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Bones found by chance can be of great criminal or historical interest. The nature of their appraisal depends on the individual case, the locally effective legislation and the available resources. To assess whether a find is relevant with respect to criminal investigation, the circumstances of the find and the results of the forensic examination carried out by trained personnel must be considered. The aim of this study was to obtain an overview of the circumstances and nature of the finds as well as the results of the subsequent expert opinions by evaluating bone finds from the federal state of Hesse, Germany. For this purpose, over a 10-year period from 2011 to 2020, all bone finds examined at the Institutes of Legal Medicine in Gießen and Frankfurt am Main, Germany, were evaluated retrospectively with regard to the locations and circumstances of the finds, their nature (human or non-human), the postmortem interval, possible traces of violent impact and the results of further examinations. Of the 288 bone finds evaluated, 38.2% were found in forests, meadows and parks. In 50.7%, the finds contained human bones, of which 37.0% had a forensically relevant postmortem interval of 50 years or less. Evidence of trauma was described in 77.4% of the human bone cases: postmortem damage in 78.8%, peri-mortem injury in 9.7% and ante-mortem injury in 11.5%. DNA examinations were performed in 40.4% of the human bone finds. They yielded STR profiles in 81.3%, leading to a definite identification in 35.4%. Among the non-human bones sent in, the most common were bones from pigs (23.4%), deer (18.1%), cattle (16.4%), roe deer (11.7%) and sheep (11.7%). The macroscopic examination is the first step of the forensic-osteological evaluation and sets the course for further examinations or investigations. DNA examinations are of great importance for the reliable identification of human bones. They were responsible for 70.8% of successful identifications., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The consequences of the current COVID-19 pandemic for mental health remain unclear, especially regarding the effects on suicidal behaviors. To assess changes in the pattern of suicide attempt (SA) admissions and completed suicides (CS) in association with the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of a longitudinal study, SA admissions and CS are systematically documented and analyzed in all psychiatric hospitals in Frankfurt/Main (765.000 inhabitants). Number, sociodemographic factors, diagnoses and methods of SA and CS were compared between the periods of March-December 2019 and March-December 2020. The number of CS did not change, while the number of SA significantly decreased. Age, sex, occupational status, and psychiatric diagnoses did not change in SA, whereas the percentage of patients living alone while attempting suicide increased. The rate and number of intoxications as a SA method increased and more people attempted suicide in their own home, which was not observed in CS. Such a shift from public places to home is supported by the weekday of SA, as the rate of SA on weekends was significantly lower during the pandemic, likely because of lockdown measures. Only admissions to psychiatric hospitals were recorded, but not to other institutions. As it seems unlikely that the number of SA decreased while the number of CS remained unchanged, it is conceivable that the number of unreported SA cases increased during the pandemic. Our data suggest that a higher number of SA remained unnoticed during the pandemic because of their location and the use of methods associated with lower lethality., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Predicted increases in suicide were not generally observed in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the picture may be changing and patterns might vary across demographic groups. We aimed to provide a timely, granular picture of the pandemic's impact on suicides globally., Methods: We identified suicide data from official public-sector sources for countries/areas-within-countries, searching websites and academic literature and contacting data custodians and authors as necessary. We sent our first data request on 22nd June 2021 and stopped collecting data on 31st October 2021. We used interrupted time series (ITS) analyses to model the association between the pandemic's emergence and total suicides and suicides by sex-, age- and sex-by-age in each country/area-within-country. We compared the observed and expected numbers of suicides in the pandemic's first nine and first 10-15 months and used meta-regression to explore sources of variation., Findings: We sourced data from 33 countries (24 high-income, six upper-middle-income, three lower-middle-income; 25 with whole-country data, 12 with data for area(s)-within-the-country, four with both). There was no evidence of greater-than-expected numbers of suicides in the majority of countries/areas-within-countries in any analysis; more commonly, there was evidence of lower-than-expected numbers. Certain sex, age and sex-by-age groups stood out as potentially concerning, but these were not consistent across countries/areas-within-countries. In the meta-regression, different patterns were not explained by countries' COVID-19 mortality rate, stringency of public health response, economic support level, or presence of a national suicide prevention strategy. Nor were they explained by countries' income level, although the meta-regression only included data from high-income and upper-middle-income countries, and there were suggestions from the ITS analyses that lower-middle-income countries fared less well., Interpretation: Although there are some countries/areas-within-countries where overall suicide numbers and numbers for certain sex- and age-based groups are greater-than-expected, these countries/areas-within-countries are in the minority. Any upward movement in suicide numbers in any place or group is concerning, and we need to remain alert to and respond to changes as the pandemic and its mental health and economic consequences continue., Funding: None., Competing Interests: JP is funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (GNT1173126). DG receives funding support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust. He is an unpaid member of the UK Government's Department of Health and Social Care National Suicide Prevention Strategy Advisory Group, England and the COVID-19 response sub-group, an unpaid member of the Samaritan's Policy, Partnerships and Research Committee, and an unpaid member of the Movember Global Advisory Committee. LA has a research grant to Manchester University from Health Quality Improvement Partnership, on behalf of NHS England and devolved UK governments. He is also Chair, National Suicide Prevention Strategy Advisory Group, Department of Health and Social Care. SF was Special Advisor to a Coroner for a specific investigation and is Chairperson, New Zealand Mortality Review Committee. AB is supported by the EU Erasmus+ Strategic Partnership Programme (2019-1-SE01-KA203-060571). LFC is Primary Investigator for pesticide suicide research in Malaysia funded by the Centre of Pesticide Suicide Prevention Malaysia, University of Edinburgh (Oct 2020-31 March 2022). NK is Member, National Suicide Prevention Strategy Advisory Group (England) and Topic Advisor for NICE self-harm guidelines. NK also declares research grants paid to his institution by NIHR, HQIP and DHSC for work related to the treatment and prevention of suicidal behaviour (but not directly related to the current work). OJK is supported by a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship from Research Foundation Flanders (FWO 1257821N); payment made to institution (KU Leuven). OJK reports grants from UCB Community Health Fund, outside the submitted work. The UCB Community Health funds in this case are managed and disbursed by the King Baudouin Foundation (Belgium). Selection is by an independent jury and UCB is not involved. Payment is to the institution (KU Leuven). OJK received a waived registration fee for the 2021 International Academy of Suicide Research (IASR) Summit in Barcelona (held online), as an invited speaker (unrelated to the current work). No payment was received directly. Fee was automatically waived at registration. OJK is a member of the Samaritans Research Ethics Board (SREB); this is an unpaid role. OJK is co-chair of the Early Career Group of the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP). This role is unpaid, but yearly IASP membership fee is covered in return for this service role. No funds are exchanged, but membership fee is covered directly by IASP. DK reports that the Wellcome Trust has supported the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute with a ISSF grant. DK also declares a grant from the Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention to conduct COVID-19 related work on self-harm in Sri Lanka, and panel fees from the Department of Health and Social Care for assessing grants. She also declares a leadership or fiduciary role with Migration Health and Development Research Initiative; no fees received. SL declares a $75,000 grant from Queensland Health; payment will be made to institution when payment occurs. SL also declares project funding from the Queensland Government for the Queensland Suicide Register; made to his institution. SL is also on the Technical Advisory Group (unfunded role), NSW Suicide Monitoring System. HO declares registration for the online congress DGPPN (2020 and 2021) and for the DGPPN congress (2019). He also declares registration for the congress OGPP (2019). SP declares a personal consultancy for support and advice to the National Office for Suicide Prevention (Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland) and a personal consultancy for support and advice to the National Suicide Prevention Leadership Group and the Scottish Government. SP also declares support from the World Health Organization for attending a workshop on National Suicide Prevention Implementation and Evaluation, Geneva, November 2019. SP also holds unpaid roles as adviser and committee chairmanships with the International Association for Suicide Prevention. GP is supported by the Flemish Government – Department of Health, Wellbeing and Family. AR and CR-L declare support by the Federal Health Ministry of Germany (BMG), grant number ZMVI1-2517FSB136. CR-L also declares payment or honoraria and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Janssen and LivaNova. NR-V declares she is the designated representative of the Puerto Rico Department of Health in the Puerto Rico Administration of Mental Health and Anti-Addiction Services’ Mental Health and Addiction Council. It is not a paid position; she attends meetings as part of her responsibilities at the Puerto Rico Department of Health and is the Coordinator of the Public Policy Committee within this advisory council. The aforementioned council is a requisite with which the Puerto Rico Administration of Mental Health and Anti-Addiction Services must comply with because this Administration receives federal funding from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration of the United States of America., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Even when human skeletal remains are found in contexts indicative of body disposal after homicide, none of the bones may manifest injuries. When skeletons are incomplete, there are two possibilities, the injured bones are missing or none were injured. This leads to the question how frequently bones are injured during homicide, where the injuries tend to be placed, and whether the frequency of injury is related to the type of homicide. To answer these questions, the postmortem reports from all autopsies performed for homicide victims at the Institute of Legal Medicine at the University Hospital in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, between 1994 and 2014, were retrospectively evaluated for bony injuries discovered during autopsy. In 90 cases, a preliminary postmortem computed tomography (pmCT) examination had been performed. The cases were categorized into the following five groups by type of fatal trauma: blunt force, sharp force, gunshot injury, strangulation, or other. In total, the postmortem reports for 897 homicides (527 male, 370 female) were evaluated. The number of victims per trauma category were sharp force, 309; blunt force, 179; gunshot injury, 242; strangulation, 92; and other, 75. Bony injuries had been reported in 70.9 % of the homicides. The "gunshot" category contained the highest proportion of victims with bony injuries (92.6 %). With 80.4 %, the second-highest proportion of victims with bony injuries was in the "blunt force" category, followed by 66.3 % of victims in the "sharp force" group. In contrast, with 53.3 %, the second-lowest proportion of victims with bony injuries was in the "strangulation" category, which contained a preponderance of female victims, followed by 17.3 % of victims with bony injuries in the "other" category. Bony injuries thus occurred in the majority of homicides. Forensic osteological analysis should, therefore, always be performed on badly decomposed human remains. Where necessary, the additional use of visualization techniques, in particular, pmCT, or maceration may be considered. The absence of bony injuries does not rule out homicide; e.g., in strangulations, bony injuries are manifest in only half the victims, even when the skeleton is intact. The relevant structures are also easily lost to decomposition, scavenging, or scattering.

$Human skulls frequently represent the only skeletal remains of an unidentified corpse available for forensic osteological examination. Skulls are very useful in reliably determining sex and also yield fairly good clues to an individual's age and ancestry. To date, however, a sufficiently accurate correlation between skull measurements and stature could not be found. In contrast, the results of a study by Rao et al. (2009) seemed to be promising, by finding a good correlation between the length of the coronal and sagittal sutures and stature in a male Indian population. In an attempt to verify the transferability of their results to a Central European population, the authors measured the length of the sagittal and coronal sutures with a tape measure along with body height in the course of 117 autopsies performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Giessen during 2009 and 2010. The age of the individuals measured ranged from 15 to 96 years (mean value 52.8, median 51 years). Of these individuals, 82 were male and 35 were female. The length of the sagittal suture with respect to body length yielded a correlation coefficient of only r = 0.045 (p = 0.617) in the regression analysis. Similar results were found for the coronal suture: In this case the correlation coefficient was r = 0.015. With an assumed maximum permissible probability of error of α = 0.05, none of the performed regression analyses were found to be statistically significant. As expected, our results suggest that neither the length of the sagittal nor the length of the coronal suture is suitable for a forensic estimation of stature for Central European individuals.

Differentiation between accessory sutures and fractures in the skull of an infant can be difficult. Apart from the regular sutures there is a multitude of variations that may be mistaken for a fracture line. Such variations include for instance the intraparietal suture between the two ossification centers of the parietal bone or the mendosal suture between the supraoccipital and interparietal bone of the occipital squama. The presented case refers to an approximately 20-month-old female child. During autopsy, a discontinuity in the right paramedian posterior cranial fossa parallel to the internal occipital crest with connection to the foramen magnum was observed. The macroscopic findings suggested a fracture line because of its course. However, neither a hemorrhage in the soft tissue nor callus formation was discernible. The discontinuity was preserved with the adjacent parts of the occipital bone for further histological examination. In the report of a cranial CT, which was carried out five days before the child's death, an accessory suture paramedially in the right posterior cranial fossa was described. When the clinical CT records were re-evaluated, a similar discontinuity at the corresponding position on the other side was detected, though of noticeably shorter length. Additionally, the preserved occipital bone fragment including the discontinuity was histologically processed. In the radiological literature, precise (radiological) criteria for differential diagnosis are indicated. A zigzag pattern with sclerotic borders and a bilateral and fairly symmetric occurrence indicate a suture, whereas a sharp lucency with non-sclerotic edges and a unilateral occurrence indicate a fracture. Taking all the findings into account, the depicted discontinuity was regarded as an accessory suture. This case demonstrates that differentiation between a fracture and an accessory suture may be difficult in the autopsy of a child and underlines the importance of a postmortem CT examination.

The skull presents a variety of morphological traits suitable for sex discrimination due to the degree of their development. The vertical frontal inclination has been established. as another marker of sex discrimination, as a steep forehead is considered as a female and a receding frontal inclination as a male attribute. In the literature, there are many different ways to define the morphognostic term "frontal inclination" and "forehead profile" respectively. As part of the project "Digital Forensic Osteology" definitions of the frontal inclination commonly found in the literature have been tested with regard to their applicability to virtual skulls based on post-mortem CT data. The actual angle measurements were carried out automatically using software developed by the authors of this article. For the investigations, profile images of skulls generated from volume-rendered CT data were used in which anthropometric measuring points had been set manually. With the help of discriminant analysis it was tested whether sex discrimination on virtual skulls based on defined variables can be carried out with sufficient sensitivity. The measurement accuracy of the defined variables on the volume-rendered images turned out to be good. No significant sex differences regarding the tested variables were found. Using all the four selected variables the sensitivity for female skulls was only about 66%, whereas for male skulls it was not much higher than the rate of coincidence (53%). The results of this pilot study suggest that apart from extending the sample size the inclusion of additional variables based on strict consideration of validity and reliability criteria should be critically tested.