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Background Eggs are a staple food in the human diet and are consumed globally. However, eggs are perishable products and decline in quality if not handled and stored correctly. The use of coatings is one of the technologies that has been developed to extend the shelf life of eggs. Results indicated positive effects of the coatings used in preserving the egg quality. Scope and approach The related studies on the use of egg coatings by databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo on a global scale (between 1957 and 2020) were retrieved. In this regard, out of 740 explored articles in the identification stage, 52 studies were used in the systematic review. Key findings and conclusions Several alternative coatings from different countries were recapped in this study. A brief outline of published scientific evidence demonstrates that the use of coatings on eggs stored at room temperature improves shelf-life. The overall rank order considering the type of coating was lipids (35%) > polysaccharides (33%) > proteins (25%) > combinations (7%). Among the countries researched, United States was ranked as the first in establishing investigations. The results of this study summarize the most frequent coating types used in eggs and provide a roadmap for future research regarding egg conservation.

This study aimed to estimate the productive and economic impacts caused by the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from broilers diet. Indexed publications that compared diets with or without AGP (AGP+/AGP-) for broilers (from initial to final phase) were collected and the results of feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion were compiled in a database. A meta-analysis was performed following sequential analyses: graphical approach (to observe biological data coherence), correlation (to identify related factors), and variance-covariance (to compare groups). The annual number of broiler slaughtered in Brazil, target weight gain and feed conversion for each phase, the variation in feed conversion, feed cost, and AGP costs were used to build a model to estimate the effects of the AGP withdrawal on feeding costs. The database comprised 174 scientific articles containing 183 experiments, totaling 121,643 broilers, most of which were Ross (52% of the studies). The most frequent AGP sources/forms in the database were Avilamycin (41% of the AGP+ treatments), Flavomycin (19%), Virginiamycin (16%), and Bacitracin (14%). Higher feed intake, weight gain, and lower feed conversion were attributed (P < 0.05) to AGP+ diets during Initial phase (1 to 21 D). In Final phase (22 to 42 D) no differences were observed in performance variables. Treatments AGP+ presented higher weight gain and better feed conversion in the Total period (1 to 42 D). The results of feed conversion were improved (P < 0.05) with Avilamycin and Flavomycin; Virginiamycin improved weight gain and feed conversion. In the Total period, the economic impact was $0.03 per animal and a total of $183,560,232 per year. It was concluded that broilers fed AGP+ diets have higher weight gain and better feed conversion than those fed AGP- diets, and withdrawing AGP increases production costs.

This study was designed to simulate productive and economic losses due to the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from pig diets. Articles that compared diets with AGP (AGP+) or without AGP (AGP–) for pigs were collected from electronic databases and the performance results were entered in a database. A meta-analysis was performed following the sequence: graphical analysis, correlation, and variance-covariance. The performance results observed in the meta-analysis, feed cost, and AGP costs were used to build equations to estimate the economic effect of withdrawing AGP. The database comprised 81 scientific articles containing 103 experiments totalizing 42,923 pigs. Avilamycin (24.7 %) was the most frequent AGP in the database, followed by Colistin (15.4 %), Tiamulin (11.7 %), Tylosin (8.0 %), Lincomycin (9.4 %), and Bacitracin (5.4 %). Weight gain (p < 0.05) increased in AGP+ diets during post-weaning (6.5 %). However, there was no effect of AGP on weight gain of growing-finishing pigs. There was better (p < 0.05) feed conversion in pigs fed AGP+ diets in all rearing phases. Weight gain and feed conversion improved (p < 0.05) with the addition of Avilamycin, Bacitracin, and Tylosin. AGP withdrawal in the post-weaning phase increased feed costs by US$ 0.86 per animal and in growing-finishing phase the increase was US$ 3.11. Thus, pigs fed AGP+ diets have a better performance than pigs fed AGP- diets and the withdrawal of AGP increases feed costs.

Infection with Eimeria sp. results in the activation of multiple facets of the host immune system; the use of phytogenics can modulate the inflammatory response and improve the performance of the challenged animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial blend of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and castor oil on the immune response of broilers challenged with coccidiosis. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed into six treatment groups (8 pens/treatment and 18 chicks/pen) in a three-by-two factorial design with three additives: control (non-additive), 100 ppm of monensin or 0.15% CNSL–castor oil. Challenge status was determined twice at 14 days of age. Unchallenged birds were inoculated by gavage with oocysts sporulated with Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima. Although the positive control (non-additive and challenged) and CNSL–castor oil treatment groups exhibited similar variation in weight gain (ΔBWG) compared to unchallenged birds fed without additives, the variation observed in birds fed diets containing CNSL–castor oil was associated with a higher maintenance requirement and not feed efficiency. In the second week after infection, ΔBWG of the CNSL–castor oil treatment group did not significantly change compared to the other treatment groups. At days 7 and 14 post-challenge, there was a higher excretion of oocysts in the control group, whereas the CNSL–castor oil and monensin groups did not differ. The CNSL–castor oil group exhibited increased gene expression of interferon (IFN), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), while the control group exhibited increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) and IL-1. The heterophils/lymphocyte ratio was low for the monensin treatment group. The unchallenged birds that received monensin treatment presented higher gene expression of IFN, COX and IL-1 compared to the other treatments, while the CNSL–castor oil group exhibited reduced gene expression, except for TNF. The commercial blend of cashew nut liquid and castor oil modulated the inflammatory response against Eimeria spp. In the absence of the parasite, there was no stimulation of genes involved in the inflammatory response, demonstrating that the blend is an effective tool in specifically modulating the immune system of birds afflicted with coccidiosis.

International audience; One of the most debated topics in pig production is the need to study, understand and change the production system in order to improve nutrient efficiency, becoming more environmentally friendly. The nitrogen excretion has highly deleterious effects on the environment, and it is necessary to develop tools that help to reduce the excretion of this compound without compromising productivity. Therefore, two models were generated to estimate the efficiency of weight gain in relation to excreted nitrogen in postweaning piglets. Data for testing these models were obtained from previous master and PhD studies carried out at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Animal Science Laboratory using piglets in the post-weaning phase with results for performance and digestibility. The database that was constructed was composed of raw data from 10 studies carried out between 2000 and 2016, on a total of 726 piglets weaned at ages between 17 and 28 days, and to which 62 different treatments were applied. An exploratory analysis of the data was done by evaluating scatter plots and histograms, and variables representing different treatments were used in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, with the F-test used as the selection criterion. Two models were generated that either considered the nitrogen retained or not, to estimate the ratio between weight gain and excreted nitrogen using generalized linear model procedure. The authors analyzed the behavior of each variable to evaluate whether the equation generated was biologically coherent. Weight gain, dry matter intake, nitrogen intake, metabolizable energy intake, retained nitrogen and urinary nitrogen were all significant (P

Coatings based on plant by-products can contribute to the enhancement of raw material by preparing value-added products. In addition, the extension of shelf-life of eggs contributes to the reduction of food losses and decreases the use of refrigeration, energy demand, production costs, and consequently avoid the increase in the price of the final product. The rice protein concentrate (RPC) and plus Brazilian green propolis (GP), were used in the manufacture of coatings used to extend the shelf-life of eggs during storage for 6 ​wk at 20 ​°C. In this regard, some quality parameters of eggs were analyzed in this research. The coatings based on RPC and GP delayed the loss of internal egg quality, since avoided moisture loss through the pores of the eggshell. The weight loss increased (P ​

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in diets with different energy levels in broiler performance. Birds were offered a starter (1-21 d), grower (22-35 d) and finisher (36-42 d) diets; wherein soybean oil was replaced by CLA. The study consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with two CLA levels (0 and 1%) and three energy levels (3050, 3100 and 3150 ME kg-1 diet). During the grower and finisher periods, birds were fed diets with same energy level and CLA supplementation was maintained the same. Growth performance was assessed weekly, and carcass and cuts yield were assessed at 42d. Interaction effect of CLA by energy level was observed in broiler performance and carcass yield throughout the study (p > 0.05). During the overall period (1-42 d) broiler performance was not affected by CLA (p > 0.05).However, CLA supplementation (1%) decreased weight gain (p < 0.05) at 21d, regardless of energy level, with no effects on feed intake and feed conversation rate (p > 0.05). The increase in dietary energy was not able to compensate the negative effect on growth performance of broilers supplemented with 1% CLA at the starter period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in diets with different energy levels in broiler performance. Birds were offered a starter (1-21 d), grower (22-35 d) and finisher (36-42 d) diets; wherein soybean oil was replaced by CLA. The study consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with two CLA levels (0 and 1%) and three energy levels (3050, 3100 and 3150 ME kg-1 diet). During the grower and finisher periods, birds were fed diets with same energy level and CLA supplementation was maintained the same. Growth performance was assessed weekly, and carcass and cuts yield were assessed at 42d. Interaction effect of CLA by energy level was observed in broiler performance and carcass yield throughout the study (p > 0.05). During the overall period (1-42 d) broiler performance was not affected by CLA (p > 0.05).However, CLA supplementation (1%) decreased weight gain (p < 0.05) at 21d, regardless of energy level, with no effects on feed intake and feed conversation rate (p > 0.05). The increase in dietary energy was not able to compensate the negative effect on growth performance of broilers supplemented with 1% CLA at the starter period.

We evaluated the effects of a protease supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers. Cobb chicks (392; 1-42 d) were divided into four treatments (seven replicates of 14 birds each). There were two feed formulations: a standard diet (SD) and a low crude protein and digestible amino acids diet (Low CP&AA). The two diets were either supplemented (+P) or not (−P) with a protease (Jefo Protease; 1.25 g kg−1). Performance was evaluated by feeding phases (1-7, 8-21, 21-35, and 35-42 d). On day 28, ileum samples were analyzed by a morphometric index for histological alterations (I See Inside Scoring System – ISI). Broilers fed the Low CP&AA had a poor feed conversion ratio (FCR); however, the addition of the protease to the Low CP&AA positively affected FCR and body weight gain and promoted a performance similar to the group fed SD−P. Birds fed diets supplemented with the protease presented the best ISI morphological index, mainly as a result of the low number of alterations regarding the lamina propria, epithelial thickness, and enterocyte proliferation. It is possible to conclude that the enzyme improves feed conversion and lamina propria, epithelial thickness, and proliferation of enterocytes index of broiler chickens when added to a standard diet or with a low crude protein and digestible amino acids diet.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T17:00:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-11-01 The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a cashew nut shell oil and commercial castor oil blend (CNSL-Castor oil) on the performance and microbiota of broiler chickens with and without coccidiosis challenge. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were randomly distributed to receive 6 treatments (8 pens/treatment; 18 chicks/pen) in a 3 x 2 factorial, with 3 additives (control [non-additives], 100 ppm sodium monensin, or 0.15% CNSL-Castor oil blend), and 2 levels of coccidiosis challenge at 14 D of age (unchallenged or inoculated by gavage with 1 mL of solution containing oocysts sporulated with Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria maxima). No differences in productive performance were observed among treatments in the pre-challenge period and in unchallenged birds (P > 0.05). Seven-days post-challenge, birds receiving monensin performed better than birds in the positive control group (non-additive and challenge) or in the CNSL-Castor oil group (P > 0.05). However, 14 D post-challenge, birds supplemented with CNSL-Castor oil presented higher weight gain and better feed conversion (P > 0.05), without any change in feed intake (P > 0.05). During the accumulated period (1 to 42 D of age), the live weight, weight gain, and feed intake did not differ between the CNSL-Castor oil and monensin groups, both of which presented higher values than the positive control. Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridium perfringens numbers were increased in the challenged birds (P < 0.05). CNSL-Castor oil supplementation reduced Clostridium cluster XIV, C. perfringens, and S. aureus, compared with the monensin and control groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the CNSL-Castor oil group presented the highest number of Lactobacillus spp. copies, followed by the monensin and positive control groups (P > 0.05). Thus, monensin and CNSL-Castor oil effectively minimized the impact of coccidiosis at different times. While monensin acts as an antimicrobial, CNSL-Castor oil modulates the intestinal microbiota with antimicrobial action against gram-positive bacteria, mainly C. perfringens and S. aureus. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, BR-88034000 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, BR-91540000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-19014020 Pres Prudente, SP, Brazil Univ Jose do Rosario Vellano Unifenas, BR-37132440 Alfenas, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-19014020 Pres Prudente, SP, Brazil

Although eggs are an excellent protein source, they are a perishable product. Many methods exist to extend shelf life of food and one of them is the use of protein coatings that may be combined with antimicrobial substances, as propolis. The effectiveness of rice protein coatings plus propolis on maintaining interior quality and eggshell breaking strength of fresh eggs was evaluated during storage at 20◦C for 6 wk. Egg quality was assessed by weight loss, Haugh unit (HU), albumen pH, yolk index (YI), shell strength, and scanning electron microscopy in uncoated eggs (control treatment) and eggs coated with rice protein concentrate and propolis at 5 or 10%. The HU and YI were higher in coated eggs (P < 0.001). Weight loss increased (P < 0.001) during long-term storage. Uncoated eggs showed the highest weight loss (5.39%), whereas rice protein (4.27%) and rice protein plus propolis at 5% (4.11%) and 10% (4.40%) solutions were effective in preventing weight lost (P < 0.001). Uncoated eggs had the worst (P < 0.001) HU (58.47), albumen pH (9.48), and YI (0.33) after 6 wk of storage. The eggs coated with rice protein and rice protein plus propolis presented results with similar intern quality between them during all the storage period. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a lower surface porosity in coated eggshell, indicating that the use of the coating may provide a protective barrier against the transfer of gases and moisture. In conclusion rice protein and propolis treatments helped to maintain egg quality for a longer time compared to uncoated eggs. These could be a viable alternative for maintaining the internal quality of fresh eggs during long-term storage at room temperature.

O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Máquinas Agrícolas - LASERG, localizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com o auxílio de uma bancada que reproduz, artificialmente, as condições operacionais sob as quais a máquina efetua a semeadura no campo. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental blocos casualizados com parcelas sub-subdivididas, com três fatores experimentais: inclinação transversal do dosador com três níveis (±11° e nivelado), velocidade de deslocamento com três níveis (5; 7,5 e 10km h-1) e três dosadores de sementes pneumáticos. As sementes utilizadas foram girassol e algodão, realizou-se a medição de 250 espaçamentos entre sementes, medidos com o auxílio de uma trena de 30 m, esticada sobre a esteira. Para a regularidade de distribuição avaliou-se o nível de espaçamentos aceitáveis, duplos e falhos e pelo coeficiente de variação dos dados coletados na esteira de sementes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA). Os resultados obtidos mostram que o aumento da velocidade de semeadura influiu significativamente nos resultados médios de espaçamentos aceitáveis e falhos, além da precisão. Para o fator inclinação não houve diferença significativa pelo teste de F.

RESUMO Estudou-se a via de fornecimento de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) – água ou ração – sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, consumo de água, desenvolvimento dos órgãos, metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (MMS), retenção de nitrogênio (RN), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn), matéria seca das excretas (MSex) e composição de carcaça. Foram utilizados 120 frangos da linhagem Ross 308, distribuídos em três tratamentos com quatro repetições de 10 aves cada, num delineamento completamente casualizado. De um a sete dias de idade foram submetidos a três formas de suplementação de NaCl (0,47% de Na): 100% na ração; 50% na ração e 50% na água (50% ração:50% água); e 100% na água. Durante o período de oito a 21 dias as aves receberam uma dieta única, com NaCl via ração. De um a sete dias não houve diferença no Consumo de Água, Consumo de Ração e Ganho de Peso; porém, NaCl via água proporcionou melhor CA do que por ambas as vias (p < 0,07). Aos 21 dias de idade não foram observadas diferenças significativas no desempenho, no peso relativo do coração, fígado e moela e no comprimento relativo do intestino. Não houve resposta à via de fornecimento para EMAn e MSex em pintos de quatro a sete dias de idade; no entanto, as aves que receberam o NaCl via água de bebida, exibiram menor MMS e RN (p < 0,05) no mesmo período. Conclui-se que o NaCl pode ser adicionado tanto na ração quanto na água, sem ocasionar prejuízos ao desempenho produtivo dos frangos de corte na fase pré-inicial. SUMMARY It was investigated the way to provide NaCl -by water or feed- on performance, water intake, organs development, dry matter metabolizability (DMM), nitrogen retention (NR), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), dry matter of excreta (DMEx) and carcass composition (CC) of broilers. One hundred twenty one-day-old male Ross 308 distributed in three treatments with four replications of ten birds each, in a completely randomized design, were subjected to three ways to supply NaCl (0.47% of Na): 100% in diet, 50% in diet and 50% in water (50:50), and 100% in water during the pre-starter period (one to seven days). During the starter period (eight to 21 days) the birds received a unique diet, with NaCl in diet. From one to seven days, there were no significant differences on water intake, feed intake and weight gain; but NaCl in water provided better feed conversion than in both ways (p < 0.07). At 21 d, there were no significant differences in performance, relative weight of heart, liver and gizzard, and relative length of intestine. There was no response to supply way for AMEn and DMEx in chicks from four to seven days; however, birds receiving NaCl via drinking water, exhibited lesser DMM and NR (P < 0.05) in the same period. It was concluded that NaCl can be added in both feed and water to pre-starter chicks.

The effects of three levels of conjugated linoleic acid dietary inclusion on the carcass characteristics and performance of broilers were evaluated. A total of 405 chickens were raised from 1 until 42 days of age, housed in a room with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments (0.0, 0.5 and 1% CLA) and nine replications (pen) to performance analysis, 18 replications (two birds per pen) to carcass composition, and five replications (left legs) to lipid profile. Performance was determined weekly and after 42 days, 18 birds per treatment were slaughtered to quantify breast and leg yield. Protein and fat was quantified in the leg and breast, as well as the detailed lipid profile of the leg. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and means compared by LS means. From 1 to 21 days chickens with 0% supplementation of CLA performed better compared to those receiving 0.5 and 1% CLA (P < 0.05), however, these differences were no longer significant from 21 to 42 days or for the overall study period (P > 0.05). Conjugated linoleic acid inclusion did not influence leg, breast and carcass yield, and leg and breast content of protein and fat. Both levels of CLA changed the leg lipid profile: there was an increased accumulation of CLA in meat, increased levels of saturated fatty acids and reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation increased n-6:n-3 ratio. CLA supplementation in broiler feed is effective to produce meat enriched with its isomers and change lipid profile.

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of pure glycerin supplementation (GLYC) in the drinking water of broilers subjected to heat stress and feed restriction. Water with 0, 1, or 2% glycerin was provided ad libitum to broilers in six hours of feed restriction. The birds were housed in two environments: thermoneutral (TN) - 25 ° C, and cyclic heat stress (HS) - 12h with 250C, 6h with 320C, 3h of 250 to 320C and 3h of 320 to 250C. The experimental design was randomized in a factorial arrangement of 2 x 3 + 2, with three GLYC levels, two environments and one control group with ad libitum feeding each environment. When submitted to HS, broiler receiving 2% glycerin presented higher weight gain (WG), water consumption (WC), feed intake (FI) and energy consumption (EI) than those in the other treatments, contrarily to birds in TN, where increasing GLYC levels decreased those responses. Broilers submitted to feed restriction presented reduced FI, but better feed conversion (FCR), independently of rearing environment or GLYC levels. Broilers under HS submitted to feed restriction and receiving 2% GLYC presented higher WC (p< 0.05) and similar WG as the controls, differently from the restricted-fed broilers under TN receiving 2% GLYC, which WC and WG were lower than the controls. The inclusion of 2% pure glycerin in the drinking water may compensate the negative effects on performance caused by feed restriction in broilers submitted to heat stress.

The effects of mycotoxins on the productive performance of growing pigs and broilers were evaluated using meta-analytical approach. Two databases were constructed: (1) Broilers, with information collected from 51,497 birds and published in 158 scientific papers from 1980 to 2016; and (2) Pigs, with information collected from 7,743 animals and published in 72 scientific papers from 1980 to 2015. The meta-analyses were performed independently for each specie, following three sequential analyses: graphical, correlation, and variance-covariance. Broilers and pigs challenged by mycotoxins reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake by 9 and 6 %, weight gain by 15 and 11 %, and feed efficiency by 6 and 4 % compared with non-challenged animals, respectively. Aflatoxins were the most studied mycotoxins in both databases. Birds and pigs challenged by aflatoxins reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake by 10 and 8 %, growth by 15 and 11 %, and feed efficiency by 6 and 7 % compared to non-challenged animals, respectively. In both databases, variation on growth performance due to mycotoxins showed a linear relationship (p < 0.05) with the feed intake variation caused by the challenge. The intercepts of the regression-based equations were different from zero and negative, which may indicate that mycotoxins altered the maintenance requirements in challenged animals. In conclusion, both broilers and growing pigs show losses in performance responses and worse nutritional efficiency when challenged by mycotoxins.