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Saabunud: 22.05.2022 Received: Aktsepteeritud: 07.06.2022 Accepted: Avaldatud veebis: 07.06.2022 Published online: Vastutav autor: Raimo Kõlli Corresponding author: E-mail: raimo.kolli@emu.ee ORCID: 0000-0002-7725-3757 Technogenic soils (TS) or Technosols are year 2022 soils of Estonia. In Estonian Soil Classification (ESC) totally 17 technogenic soil species is listed (Table 1). By way or mode of their forming or establishing almost four TS groups (formed on heaps of wastes, instead of removed soil cover, on mixed soil horizons with parent materials and buried soil covers) have been separated. In dominating cases by technological elaborating works much more than only humus cover are enfold. In the vertical profile of different development stages TS the humus cover, consisting from fine earth subsoil and parent material may be presented (or occur). In the work separately the formed on mineral and organic (mostly peats) origin parent material TS are treated. Among mineral TS by their moisture conditions the automorphic, moist and wet soils are distinguished. Among peaty TS the formed on fen (sapric) and bog (fibric) peats soils are prevailed. The main difference between grounds (non-soil) and TS is their functioning. The real TS is as sustainably functioning assemblage of soil and plant covers or soil-plant system. The concordance or matching of presented in ESC TS’ taxa with World Reference Bases for Soil Resources (WRB) and Polish Soil Classification taxa was elucidated by comparable analysis. The distribution and forming of soils associations with normally developed soils and non-soils (grounds) is characterised by mean of excerpts from digitalized large-scale soil map (1:10,000) and schematic distribution maps. In the work as well the peculiarities of establishing technologies of mineral and peaty TS is treated.

Saabunud / Received 12.11.2022 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 29.12.2022 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 31.12.2022 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli ; raimo.kolli@emu.ee In the framework of the European mission “Soil Deal for Europe” ambitious tasks have been load to the whole European Union and forming its states in the field of carbon management. Departing from pedo- ecological conditions of Estonia, the pros and cons of the European Union's plans about carbon farming are treated. By the principles of pedocentric approach the soil humus status and carbon farming technologies are soil type specifics and should be utilized in the most detailed as possible soil taxonomic unit, for which by Estonian soil classification are soil species and soil varieties. Thanks to gathering during large scale (1:10,000) soil mapping in earlier time data and proceeding later field experiments in Estonia there are relatively good databases on soil humus status for all most dominated soil species and/or varieties by different land use conditions (arable, grass- and forest lands). The main available quantitative characteristics on soil humus status (expressed via carbon) are concentration (g C kg‒1) and superficial densities (Mg C ha‒1) of organic carbon given by soil species and their genetic horizons in above- named third land use conditions. Besides that, these data have been calculated (1) separately for humus cover (humipedons) and subsoil layers and (2) as well in relation to layers with certain thickness (30, 50 and 100 cm). As a qualitative index of humus status, the humus cover types (humus forms) have been elaborated separately for arable soils and for being in natural state soils. As the carbon concentration in arable soils depends mainly on contents of clay particles, watering conditions and calcareous- ness, was possible to elaborate for all dominating arable soils three humus (and carbon) concentration levels: scarce, optimal and excess, which are needed for choice of suitable to soil conditions agro technology. There is a declared serious shortage of knowledge on composition of soil organisms’ societies by soil types and on syn- and autecology of their functioning.

Saabunud / Received 16.07.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 21.09.2021 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 21.09.2021 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli raimo.kolli@emu.ee The contradictory statements and opinions, which need by the mind of author additional explanation or disentangle are in the work followings: stages in the forming soil covers' humus status; additional carbon sequestration into the soil; discord between consumption and accumulation of soil organic matter; the influence of land use, land-use change and soil tillage on soil humus status; permanent and dynamic properties of soil; the role of agriculture in carbon turnover; degradation of soil fertility; the influence of different components of soil organic matter on soil functioning; pedoecological approach of peat soils; biodiversity and species richness of soils; weediness of agroecosystems; ethical statements concerning land use.

Saabunud / Received 19.04.2021 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 11.05.2021 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 12.05.2021 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli raimo.kolli@emu.ee In the overview nomenclature, properties, distribution, productivity and usage of ryhky soils, as the Year 2021 Soil of Estonia, are treated. As synonyms of the name ryhky soils, also the names pebble rendzina and gravelly soils have been used in Estonian Soil Classification (ESC). In overview, the main attention is paid to dry, fresh and moist rich in coarse calcareous material mild-humuous (mull-type) soils. After WRB these soils may be characterized by prefix qualifiers as calcaric or eutric, skeletic or hyperskeletic and rendzic or mollic CAMBISOLS, LITHOSOLS or REGOSOLS, whereas all of them have endogleyic versions as well. The wet and eroded ryhky soils have been excluded from the overview as their properties depend not so on the coarse calcareous earth content as on feeding their soil water or water erosion. The area of ryhky soils forms 6.3% from whole Estonian soil cover and 11.1% from the arable land. The main criteria of ryhky soil species' determination are calcareousness, content and shape of coarse soil fragments, and water regime of soil cover. By ESC six soil species have been determined, from which three ones have endogleyic character. The fine earth texture of ryhky soils is mainly loam. From the coarse fractions, the indicative role belongs to the small stones (ryhk, pebble and shingle). The morphology, humus status and suitability of ryhky soils for management are treated on the level of soil species independence of land use (arable, forest or grassland).

Saabunud / Received 26.04.2020 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 11.06.2020 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 30.06.2020 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: raimo.kolli@emu.ee The work, dedicated to the eroded soil i.e. the year 2020 soil of Estonia, consists of two-part. In Part I the general overview (a) the regularities of erosion processes and their forming conditions in the soil cover, and (b) the agro-ecological properties and nomenclature of formed erosion-affected soils (EAS), are treated. Totally in the Estonian soil classification (ESC) 11 eroded and 3 deluvial (colluvial) soil species have been determined. For the main criteria of eroded soils' determination is (a) the intensity or stage of erosion, and (b) the calcareousness of soil cover, but deluvial soils (a) the soils' water regime and (b) the thickness of formed deluvial humus horizon. In this part also the determination criteria of erosion-prone soils and the agronomic quality of EAS are analysed. In Part II the historic overview about scientific researches dedicated to the study of influenced by erosion soils during the last century in Estonia. In this overview, the main thematic issue and the role of leading scientists on researches of most actual problems are presented. The most important themes during this period were: (a) the elaboration suitable for local conditions EAS classification and methods for their field researches; (b) the distribution of EAS in Estonia; (c) the studies upon forming, composition and status of EAS-s; (d) forming databases on essential properties of EAS-s and derived from this the rules of their ecologically sustainable use, and finally (e) the international aspects of Estonian EAS presentation and local researches.

Saabunud / Received 23.09.2020 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 06.11.2020 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 06.11.2020 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: raimo.kolli@emu.ee The work is dedicated to the characterization of erosion-affected soils' (EAS) humus status (HS) in pedo-ecological conditions of South-Eastern Estonia. For understanding HS of EAS their organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (NT) sequestration capacities and the ratio C:N was studied by separate soil layers. The average data about soil OC and NT contents (g kg–1) and superficial densities (Mg ha–1) are given by arable soil species. The analysis of reflecting EAS HS on four research areas (Valgjärve, Otepää, Haanja and Mooste) was carried out on the basis of four different origin databases. The analysis of OC content is done by Tjurin and NT by Kjeldahl. In soil associations of erosion-affected areas' the following groups of soils were distinguished: eroded (E), deluvial (D), neutral (N) and non-eroded (En) soils. The HC thicknesses of research area Valgjärve E soils are in limits 18–23 cm, D soils 30–65 cm and of En soils 22–27 cm. The medians of same soils OC concentrations are accordingly 9.4, 11.2 and 10.9 g kg–1 and ratios C:N accordingly 9.8, 9.4 and 10.2. The OC stocks given in the limits of quartiles are in E soils 24–36, D soils 51–143 and En soils 32–49 Mg ha–1. Therefore on eroded areas the perpetual continuums of soil properties' (among these HS) changes may be followed and it is very complicated to separate soil contours on 1:10 000 soil maps. In this work the transitional areas between E and D soils are characterized via N soils. On erosion-affected areas the E and D soils form different soil associations with auto- and hydromorphic normally developed non-eroded soils, where very commonly as well the fluvial (abnormal) soils are presented. The relatively high pedodiversity caused by the areas high geodiversity, is the requisite to the high biodiversity. In erosion-affected regions is extremely important to maintain agricultural activity, as with this is ensured the persistence of naturally beautiful landscapes. The soil cover with EAS acts as accumulator of formed on the same area soil OC.

Article Saabunud / Received 30.05.2019 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 10.06.2019 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 14.06.2019 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: raimo.kolli@emu.ee By the Estonian Soil Sciences Society for the Year 2014 Soils the Leached soils, for 2015 – Limestone rendzinas, for 2016 – Bog soils, for 2017 – Typical podzols, for 2018 – Pseudopodzolic soils, and for 2019 – Fen soils (M) were elected. As the Year Soil of 2019 was not previously introduced in the Journal of Agricultural Science, in the actual overview was necessary to treat their classification, ecological conditions of their forming and functioning, hydro-physical and ecological properties, association of them with other soil species, distribution and conversion their names into WRB system. In the review, the main morphological properties of fen soils and the principles of their dividing into soil species (identified by soil genesis) and varieties (divided on basis of peat decomposition stage) are treated. Besides that, the fen soils' productivity, peculiarities of their paludification processes, distribution in Estonia and the data about their chemical properties are presented. In the overview, as well, the estimations of organic carbon stocks and assessments of annual organic carbon fluxes in peaty soil cover are presented and discussed. In the final part, the problems connected with environmentally sustainable use in agriculture and forestry and protection of fen soils are treated.

Täistekst This is the second book in the series of Soil Sequence Atlases. The first volume was published in 2014. Main pedogeographic features are presented in the form of sequences to give a comprehensive picture of soils - their genesis and correlations with the environment in typical landscapes of Central Europe from Estonia furthest north, through Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary to the southernmost Slovenia. Soils of natural landscapes - loess and sand (continental dunes) - are presented, as well as those of plains of various origin, karst lands, low mountains, and anthropically modified soils. Each chapter presents soil profiles supplemented by landscape information and basic analytical data. Then, genetic interpretations of soil properties related to soil forming agents are given as schematic catenas. When one factor changes while the others are more or less stable, the soil sequence can be recognised. Depending on the dominant soil-forming factor affecting repeated soil patterns, different types can be distinguished. Chapters are arranged roughly in accordance with the main soil-forming process in sequences, and referring to the WRB key (peat formation, vertic and gleyic process, podzolisation, humus accumulation, clay illuviation), with one small exception - the Technosols have been placed at the end of book. The main objective of this book is to present the diversity of relations between soil and landscape, climate, hydrology and human relations, and to present interpretations reflecting the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2015) classification with comments on the choice of qualifiers. Sixteen Reference Soil Groups are featured, and represented by 67 soil profiles. The secondary objective is pedological education. One of the aims of soil science education is to explain to students the relations between landscape and soil cover. The patterns of soil units within landscapes are to some extent predictable. The collected data is intended as a useful educational tool in teaching soil science, supporting understanding of the reasons for the variability of soil cover, and also as a WRB classification guideline. The Atlas was developed as part of the EU Erasmus+ FACES project (Freely Accessible Central European Soil). Marcin Šwitoniak, Przemyslaw Charzynski

Article Saabunud / Received 27.03.18 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 18.06.18 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 20.06.18 Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: raimo.kolli@emu.ee In the introductory part a short retrospect to the soil survey proceeded in Estonia since fifties of previous century is given. As a result of this survey the large scale (1:10,000) digitized soil map for the whole Estonian territory with soil contours (soil mapping units) related soil species databases was compiled. For valuable legacy data of this survey, which was conducted by the state financed institution Estonian Agri-project, are soil varieties models (totally 50 models of arable and 27 models of forest soils) with statistically elaborated soils' morphometric and physical-chemical properties in relation to all presented in soil profile (in pedon) diagnostic horizons. The main deliberation of the work is connected with methodology of soil monitoring and with the problem – how to integrate the received from soil monitoring data with capacious databases received during soil survey and scientific researches. In the study the following topics are discussed in connection with soil moni-toring: methodological problems, used laboratory analyses, possibilities for intensification of soil monitoring and discovered shortcomings in fulfilling of monitoring programme. The most developed direction of Estonian soil monitoring is the monitoring of soils' pollution (contamination) and degradation. Starting from the need of revision and improvement of state soil monitoring programme it is recommended to start monitoring (1) of the processes proceeded in the humus covers (pro humus forms) of natural soils and (2) of the soil type-specific biological diversity of key (or model) soils. It is emphasised the urgent need of realizing such essential tasks as (1) to arrange the integration of newly received monitoring results into the existing soil databases, (2) to do the critical review of published works on soil monitoring with compiling their systematic reference list, and (3) to compile the registers about soil monitoring areas location and about key soil species.

Article Saabunud / Received 23.10.2018 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 20.11.2018 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 25.11.2018 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author: Raimo Kõlli e-mail: raimo.kolli@emu.ee In actual review the main morphological properties of the Pseudopodzolic soils and the principles of their dividing into soil species (identified by soil genesis) and varieties (divided on the basis of soil texture) are treated. The compiling of actual review is caused by the fact that Pseudopodzolic soil was elected by the Estonian Soil Science Society for Estonian year 2018 soil. In the introductory part the special attention is paid to the problems connected with naming of these soils. Although the soil introducing is done after Estonian Soil Classification principles, for characterization of soil properties and functioning the qualifiers of WRB are largely used in it. In the work the two layers of soil (1) the soil humus cover (pro humus form) or humipedon and (2) soil cover or solum as a whole are treated separately. The data on soil properties are presented separately as well for arable and forest soils giving their comparative analysis and dealing with the changes in soil properties in connection with land use change. Substantial part of the work is consecrated (1) to the soil plant cover and to the Enchytraeidae living in forest soils' humipedon, (2) to the soil productivity and peculiarities of their usage in agriculture and forestry, and (3) to the distribution of Pseudopodzolic soils in Estonian soil cover and to the association of Pseudopodzolic soils with other soil species.

This paper corresponds to an illustrated field key of classification of Histic humipedon. Vocabulary and diagnostic horizon definitions are in Humusica 2, article 9. The process of classification can follow a step by step way or simply be realised choosing the right diagnostic horizon on a table and composing the whole profile as in a game of construction. Examples of real profiles are given for comparison with the ones people can find in the field.

Infovoldik Rabamuld moodustab kogu Eesti muldkattest 5,1% ja turvasmuld-kattest 21,7%. Rabamulla liikide hulgas on ülekaalus sügavad rabamullad (> 96%) ja erimite hulgas vähe lagunenud rabaturvas-mullad (> 94%). Suurimad rabamulla levikualad on Pärnu madalik, Alutaguse, Võrtsjärve nõgu ning Peipsi-äärsed madalikud. Koostaja ja teksti autor: Raimo Kõlli. Fotod: Tarmo Kõlli. Kaart ja diagramm: Priit Penu, Tambet Kikas. Aasta muld 2016 kuulutati välja VI Mullapäeval, 4. detsembri 2015.

Täistekst Teadlikkus mulla omadustest, arengust, levikust ning seostest maastiku, taimkatte ja ökosüsteemi aineringetega on jätkusuutliku loodusressursside kasutamise eeldus. Loodusest arusaamiseks, keskkonnahoiu korraldamiseks ja nutikate maakasutusotsuste tegemiseks on vaja teada, miks ja kuidas muld talitleb ning milline on mullaliikide levik ja omaduste ajalis-ruumiline paiknevus. Oluline osa nendele küsimustele vastamisel on mulla väliuurimisel. Mulla väliuurimismeetodite valdamine on vajalik põllu- ja metsamajandusliku maakasutuse planeerimiseks, maade hindamiseks ja ökoloogiliste uuringute teostamiseks. Käesolev juhend on mõeldud esmatasandi mullauuringuteks niihästi praktiliste maakasutusülesannete lahendamisel kui ka mullateaduslikus õppe- ja teadustöös. See on sobiv juhendmaterjal bakalaureuse- ja magistritaseme mullateaduslike kursuste juurde kuuluva välipraktika korraldamisel, kuid samuti mis tahes ala (talu, vald, maakond) mitmekülgse mullastikulise iseloomustuse koostamisel. Mullastiku iseloomustus peaks moodustama keskse osa kõigis mullaressursside kasutamisega seotud teadusartiklites, uurimistöödes, planeerimisülesannetes ja piirkondlikes ülevaadetes. See võib põhineda niihästi algupärastel uuringutel kui ka publitseeritud või kättesaadavates andmebaasides olevatel andmetel või neil mõlemal. Mullauurimine nõuab välitöid, mille käigus kogutud andmestik ja proovid saavad aluseks edasistele laboratoorsetele analüüsidele, andmebaaside loomisele ja töötlemisele ning nendest tulenevatele maakasutusotsustele. Enne välitöid tuleb valida eesmärgist lähtuv metoodika, leida sobivad uurimisalad ja koguda kokku ala mullastikuga seotud materjalid (mullatekketingimused, varem tehtud uuringute tulemused jms). Välitöödele järgnevad kameraaltööd, mille käigus vormistatakse uurimus (aruanne, kursusetöö vms). Käesolev esmaste mullauurimisandmete kogumise välitööde juhend sisaldab ühelt poolt tehtavate tööde kirjeldust, teiselt poolt selleks vajalikke ,,tööriistu" või vahendeid. Väliuurimiseks vajalikku ,,tööriistakasti" kuuluvad mitmesugused klassifikatsioonid, jaotused, loetelud jms, mille abil antakse nimetus, hinnang jne ühele või teisele objektile või nähtusele. Juhendi koostamise aluseks olid seni kasutatud eestikeelsed välipraktikate (agro- ja metsamullateadus) juhendid ning suuremõõtkavalise kaardistamise välitööde metoodikad (Kokk jt 1973; Kõlli 1985, 1988;Kõlli, Ellermäe2004). Kahjuks on need muutunud raskesti kättesaadavaks, pealegi vajasid juhendite teatud osad uue teabega täiendamist (USDA 1993; FAO 2006).