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Background: It is well-established that healthcare professionals are stigmatized by the society during infectious disease outbreaks. The present study aimed to develop a scale to measure the coronavirus disease 2019--induced perceived stigmatization in physicians and investigate its validity and reliability. Methods: The present methodological type of study was carried out with 303 physicians working with a university hospital. The researchers drafted a 5-point Likert-type "Coronavirus Disease 2019--Induced Perceived Stigmatization in Physicians Scale" by using an item pool consisting of 35 items upon a review of the relevant literature. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient), item-total correlation coefficient, and test-retest analyses were used to assess the reliability of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed with an aim to evaluate the construct validity of the scale. Results: The scale consisted of 10 items and 2 domains (environmental perceived stigmatization and personally perceived stigmatization) upon completion of the scale development step. The items on the scale explained 61.66% of the total variance, where the factor loads were between 0.66 and 0.85. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.88, and the item-total correlation coefficients were all above 0.3. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the resultant model had goodness-of-fit indices with sufficient fit. Conclusion: The Coronavirus Disease 2019--Induced Perceived Stigmatization in Physicians Scale was a reliable and valid tool for the physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing number of studies reporting patients with a history of mania without depression have several socio-demographic and clinical differences than bipolar disorder patients, unipolar mania is recognized as bipolar I disorder in the most commonly used classification systems. Studies showing that unipolar mania is a separate clinical entity are insufficient in number, and to the best of our knowledge, there has been no study investigating the neuropsychological differences in this area. The aim of this study is to evaluate the neurocognitive differences between unipolar mania, bipolar I disorder and healthy controls, and to reveal the underlying neurocognitive differences. Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery was applied to 18 unipolar mania, 19 bipolar I disorder patients and 21 healthy controls matched for age, sex and education levels. Unipolar mania group had worse performance regarding visual memory and executive functions, and had specific social cognition deficits compared to both bipolar I disorder and healthy control groups. The results of our study indicate that unipolar mania might have unique neurocognitive differences compared to bipolar I disorder, which might support the hypothesis that unipolar mania is a distinct neurocognitive disorder within bipolar spectrum disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: It is thought that sex-specific differences in schizophrenia may be associated with gonadal hormones, especially estrogen. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone serum levels and symptom severity during the menstrual cycle in female patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Serum samples were taken in the follicular and periovulatory phases from 32 female patients with schizophrenia; and FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, and progesterone levels were performed. Simultaneously, the patients were administered positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia (CDSS), and Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A). Results: PANSS (z = -2.52, P < .001), HAM-A (z = -3.60, P < .001), and CDSS (z = -2.52, P = .012) scores were lower in the periovulatory phase than in the follicular phase. Negative correlations between FSH and PANSS positive symptom subscale (r = -0.393, P = .035), and between prolactin and PANSS total score (r = -0.406, P = .029) were detected. Conclusion: Hypoestrogenism should be studied more in patients with schizophrenia. Studies with large samples evaluating FSH, LH, prolactin, and progesterone together with estrogen are needed to be able to safely use gonadal hormones, which may be related to schizophrenia symptom severity, especially in patients who do not respond adequately to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Differences in parameters related to inflammatory and oxidative stress in deficit (DS) and nondeficit schizophrenia (non-DS) may support the DS/non-DS categorization of schizophrenia. For DS patients, non-DS patients, and for healthy controls, this study aims to evaluate the serum levels of: proinflammatory cytokines of interleukin (IL) 1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, Interferon (IFN) γ, IL-12, and IL-17; anti-inflammatory cytokines of IL-10, IFN-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF) β; and antioxidant biomarkers of paraoxonase1 (PON1) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAOC). Method: Serum IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17, IL-10, IFN-α, TGF-β, PON1 and TAOC levels were measured and performed in DS (n=26), non-DS (n=28), and healthy control (n=28) groups. Results: Patients in the DS group had higher IL-17 levels than the non-DS group did. TGF-β values for both patient groups were significantly higher than those of the controls. PON1 and TAOC values for both patient groups were significantly lower than those of the controls. Conclusion: Our findings may be evidence for the consideration that DS reflects a coherent entity within schizophrenia. Increased levels of IL-17 from pro-inflammatory cytokines may be related with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The attachment style may be decisive for the substance use proclivity. The aim of this study was to determine the proclivity of substance use among medical students and to investigate the relationship between attachment style and substance use proclivity. Methods: Volunteer students studying at Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine between April 2019 and June 2019 were enrolled in the study with snow ball method. In our study, Sociodemographic Information Form, Substance Abuse Proclivity Scale (SAP) and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scale (ECR-R) were used as data collection tool. 214 students who accepted to participate to the study were evaluated. Results: Seventy three (34.1%) students had tendency to substance use evaluated by the SAP. While there was no statistically significant difference between the ECR-R total (143.78±15.79 and 139.57±17.91) and ECR-R avoidance subscale (75.98±10.40 and 77.14±8.64) mean scores of students with and without substance use proclivity (z=-1.543, p=0.123; z=0.70, p=0.487, respectively), the mean score of the ECR-R Anxiety subscale (68.06±12.75 and 63.50±14.13) was higher in students with substance use proclivity (z=- 2.45, p<0.014). There was a positive correlation between SAP scores and age and ECR-R anxiety subscale scores in our study (r=0.23, p<0.001; r=0.16, p=0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Evaluation of substance use proclivity and attachment style in large groups such as high school and university students may be a useful approach to prevent the development of substance use disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between executive functions such as selective attention, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility and social-cognitive and social-perceptual theory of mind (ToM) functions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. Methods: The Demographic Information Form, Beck Anxiety Scale, Beck Depression Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Test, Eyes Test, Hinting Test were applied to 48 patients with OCD diagnosis and 39 healthy subjects. The Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was administered to the OCD group. Results: While there was no difference in selective attention and response inhibition between the groups, it was found that the OCD group performed poorly in terms of cognitive flexibility. Compared to groups ToM tests, The OCD group was found to score significantly lower than the control group in the Eyes Test. In the OCD group, there was no significant correlation between ToM tests and other continuous numerical variables. In the control group, there was a moderate negative correlation between the Hinting Test score and Stroop 5 duration. Conclusion: To our knowledge, our study is the second study in the literature to show that impairment in social-perceptual ToM functions that may be specific to OCD and that this condition is independent of impairment in cognitive functions. Further studies with greater samples are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is known that dysfunctional beliefs are important in the onset and maintenance of symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) according to the cognitive model of OCD. OCD patients with higher obsessive beliefs would be expected to have greater deficits in cognitive flexibility. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between obsessive belief levels and cognitive flexibility in OCD patients. Methods: Patients with OCD (50) and Panic Disorder (30) as a control group were evaluated and diagnosed using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. A socio-demographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were administered to all the patients. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) were administered to the OCD group. The OCD group was divided into two subgroups as higher obsessive beliefs (OCD-H) (n=29) and lower obsessive beliefs (OCD-L) (n=21) according to a cluster analytic approach. Results: When the subgroups were compared according to WCST; the number of completed categories was statistically significantly lower, and the numbers of total errors, perseverative errors and non-perseverative errors were significantly higher in the OCD-H group. Conclusion: The results of our study show that cognitive flexibility is impaired in OCD patients with higher obsessive beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of chronic cigarette smoking on the cognitive function in people who have no other mental or physical illness other than tobacco use disorder. Method: The study was carried out on three groups: current smokers (n = 71), former smokers (n = 39), and non-smokers (n = 49). The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color and Word Test (ST), Trail Making Test (TMT), Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), and Serial Digit Learning Test (SDLT) were applied to the 3 groups participating in the study. Groups were compared with the Three-Factor Covariance Analysis. Results: Stroop test 4th card time score which determined the basic level of color discourse in the current smoker group was significantly higher than the non-smoker group. The Trail Making Test-B time scores were significantly higher in the current smoker group than the non-smoker group. And Trail Making Test-B time points were significantly higher in the former smoker group than nonsmoker group. Auditory Verbal Learning Test - verbal learning scores were lower in the current smoker group than the non-smoker and former smoker group. There was no significant difference in verbal learning scores between the non-smoking and former smoker groups. The neurocognitive deficits in current smokers appear to be related to dose and duration. Conclusion: This study suggests that auditory verbal memory, visual-spatial processing, and attention areas may be a selective area of disability in smokers. A major limitation is the fact that general cognitive performance levels of participants was not assessed by a general criteria such as Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aims of the current study are to investigate the relationship between selective attention, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility that are among executive functions and sociocognitive and socioperceptual theory of mind (ToM) functions and also to investigate whether selective attention, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility are predictive factors for ToM functions in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Forty-seven patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and a control group consisting of 42 individuals were administered demographic information form, Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), Stroop test, Eye test, Hinting test. Positive and negative syndrome scale was applied to the schizophrenia group. Results: In comparison to the control group, the schizophrenia group performed significantly worse on Eyes test and Hinting test. Eyes Test score and age, WCST perseverative error scores were significantly negatively correlated; education and WCST categories achieved scores were significantly positively correlated in patients with schizophrenia. Age and cognitive flexibility were found to predict the Eyes test score in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions: ToM functions that are important in maintaining socioperceptual functioning are closely related with cognitive flexibility, and impairment in cognitive flexibility may predict the ToM functions in patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, an increasing number of studies have researched retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) changes in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, our aim was to determine structural RNFL changes in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: A total of 30 patients with major depressive disorder and 30 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), the peripapillary RNFL thickness in major depressive disorder patients and control subjects was measured and compared at each location. Results: Patients with major depressive disorder did not show a statistically significant reduction in overall peripapillary RNFL thickness. Conclusion: Our study showed that RNFL thickness is not reduced in major depressive disorder patients and that OCT is not a useful tool for diagnosing and monitoring the progression of major depressive disorder. This study suggests that the pathophysiology of unipolar depression is different than in neurodegenerative disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate factors associated with violent behavior in schizophrenia and to clarify the relationship between violent behavior and insight and cognitive functions. Method: 68 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were separated into two groups that included patients with a history of violent behavior (n = 30) and those patients without prior history of violent actions (n = 38). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Stroop Test were administered to patients in each group. Results: Male gender, the number of hospitalizations, noncompliance with the treatment, alcohol and substance abuse, the number of suicide attempts, PANSS positive score, PANSS general psychopathology score and PANSS total score were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia with a history of violent behavior, relative to the non-violent patients. The mean score for the delayed response sub-section of the CVLT was lower among patients with a history of violent behavior. Noncompliance with treatment (OR:5.927, p=0.041), alcohol and substance abuse (OR:21.089, p=0.000), and total PANSS score (OR:1.053, p=0.011) were identified as significant predictive factors for violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion: The absence of insight and executive function impairment are core symptoms of schizophrenia and do not appear to be associated with violent behavior. Memory impairment may be associated with violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Noncompliance with medical treatment, alcohol and substance abuse, and the severity of positive symptoms are the most significant factors for predicting violence behavior in patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mood Disorders is the property of Yerkuere Tantim ve Yayincilik A.S. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: While pain is still the most important symptom among diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia, mental symptoms also have an important role in diagnosis. There are a limited number of studies investigating the relationship between pain and illness perception in fibromyalgia. It was aimed to investigate the relationship between pain, depression and illness perception in this study. Methods: Fifty patients who were followed outpatiently and who had a diagnosis of fibromyalgia for more than 6 months were included in the study. Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VAS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used as measuring tools. Findings: In our study, a significant positive correlation between VAS score and subscale scores of IPS which are number of illness symptoms, thinking that these symptoms are related with the illness, duration of illness, personal control and emotional representations. There was no relation between VAS and age, duration of illness, BDI score and the subscales of IPS that are perception of illness consequences, treatment control and understanding the illness. Conclusion: Our findings make us think that pain and mood symptoms may occur due to different mechanisms in fibromyalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we compare the categories about alcohol, and substance-related disorders in DSM-IV and DSM-5, the new category, named addictive disorders is the most striking change. Only gambling disorder have been identified currently in this category. This may be the most remarkable change among the changes in the DSM-5. Because the expansion of the existing diagnostic criteria may cause the assessment of 'normal behavior' as a disorder. Additionally, withdrawal of caffeine and cannabis are defined in the DSM-5. Disorders collected under the title of substance-related disorders in the DSM-IV were collected under the name of substance-related and addictive disorders in the DSM-5. Specific criterias for substance abuse and substance addiction have been combined into the name of "substance use disorders". In substance abuse, "experienced legal problems" criteria was removed and "a strong desire or urge or craving for substance use" criteria has been introduced. Henceforth, substance abuse is defined as a mild form of substance use disorders in the DSM-5. A change in the prevalence of substance use disorders should be investigated by the new researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in patients with psoriasis. Although the importance of psychological factors is known in psoriasis, the relationship between severity of disease and depression and anxiety is still undetermined. Psychiatric comorbidity negatively affects the quality of life in patients with psoriasis. In this study, we aimed to compare the depression, anxiety and quality of life levels of psoriasis vulgaris patients with those of healthy controls who are similar to them in terms of age, sex and education level and to determine the relationship between depression, anxiety and quality of life and the disease severity among psoriasis vulgaris patients. Method: This study involved 69 patients with psoriasis who had never been diagnosed and treated with a psychiatric disorder before. Thirty-seven healthy subjects who were similar to the study group in terms of age, gender and education level have also been included in the study. To determine the clinical severity of psoriasis Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) was applied to the patient group in dermatology outpatient clinic. All participants were administered Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) by a different researcher in psychiatry outpatient clinic. Results: The mean HAM-D, HAM-A total and HAM-A mental scores of the patient group were significantly higher when compared to the scores of control group. The mean SF-36 physical functioning, social functioning, physical role difficulty, emotional role difficulty, mental health, energy, pain, and general health scores were significantly lower in the patient group than the control group. HAM-A total and HAM-A somatic scores were positively correlated with PASI scores in the patients. Conclusion: High levels of depression and anxiety in psoriasis patients may be showing a need for psychiatric assessment in these patients. The relationship between the psoriasis severity and anxiety level may suggest an assessment especially focusing on anxiety in psoriasis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry / Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Deficit syndrome is a symptom complex that progresses with primary and persistent negative symptoms; therefore, it is difficult to diagnose. Low-level social functioning may be anticipated in patients with deficit schizophrenia. Moreover, lack of insight, which is another significant symptom of schizophrenia, is thought to occur more frequently in patients with deficit syndrome. The present study aimed to compare insight and social functioning in schizophrenia patients with and without deficit syndrome. Materials and Methods: The study included 71 outpatients that were followed-up at Eskişehir Osmangazi University, School of Medicine, Psychotic Disorders Polyclinic. All the patients were diagnosed as schizophrenia according to DSM-IV Axis I criteria via administration of the Structured Clinical Interview I (SCID-I). Participants were also evaluated using the Schedule for Deficit Syndrome (SDS), and were accordingly divided into 2 groups: deficit schizophrenia (n = 30) and non-deficit schizophrenia (n = 41). Additionally, the patients were assessed to determine if they had the paranoid subtype of schizophrenia. Both groups were administered the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight (SAI) and Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP). Results: There were significantly more patients with the non-paranoid subtype in the deficit schizophrenia group than in the non-deficit schizophrenia group. Mean SAI and PSP scores were significantly lower, and mean SAPS and SANS scores were significantly higher in the deficit group than in the non-deficit group. Conclusion: The present findings indicate the importance of lack of insight and low-level social functioning in patients with deficit schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) rank among the most frequently used abused substances. The most frequently used SCRA in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is JWH-018, which is also known as 'Bonsai' on the streets. For the cases reported on SCRA use, the most frequently observed symptoms are agitation, irritation, delusions of persecution and delusions of reference, disorientation, epileptic seizures, and nausea. Although the overall effects of SCRA are similar to cannabis, its stimulating effects are greater. The lack of cannabinidol agent in preparations containing SCRA, which is reported to decrease the psychosis triggering effects of cannabis, may explain the relation between SCRA and the psychotic disorder. In this report, a case of a rare psychotic disorder that developed following repeated use of SCRA and its treatment are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are not enough studies about the relationship between menstrual psychosis and schizophrenia exacerbation during the menstrual cycle. In patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, it is important to examine the psychotic symptoms and depression and anxiety symptoms during the menstrual cycle and to adjust the treatment according to these symptoms. If depression and anxiety symptoms are present, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can be used. In patients with exacerbated psychotic symptoms, it may be effective to increase the dose of an antipsychotic drug, which has no effect on prolactin release, 3-5 days prior to menstruation. In addition, hormonal therapy or menstrual cycle suppression is an alternative option. In this article, a case of a schizophrenic patient whose psychotic symptoms exacerbated with the menstrual cycle is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To date, no study has investigated whether autogenous and reactive obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) types are different entities in terms of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study is to compare them in terms of these features. Methods: The study was conducted in subjects with reactive OCD (n=19), autogenous OCD (n=14), and a control group (n=17). All participants were non-smokers. Sociodemographic data were collected and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), and Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS) were administered. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), paraoxonase (PON1), total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured. Results: There were no significant differences in TAS, TOS, or oxidative stress index (OSI) between the OCD and control groups. PON1 and hs-CRP levels were higher in the OCD group, whereas IL-6 and IL-10 levels were lower. Comparison across the three groups revealed no differences in TAS, TOS, OSI, or PON1 levels; however, hs-CRP was significantly higher while IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly lower in the reactive group compared to controls. Conclusion: Our results show that, although inflammatory processes may play a role in OCD, the autogenous and reactive subtypes do not differ from each other in these respects. The classification of OCD into autogenous and reactive subtypes should be reevaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is well-established that healthcare professionals are stigmatized by the society during infectious disease outbreaks. The present study aimed to develop a scale to measure the coronavirus disease 2019-induced perceived stigmatization in physicians and investigate its validity and reliability., Methods: The present methodological type of study was carried out with 303 physicians working with a university hospital. The researchers drafted a 5-point Likert-type "Coronavirus Disease 2019-Induced Perceived Stigmatization in Physicians Scale" by using an item pool consisting of 35 items upon a review of the relevant literature. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient), item-total correlation coefficient, and test-retest analyses were used to assess the reliability of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed with an aim to evaluate the construct validity of the scale., Results: The scale consisted of 10 items and 2 domains (environmental perceived stigmatization and personally perceived stigmatization) upon completion of the scale development step. The items on the scale explained 61.66% of the total variance, where the factor loads were between 0.66 and 0.85. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.88, and the item-total correlation coefficients were all above 0.3. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the resultant model had goodness-of-fit indices with sufficient fit., Conclusion: The Coronavirus Disease 2019-Induced Perceived Stigmatization in Physicians Scale was a reliable and valid tool for the physicians., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (2023 authors.)

Objective: To date, no study has investigated whether autogenous and reactive obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) types are different entities in terms of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study is to compare them in terms of these features., Methods: The study was conducted in subjects with reactive OCD (n=19), autogenous OCD (n=14), and a control group (n=17). All participants were non-smokers. Sociodemographic data were collected and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), and Overvalued Ideas Scale (OVIS) were administered. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), paraoxonase (PON1), total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured., Results: There were no significant differences in TAS, TOS, or oxidative stress index (OSI) between the OCD and control groups. PON1 and hs-CRP levels were higher in the OCD group, whereas IL-6 and IL-10 levels were lower. Comparison across the three groups revealed no differences in TAS, TOS, OSI, or PON1 levels; however, hs-CRP was significantly higher while IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly lower in the reactive group compared to controls., Conclusion: Our results show that, although inflammatory processes may play a role in OCD, the autogenous and reactive subtypes do not differ from each other in these respects. The classification of OCD into autogenous and reactive subtypes should be reevaluated.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the Neurexin 3 gene (NRXN3) polymorphisms in the rs 221473, rs 221497, rs1004212 and rs11624704 regions in relation to nicotine use disorder (NUD) in the Turkish population., Method: Power analysis indicated that the NUD group and the control group of this study should each comprise 200 participants in the 18-65 year age range. The NUD group consisted of individuals without a psychiatric first axis disorder except for NUD, mental retardation, past head trauma or a neurological disorder, who had smoked minimally10 cigarettes per day for at least 1 year. The control group included individuals without a serious chronic physical illness, a previous psychiatric disorder or mental retardation and who responded "no" to the question "have you ever smoked?" A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Fageström nicotine dependence scale (FNDS) for the NUD group were utilized. Venous blood samples of all participants were taken into tubes containing EDTA (ethylene daimine tetra acetic acid) for DNA extraction. Duplex fluorescence melting curve analysis was used for genotype detection and differentiation., Results: The individuals carrying the AC allele and the AG allele at the rs11624704 and the rs1004212 regions respectively had a high risk of being addicted to cigarettes., Conclusion: This is first study investigating the relationship of the NRXN3 gene and nicotine addiction in the Turkish population. It was observed that the risk of NUD in the Turkish population may be related to the Neurexin gene.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the predictive factors of violent behavior in schizophrenia and the relationship between violent behavior and insight and cognitive functions in this study., Method: 68 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were separated into two groups; with a history of violent behavior (n = 30) and without (n = 38). Both group swere administered the Positiveand Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Stroop Test., Results: Male gender, the number of hospitalizations, incompliance with the treatment, alcohol and substance abuse, the number of suicide attempts, the mean score of PANSS positive symptoms, PANSS general symptoms and PANSS total were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia with a history of violent behavior, compared to non-violent group. Long delayed response subsection of CVLT mean score was lower in patients with violent behavior. Incompliance with the treatment (OR:5.927, p=0.041), alcohol and substance abuse (OR:21.089, p=0.000), and PANSS total score (OR:1.053, p=0.011)were identified as predictive factors of violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia., Conclusion: Lack of insight and executive function impairment are the core symptoms of schizophrenia and not seems to be associated with violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Impairment of memory may be associated with violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Incompliance with treatment, alcohol and substance abuse, and the severity of positive symptoms are important factors in predicting violence behavior in patients with schizophrenia.

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) has become one of the most abused substances, recently. JWH-018 street name known as Bonzai is one of the most abused substances in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The most common symptoms in cases reported with synthetic cannabis use are agitation, angry, paranoia and reference delusions, disorientation, seizure and nausea. Although the effects are very similar to cannabis, stimulant effects are more likely in SCRA use. In preparations containing SCRA do not contain cannabinidol agent which is reported to reduce the psychotic effects of the cannabis. This may explain the relationship between SCRA and psychotic disorders. We aimed to discuss a brief psychotic disorder associated with SCRA use and treatment which is less reported in the literature in this case report.

Objective: Deficit syndrome is a symptom complex characterized by primary and enduring negative symptoms, therefore it is difficult to diagnose. Poorer social functioning and insight are serious issues of Schizophrenia. Both of them seems to be related with deficit schizophrenia. The present study aimed to compare insight and social functioning in patients with deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia., Materials and Methods: Our study involved 71 patients with Schizophrenia recruited from the out patient clinic of psychiatry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine. Patients were diagnosed as schizophrenia by using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). Participants were evaluated by The Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS) and separated to two groups: Deficit (n=30) and nondeficit (n=41) Schizophrenia. All participants were administered Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Schedule for Assessing the Three Components of Insight (SAI) and Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP)., Results: Compared to patients with nondeficit group, non-paranoid subtype ratio was significantly higher in deficit group. The mean SAI and PSP scores were significantly lower in the deficit group than in the nondeficit group. The mean SAPS and SANS scores were significantly higher in the deficit group than in the nondeficit group., Conclusion: Our study emphasizes the importance of lack of insight and poorer social functioning in deficit schizophrenia.