Search

Fumonisin B1, T-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol are frequently detected in feed materials. The mycotoxins induce free radical formation and, thereby, lipid peroxidation. The effects of mycotoxin exposure at the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON = 3AcDON/15-AScDON: 5 mg/kg; fumonisin B1: 20 mg/kg) and double dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) were investigated during short-term (3 days) per os exposure in the liver of laying hens. On day 1 higher while on day 3 lower MDA concentrations were found in the low-dose group compared to the control. Fatty acid composition also changed: the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.05) and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased by day 3. These alterations resulted in a decrease in the index of unsaturation and average fatty acid chain length. Histopathological alterations suggested that the incidence and severity of liver lesions were higher in the mycotoxin-treated laying hens, and the symptoms correlated with the fatty acid profile of total phospholipids. Overall, the findings revealed that mycotoxin exposure, even at the EU-recommended limits, induced lipid peroxidation in the liver, which led to changes in fatty acid composition, matched with tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors analysed the reproductive, growth and slaughter records of Pannon White rabbits based on records collected between 1992 and 2014. The examined traits were: average daily gain (ADG), thigh muscle volume (TMV) and litter weight at day 21 (LW21). Genetic parameters were estimated using basic and extended (with dominance effects) single trait animal models using the REML procedure. Heritability estimates ranged between low and moderate for all traits (ADG: 0.25-0.3±0.01, TMV: 0.21-0.24±0.02-0.03, LW21: 0.07-0.19±0.01). Random litter effects were moderate for ADG (0.24-0.25±0.01) but were low for TMV (0.09-0.1±0.01-0.03). Magnitude of permanent environmental effects exceeded that of the heritability values for LW21 in most models. Applying the extended complete models dominance effects were low for ADG and TMV (0.03±0.01-0.02) and moderate for LW21 (0.23±0.01). Among the estimated genetic correlation coefficients, the observed negative value between ADG and TMV (-0.31±0.03) and between TMV and LW21 (-0.38±0.13) were unfavourable. Based on the different models the estimated breeding values showed high stability as their rank correlation coefficients were close to unity (0.93-0.99). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation indices computed from remote sensing data became key components of agricultural monitoring and assessment. With the help of these indices, the difference of vegetational and other land covers can be contrasted and many useful and applicable data can be gathered ranging from vegetation health to growth dynamics among others. In recent decades, starting from the first Landsat satellite, a huge number of VIs were developed in order to be able to effectively monitor vegetation - the reason for the immense number is due to the fact that every sensor, topographic, geographic, vegetative and atmospheric feature is different, and more so are their combinations. This is the reason why there is no unified spectral band mathematical formula. The aim of this short overview is to provide the reader insight of the main vegetation indices (VIs) that have been used in scientific literature and their development over the last 40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test the complex, acute biochemical effects of combined, naturally co‐occurring fusariotoxins, a 5‐day rat study was performed. Mycotoxin treatment was invented by intraperitoneal injection: FB1 (F): 9 µg/animal/day (approx. 30 µg/kg bw/day), DON (D): 16.5 µg/animal/day (approx. 55 µg/kg bw/day) and ZEN (Z): 12.75 µg/animal/day (approx. 42.5 µg/kg bw/day). The binary groups (FB1 and DON [FD], FB1 and ZEN [FZ] and DON and ZEN [DZ]) as well as the ternary (FB1, DON and ZEN [FDZ]) group were dosed at the same combined level as the individual mycotoxins. Body weight, feed intake and mortality were not affected by any of the treatments. FB1 and DON in combination (FD) increased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity synergistically (compared to the individual FB1 and DON). In the liver, both the total glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were increased (p < 0.05) by the binary FB1 and ZEN (FZ) and the DON and ZEN (DZ) groups as well as the ternary FB1, DON and ZEA group (FDZ) compared to the control. The GSH level of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to the FB1 group, whereas the GPx activity of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to all three the individual mycotoxin groups. The Bliss independence method revealed synergism between DON and ZEN (DZ), as well as FB1 and DON (FD) on liver GPx activity. None of the toxins alone or in combination exerted strong genotoxicity on lymphocytes, neither on the gross histopathological characteristics. However, even at these low levels acute exposure of more than one of these mycotoxins (FB1, DON and ZEN) affected metabolic and detoxification changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the existence of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy the official censuses on the Cisleithanian side inquired about the colloquial or everyday language (Umgangssprache), whereas the Hungarian census focused on the "mother tongue" (Muttersprache). In the Hungarian Kingdom between 1880 and 1910, however, the relevant question changed. In 1880 it was formulated as "What is your mother tongue?", whereas from 1900 onwards, probably in an attempt to reproduce the question formulated on the Cisleithanian side, it was "What is your mother tongue, that is, the language you consider as yours, the language in which you are most fluent and like to speak?". Can it possibly be a pure accident that the ratio of those with Hungarian as their mother tongue happened to break through the magic 50% threshold value exactly in 1900, and that such ratio reached nearly 55% by 1910? The main question of this paper: what is the "statistical contribution" to these "results" considered as a "successful Hungarian assimilation"? The answer we try to give with the help "changing the scale", it means on country and county level, both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analysed reproduction traits in the Hungarian Large White (HLW) and Hungarian Landrace (HL) breeds and their reciprocal crosses (F1) based on the data collected within a field test between 2001 and 2010. The traits were number of piglets born alive (NBA), gestation length (GL), farrowing interval (FI) and age at first insemination (AFI). Genetic parameters were estimated separately for purebreds and crossbreds by the REML method applying two-trait repeatability models for NBA, GL, FI, and two-trait single measurement model for AFI. Records of purebred and crossbred pigs were considered separate traits. The numbers of sows for NBA and GL were 56743-167865, for FI 38541-112059, and for AFI 16083-46143. Total number of animals in the pedigree amounted to 126340. AFI was of moderate heritability with large difference between purebreds and crossbreds: 0.28 for HLW, 0.26 for HL vs. 0.40 for the HLW/HLWxHL, and 0.41 for the HL/ HLWxHL crosses. Heritability estimates for GL, both in purebreds and crossbreds were moderate: 0.30 for HLW, 0.22 for HL, 0.25 for the HLW/HLWxHL cross, and 0.25 for the HL/HLWxHL cross. Heritability coefficients of NBA were low at 0.09, 0.06, 0.07, 0.06, and of FI at 0.06 for all HWL, HL, and their crosses, respectively. Magnitudes of the permanent environment effects ranged between 0.04-0.07 for GL and NBA and were null for FI. Genetic correlation estimates between purebred and crossbred performances were 0.28 and 0.39 for AFI, 0.96 and 0.82 for GL, 0.82 and 0.93 for NBA, as well as 0.65 and 0.33 for FI. Selection of purebred pigs for AFI and FI crossbred performances can be based on the crossbred breeding value whereas selection for NBA and GL can use either breeding value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hungarian Review of Economic History was founded in 1894 as the second economic history journal in Europe. It survived for twelve years. Although a historiographical study has already been devoted to it, the Departments of Manuscripts in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and in the Hungarian National Library respectively contain several hitherto unexplored sources (diaries, correspondences), with the help of which the history of the Review can be recast in new light. In a period when economic history had still no university chair, the Review (and a book series which also remained in torso) offerred the only institutional forum for all those dealing with the profession. The editors-in-chief, Károly Tagányi and Ferenc Kováts, struggled throughout with two basic difficulties: those of establishing a sound financial background (recruiting supporters and subscribers), and of raising a stock of devoted authors who would provide studies of the required quality. The main supporters were the Ministry of Agriculture from the governmental sphere, the National Agricultural Association, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Society of Economics. The authors were recruited chiefly from archivists, teachers in secondary schools or in academies of law, and clerics (theological teachers, parish priests). Alongside the institutional framework of the Review's activity (that is, the economic history of the Review), the study also examines in detail the informal network of personal relations which connected editors, sponsors and authors to each other. Friendships and antipathies, intrigues and personal offences were as integral parts of the Review's life as royalties and printing bills, and are consequently of the same importance for historiography. The causes which led to the Review's suppression in 1906, and the respective roles played in them by institutional factors and personal and group conflicts, are made the object of a separate part of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]