity had negative effect on sunflower’s shoot-root length, fresh and dry weight. Salinity affected cotton germination and growth too. At highest salt concentration, no germination was shown in cotton seeds, so growth parameters couldn’t be determined. As a result of this study, increasing salt doses caused germination and growth impediments in two plant species at different levels. In conclusion, according to our results sunflower seedlings (Ekllor cv.) were found more tolerant to salinity than cotton seedlings (Lydia cv.).

ÖZETÇalışmamızın konusunu 5237 Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 117. maddesinde düzenlenen “İş ve Çalışma Hürriyetinin İhlali Suçu” oluşturmaktadır. Bu düzenleme 4 ayrı fıkra şeklinde olup, her bir fıkrada birbirinden bağımsız suç tipleri yer almaktadır. Bu suçları sırasıyla saymak gerekirse, birinci fıkrada “İş ve Çalışma Hürriyetinin İhlali Suçu”, ikinci fıkrada “Sömürü Suçu”, üçüncü fıkrada “Sömürmek İçin Tedarik, Sevk veya Bir Yerden Bir Yere Nakletmek Suçu”, son fıkrada ise “Anlaşma İçeriğini Değiştirmeye Zorlama Suçu” ile “İşin Durmasına Neden Olma Suçu” düzenlenmektedir. Çalışmamız iki ana kısma ayrılmıştır. Çalışmamızın ilk bölümünde, bu suçlarla ilgili kavramlara ve haklara, akabinde bu hakların Anayasal ve uluslararası mevzuat açısından yasal güvencelerine ve bu suçlar ile benzer nitelikteki suç tipleri arasındaki farklara değinilmiştir. Çalışmamızın ikinci kısmında ise her bir suç yönünden ayrı ayrı başlıklar halinde yapılan incelemenin yanında, bu suçlara yönelik doktrindeki yaklaşımlara ve her iki bölümde yer almak üzere Yargıtay Kararları’na yer verilmiştir.--------------------ABSTRACTThe subject of our study is “The Crime of The Violation of the Freedom of Work and Labour” regulated in article 117 of the Turkish Criminal Code numbered 5237. This regulation consists of 4 different paragraphs and each of the paragraphs has different types of crimes. The crimes listed in this article are, in the first paragraph, “The Crime of The Violation of Freedom of Work and Labour”; in the second paragraph, “The Crime of Exploitation”; in the third paragraph, “The Crime of Procurement, Referral or Transferring the Place from One Place to The Other”; and the last paragraph, “The Crime of Forcing to Change the Contents of The Agreement” and also“The Crime of Causing the Work to Stop” have been regulated. Our study is divided into two main sections. In the first part of our study the following are mentioned; the concepts and rights related to these crimes, the assurances that have been regulated by constitutional and international legislation for these rights, and the differences between these crimes and similar types of crimes. In the second part of our study, each crime type is analysed under their individual titles and the approaches in the doctrine are mentioned with respect to these crime types. Also both parts of our study include the relevant decisions of the Supreme Court.

Yöre insanları tarafından Piraziz elması olarak bilinen Malus communis L., Piraziz’ de (Giresun) yetişir.Bitkiler insanlar tarafından çeşitli hastalıklara karşı gerek tedavi edici gerekse koruyucu olarak binlerce yıldırkullanılmaktadır. Piraziz elması Giresun ili Piraziz ilçesinde yüzyıllardan beri yetiştirilen, kışlık mahalli birelma çeşididir. Piraziz elması mayhoş ve sulu özelliktedir. Piraziz elmasının yenilebilme kalitesi de oldukça iyidüzeydedir. Piraziz elmasının halk arasında antidiyabetik özellik taşıdığı da uzun yıllardır bilinmektedir. Pirazizelmaların temini Piraziz Kaymakamlığı İlçe Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlüğünce yürütülmekte olan,“Meyvenin Hası Piraziz Elması’’ Projesi kapsamındaki kapama bahçesinden yapıldı. Hidrojen peroksit gidermeaktivitesi, Demir indirgeme aktivitesi, DPPH radikal giderme aktivitesi, Demir iyon bağlama aktivitesi, Totalfenolik ve Total flavonoid içeriği ölçülerek antioksidan aktivitesi belirlendi. Antidiyabetik aktivite, a-amilaz vea-glikozidaz inhibisyonunun spektrofotometrik yöntemle ölçülmesiyle belirlendi. Yapılan analizlerde örneğe aita-amilaz ve a-glikozidaz inhibisyon değerleri IC50 cinsinden değerleri sırasıyla 501.08 ve 924.93 mg/ml olarakbelirlendi. Kontrol olarak kullanılan akarboz IC50 94.35 ve 75.20 mg/ml olarak tespit edildi. Çalışmamızda patentialınmış olan Piraziz elmasının antioksidan içeriği ve antidiyabetik etkisini araştırmayı amaçladık. Sonuç olarak,elde edilen verilere göre Piraziz elmasının a-amilaz ve a-glikozidaz aktivitesinin akarboz aktivitesine göre sırasıyla5 ve 12 kat düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Malus communis L., local cultivar is known Piraziz Apple by the local people, grown in Piraziz(Giresun). This cultivar was patented by the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (No: 204 Patent’ s Owner:Piraziz Ziraat Odası). Plants has been used by people against various diseases as protective and therapeutic overyears. Piraziz apple, grown for years Piraziz-Giresun, is an apple variety. Piraziz apple tart and juicy. It is alsoquite good quality. Antidiabetic property of apple have been known by peoples for years. Samples were obtainedfrom ‘The Piraziz Apples essence of fruits’ project garden. The antioxidant capacity of this cultivar’ s apple wasassessed by using different antioxidant test methods such as hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA), DPPHradical scavenging activity (FRSA), Metal-chelating activity, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content(TFC). Antidiabetic activity was determined by spectrofotometric assay of a-amylase and a-glicosidase inhibition.a-amylase and a-glikosidase inhibition levels were measured as 501.08 and 924.93 mg/ml (IC50) respectively.Acarbose, used as control, was determined as 94.35 and 75.20 mg/ml (IC50). We aimed to investigate the antioxidantcontent and antidiabetic effect of the Piraziz apple, which was tested in our study. As a result, it was determined thata-amylase activity and a-glycosidase activity of the Piraziz apple was 5 times and 12 times lower than acarbose,respectively.

Yazar Evi Müzeleri: Sait Faik Abasıyanık Müzesi Örneği başlıklı tezde yazarla ziyaretçi arasında köprü olan yazar evi müzelerinin birbirleri ile karşılaştırılması yapılarak Sait Faik Abasıyanık Müzesi'nde sergilenen nesnelerin kazandığı kimlik irdelenmiştir.Bu kapsamda İstanbul'daki tescilli 3 yazar evi müzesi, Avrupa'dan 6 yazar müzesi, misyon, koleksiyon ve sergileme açılarından karşılaştırılmıştır. Tez çalışmasında Uluslararası Müzeler Komitesi (ICOM) tarafından oluşturulan tarihi ev müzesi tanımlarına dayanarak, nesnenin kimliği incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda 2009 yılında gerçekleştirilen restorasyon çalışması sonrasında 2013'te tekrar ziyarete açılan Sait Faik Abasıyanık Müzesi örneğinde yazar evi müzelerinde objelerin sosyolojik anlamda taşıdığı metaforlar açıklanmaya çalışılmış ve müze ev içinde sergilenen objelerin değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: müze ev, yazar evi müzeleri, edebiyat müzeleri, Sait Faik Abasıyanık, Sait Faik Abasıyanık Müzesi, yazar-obje ilişkisi. In this master's thesis titled `An Example of Author House Museums: Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum`, the identity and presence of the items from Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum has been handled by making a comparison with each other, between author museums which are bridges between visitors and the authors themselves.In this context, three licensed author house museums in İstanbul and six more from abroad was compared in terms of mission, collection and exhibition.In this work, the identity of the object was examined by using the definitions of historical house museums identified by ICOM (International Council of Museums). In this regard, an assessment was made through the example of Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum, which was under renovation since 2009 until its reopening in 2013, for the museum house objects. Sociological and metaphorical reflections of aforesaid objects was also aimed to be explained.Key words: author house, author house museum, literary museums, Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum, author-object relationship. 140