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Herbicide options for selective control of monocot weeds in rice (Oryza sativa L.) have historically been limited to a few modes of action such as inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (e.g., penoxsulam, imazamox), photosystem II (e.g., propanil), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (e.g., cyhalofop). Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (Rinskor™) is a synthetic auxin molecule introduced to the U.S. rice herbicide market in 2018, providing broad-spectrum weed control (monocots and dicots), including hard-to-control species such as barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.], along with postemergence rice selectivity at very low use rates. Within the year of commercialization, field agronomists and academics identified E. crus-galli escapes in some areas where florpyrauxifen-benzyl had been sprayed. Further evaluation under controlled environments confirmed that those plants were able to survive florpyrauxifen-benzyl application at the label rate. Here, we identify the mechanism of resistance to florpyrauxifen-benzyl and penoxsulam in two E. crus-galli populations from Arkansas (AR-27) and Missouri (MO-18). Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we compared the two resistant biotypes with known susceptible plants regarding their ability to metabolize florpyrauxifen-benzyl, florpyrauxifen-acid, and penoxsulam in planta. We discovered that the resistant plants share a common resistance mechanism to florpyrauxifen-benzyl and penoxsulam, involving hydrolysis of a methoxy group (likely mediated by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase) followed by glucose conjugation. Given that penoxsulam has been widely used in rice fields for the past decade, these data suggest that some populations of E. crus-galli may have evolved resistance before the commercialization of florpyrauxifen-benzyl.

17-7PH stainless steel is high age-hardening property due to precipitate NiAl intermetallics by aging heat treatment after the deformation induced martensitic transformation by cold working. In this study, the effect of aging conditions on stress relaxation behavior of 17-7PH stainless steel was investigated, and the mechanism of the stress relaxation was discussed. The 0.2% proof stress after aging at 753K for 180s-18ks is about 450MPa, and then decreases after 18ks. On the other hand, the stress relaxation ratio decreases by long time aging at 753K. The dislocation density of 17-7PH decreases by long time aging at 753K. The formation of NiAl clusters around 5nm by 3D-AP analysis is observed in 17-7PH aged at 753K for 1.8ks. It is suggested that the reduction of the stress relaxation ratio after long time aging at 753K is caused by NiAl clusters and decreasing mobile dislocation density.

Mixing herbicides is a common practice in agriculture, to optimize farm management practices, widen the weed control spectrum, enhance application efficiency, and manage herbicide resistance. Interactions between herbicides can occur within the spray tank, on the leaf surface, and/or inside the plant, resulting in physicochemical and physiological interactions. Additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects can result from these interactions. Given the range in plant response and the potential for negative and positive outcomes for weed management, predicting herbicide interactions before using mixtures would be of great value. Therefore, the physiological responses in the literature can help to ensure efficient weed control and avoid unwanted effects in the field. This review compiles information on physiological and physicochemical interactions between herbicides, addressing the most known cases of synergism, antagonism, and additivity, as well as their physiological bases, and the methods for evaluating herbicide interactions. Reference models for herbicide interactions have been reported and they usually interfere interpretation of the mixture effect. Antagonistic interactions can increase the evolution of weed resistance by favoring the survival of individuals exposed to the herbicide. Physicochemical incompatibility in the spray tank usually causes herbicide antagonism, whereas both synergism and antagonism can result from increased or decreased uptake/translocation and from physiological changes in the plant.

National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, (QST), as Japan Domestic Agency, has responsibility to procure 9 ITER Toroidal Field (TF) coils. QST completed proto double-pancake (DP) trials aiming at qualification and optimization of manufacturing procedure of TF coil in 2015. Series production of DPs then started and winding of 17 DPs, heat treatment of 16 DPs, fabrication of 15 radial plates (RP), transfer of 11 DPs and cover plate (CP) welding of 9 DPs were completed by end of Sep. 2016. Challenging tight tolerances in conductor length, ±0.01%, was achieved to enable transfer of heat-treated conductor into RP groove. 1 mm flatness was achieved in RP, whose height and width are 13 m and 9 m. In addition, about 2.5 mm flatness was achieved after CP welding by optimizing welding sequence. The DP insulation and impregnation were successfully completed on 5 DPs. The flatness of 2 mm could be achieved for all DPs completed so far and this makes DP stacking easier. These results justify that series production of TF coil DP in Japan is going well.

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Glufosinate-resistant

Metastable austenitic stainless steels transform to the deformation-induced martensite by cold working. Especially, metastable stainless steel with high nitrogen content has high age-hardening property after aging treatment. In this work, effect of nitrogen on age-hardening of metastable austenitic stainless steel (SUS304: 0.04% N, type-SUS201: 0.18% N) after cold drawing was investigated, and age-hardening mechanism was elucidated. Strength after cold drawing of SUS201 containing high N is higher than that of SUS304, and the age-hardening of SUS201 is significantly higher than that of SUS304 at the aging temperature of 200 ~ 500°C. It is suggested that strengthening mechanism of SUS201 is caused by aging products of N, because exothermal reaction in SUS201 is clearly recognized at low aging temperature by DSC analysis.

JAEA performed full-scale trials to qualify and optimize manufacturing procedure of TF coil fabrication prior to series production. In the full-scale trials, conductor winding, heat treatment, conductor transfer, conductor insulation and cover plate (CP) welding trials were performed to resolve some technical issues and to demonstrate the fabrication procedure. The followings are major achievement. (1) High accuracy conductor winding of 0.01%, (2) the evaluation of 0.06% conductor elongation due to heat treatment, (3) conductor transfer in a radial plate (RP) groove with addition strain under 0.1%, (4) conductor insulation without breakage of the insulation tape and (5) flatness of 2 mm of the double pancake (DP) by CP welding. Then JAEA started the 1st TF coil fabrication from March 2014, and has already completed ten conductor windings and heat treatment of nine windings.

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has a responsibility to procure nine International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) toroidal field (TF) coils and 19 TF coil cases. The JAEA started sub- and full-scale trials to qualify and optimize the manufacturing procedures of TF coils and TF coil cases from August 2012. The major outcomes of these trials are development of an automatic winding system with high accuracy in conductor length measurement ±0.01%, evaluation of the conductor elongation of about 0.06% due to heat treatment, demonstration of the manufacturability of a full-scale radial plate with high accuracy, and establishment of the TF coil case manufacturing procedure satisfying tight tolerances. The JAEA thus started the series production of TF coils from the end of 2013 and TF coil cases from the beginning of 2014. Until now, 11 double-pancake (DP) windings were completed, and seven DPs were heat treated with elongation of the conductor from 0.063% to 0.077%, which are well consistent with the expected values. In addition, three main bodies of the basic segments of TF coil cases are being assembled. These successful achievements indicate good progress in the procurement of ITER TF coils.

The demand for new-build FPSO hulls is increasing in order to reduce operational and maintenance cost and to install larger topside modules compared with tanker conversion FPSOs. However, low construction cost and fast-track construction are also required to the new-build FPSO as with the conversion FPSO, and they are challenging problems. In order to cope with those challenging problems, Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. were developed unique modular design and construction concept with simplified hull form, "noah-FPSO Hull" (noah : New Offshore Adapted Hull), and obtained Approval in Principle for the noah-FPSO Hull from two world leading classification societies, Bureau Veritas and American Bureau of Shipping. Its concept for unique modular design and multi-yard construction were introduced [1]. This paper presents specific modular design and adaptability for various oil fields.

The radial plates (RPs), which are used in the toroidal field (TF) coil in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), are quite large, 13 m tall and 9 m wide, but thin, 10 cm thick, and are made of stainless steel. Even though they are very large structures, they require very high manufacturing tolerances and high mechanical strength at 4 K. There will be similar requirements in the next-generation fusion reactor. Therefore, the authors intend to develop efficient manufacturing methods in parallel with ITER TF coil RP manufacture. The authors therefore performed trial manufacture of the RP segments using a diffusion bonding method, namely hot isostatic pressing (HIP). As a result of trials, it was clarified that even when HIP is applied, the mechanical characteristics of the base metal does not deteriorate. The machining period can be reduced by about 1/3 compared with the traditional manufacturing method. On the other hand, mechanical strength at 4 K is degraded due to weak bonding, tha...

The radial stainless steel plates (RPs) used for Toroidal field (TF) coils in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) are 13 m long, 9 m wide and 10 cm thick, which are quite large. Even though they are very large structures, high manufacturing tolerances and high mechanical strength at 4 K are required. It is also required that each RP should be fabricated every three weeks. Therefore, the authors intend to develop efficient manufacturing methods for an ITER TF coil RP. Laser welding is then selected as a welding method for RP. Especially, the development of high technology laser welding is necessary to prevent hot cracking in the material used for the RP; namely, fully austenitic stainless steel with high nitrogen content. The authors carried out trial laser welding experiments aiming at its application to RP. As a result, it was effective to make the angle of back inclination of the weld head at a uniform welding speed. It also seemed that the sensitivity of hot cracking cou...

Several studies indicate that roughly 70% of the projects based on the software development have resulted in failure, thereby researchers and practitioners have been tried to develop solutions that will improve project success rates. It is insisted that to raise success rates, support should be provided by the organization to which the projects belong. With the aid of predictions that incorporate project outcomes for various information technology (IT) vendors, this study aims at identifying projects that should be preferentially supported by an organization. The data of 332 projects of various Japanese IT vendors were collected using an Internet survey, and a success/failure prediction algorithm is created by employing the Bayes classifier technique on the collected data. A resultant algorithm with 77.3% prediction capability was obtained. It is expected that the success/failure prediction procedure, including the prediction algorithm, help significantly to specify projects that an organization needs to participate in as priority.

Exploiting of unique quantum states in topological insulators is expected to realize new applications of THz technology. Among various kinds of topological materials, GeTe/Sb 2 Te 3 , that is multilayered system consist of topological insulator and normal insulator, has been received remarkable attention. In this study, we investigated THz transmission and emission property in interfacial phase change memory material [(GeTe) 2 /(Sb 2 Te 3 )1]n and Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 alloy. In addition, to understand the basic property of material, we also used GeTe and Sb 2 Te 3 . We observed pronounced differences between multilayered system and alloy.

The authors performed some trials on TF coil fabrication and started first TF coil fabrication. In the trial on radial plate (RP) fabrication, flatness of machined RP section satisfied the target flatness of 1 mm and laser welding technique for joining RP sections was developed. The RP manufacturing plan is revised based on these trial results and fitting method of heat-treated conductor, whose length changes by its heat treatment, is also decided in this plan. Fabrication of the RP materials for the first TF coil has been completed and they satisfied the requirements, such as yield strength of 900 MPa at 4K. Preparation and commissioning of the tooling are in progress.

Owing to the insufficient specificity of the anti-myeloproliferative leukemia protein (MPL) antibody in the original version of this Article, Figure 6 and parts of Figures 2a, 4e, and 5a do not represent the correct information. The corrected version of Figure 6 is in this correction and those of Figures 2a, 4e, and 5a are shown in the supplemental information.

We report on the enhancement of the terahertz magnetic near-field which is realized by a tapered waveguide. A Tb 3 Ga 5 O 12 crystal coupled with a double split-ring resonator was pumped by this tightly confined terahertz field, and the magnetic near-field was measured via the magneto-optic sampling. With the use of the tapered waveguide, the amplitude of the magnetic near-field is enhanced by about 2 times on account of the focusing of the pumping terahertz field.

Checkerboard patterns (CPs) are a kind of metamaterials which have simple structure. Electromagnetic responses of CPs are unique and drastically changed by the configuration variation of self-complementary metal CPs. In this study, we investigated the influence of self-complementary metal CP configuration that consists of both capacitive CP and inductive CP, on transmittance of x- and j-polarized incident infrared (IR) waves. We fabricated and evaluated the CPs, in which horizontal metal patterns are in contact with each other whereas vertical metal patterns are separated. As a result of measurement, we obtained the polarization dependence of transmittance.

Background: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a monocyte-derived late-acting inflammatory mediator, which is released in conditions such as shock, tissue injury and endotoxin-induced lethality. In this study, we determined the plasma and hepatic tissue levels of HMGB1 in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Patients and Methods: We determined the plasma levels of HMGB1 and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in 7 healthy volunteers (HVs), 40 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), 37 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), 18 patients with severe acute hepatitis (AH), and 14 patients with fulminant hepatitis (FH). The 14 patients with FH were divided into two subgroups depending upon the history of plasma exchange (PE) before their plasma sample collection. The hepatic levels of HMGB1 were measured in tissue samples from 3 patients with FH who underwent living-donor liver transplantation and from 3 healthy living donors. Hepatic tissue samples were also subjected to immunohistochemical examination for HMGB1. Results: The plasma levels of HMGB1 (ng/ml) were higher in patients with liver diseases, especially in FH patients with no history of PE, than in HVs (0.3 ± 0.3 in HVs, 4.0 ± 2.0 in LC, 5.2 ± 2.6 in CH, 8.6 ± 4.8 in severe AH, 7.8 ± 2.7 in FH with a history of PE, and 12.5 ± 2.6 in FH with no history of PE, p < 0.05 in each comparison). There was a strong and statistically significant relationship between the mean plasma HMGB1 level and the logarithm of the mean AST level (R = 0.900, p < 0.05). The hepatic tissue levels of HMGB1 (ng/mg tissue protein) were lower in patients with FH than in healthy donors (539 ± 116 in FH vs. 874 ± 81 in healthy donors, p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining for HMGB1 was strong and clear in the nuclei of hepatocytes in liver sections from healthy donors, but little staining in either nuclei or cytoplasm was evident in specimens from patients with FH. Conclusion: We confirmed that plasma HMGB1 levels were increased in patients with ALF. Based on a comparison between HMGB1 contents in normal and ALF livers, it is very likely that HMGB1 is released from injured liver tissue.

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) is responsible for the procurement of 9 TF coils as the Japanese Domestic Agency in the ITER project. Small- and full-scale trials are being performed to demonstrate and optimize fabrication procedures before starting production of the TF coils. JAEA is carrying out the conductor winding and insulation/impregnation trials in advance of the other trials because they represent key processes in TF coil manufacture. Mechanical tests of the conductors are performed to ascertain their bending behavior during winding. The commissioning of tooling for the one-third scale winding already is complete. The winding test was conducted using a specially developed winding head which resulted, based on mechanical test results, in achieving a curvature of the bent conductor in line with expectations. Impregnation trials using the acrylic and metallic model were performed to demonstrate the impregnation procedure and the applicability of bonded glass–polyimide tape, which is expected to facilitate the winding of the insulation tape around the conductor. Results demonstrate the suitability of the bonded glass–polyimide tape for the impregnation procedure.

Perpendicular magnetic recording media based on CoCrPt – SiOx thin-films have been studied with polarised small angle neutron scattering (SANSPOL) to probe the local (sub-10 nm) granular structure and its magnetisation distribution. SANSPOL is sensitive to the direction of the magnetisation vector in the grains over a size range of 1 – 100 nm. This allows the grain size dependent magnetic reversal process to be probed in the recording layer. SANSPOL data can be analysed both using numerical models and through comparison with the granular structure determined using transmission electron microscopy. In this paper we compare these two methods in detail and demonstrate that both approaches arrive at very similar conclusions.

Velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic wave in molten alkaline silicates of lithium, sodium and potassium were measured at a temperature range between their liquidus and ∼200 K higher than their liquidus. Measurements were carried out by the pulse transmission method using a couple of ultrasonic pulse generator and receiver. Composition of the silicate sample was selected for covering the enough temperature range and for getting the correct knowledge of composition dependence of alkaline silicate. Measured velocity of ultrasound decreases with the increase in temperature in all samples. Composition dependence were similar between sodium and potassium silicates but little different in lithium silicate. Absorption of ultrasound depends both on the sound frequencies and temperatures. It suggests that there is some dispersion of sound waves propagating in the silicate medium. Since the lithium silicate melt behaves in a dissimilar way from those of other alkaline silicates, the authors tried the addit...

The authors performed trials and studies to solve the remaining technical problems for manufacturing the ITER Toroidal Field (TF) coil. Cover plate (CP) welding deformation of a side double pancake may achieve specified tolerances with correction of a long wave distortion through the use of a small load, although complicated welding operations are required. In addition, JAEA developed a new procedure for manufacturing a CP at a reduced cost. Straight and curved CPs are fabricated by hot-rolling and cold-drawing and bending the straight CP with sufficient accuracy. Applying these results, JAEA has started procurement of the TF coil, beginning with qualification trials. Manufacture of a full-scale regular RP, finalization of a manufacturing plan and drawings and design of tooling will be completed by the middle of 2011.

The silicon pixel detector will be installed in summer 2009 as part of the RHIC-PHENIX silicon vertex tracker (VTX) upgrade at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The VTX consists of a silicon pixel detector and stripixel detector. For the construction of the silicon pixel detector, we have developed a fine pitch and low material readout bus as the backbone parts of the VTX. In this article, we report the development of the readout bus.

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has developed a cryogenic structural steel to be used in large superconducting magnets for a fusion machine, and the results of this development will be utilized in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Low carbon and low boron JK2 (JK2LB), which has high strength and fracture toughness at 4 K and thermal contraction from room temperature to 4 K which is lower than that of conventional 316LN steel has been developed as the conduit material for the ITER Central Solenoid (CS) conductor. In order to achieve the ITER requirements (0.2% yield strength ⩾ 1000 MPa, fracture toughness KIC (J) ⩾ 130 MPa m ) for CS conduit material, chemical components such as carbon, nitrogen and boron, were optimized. In addition, since the CS is to undergo 6 × 104 load cycles during its lifetime with a maximum principal stress of 490 MPa, fatigue crack growth assessment of the CS conduit was performed. As the result, JK2LB containing nitrogen of 0.2%, boron 15–40 ppm, and low carbon was found to achieve the strength and fracture toughness requirements. For the welding of JK2LB, a filler wire of JK2LB with a low nitrogen content of 0.13% was developed and fracture toughness of more than 130 MPa m was confirmed in the weld metal. Measured fatigue crack growth rates of the base and weld metal at 4 K are low enough to achieve the required CS coil operation cycle lifetime.

Checkerboard patterns (CPs) are a kind of metamaterials which are attracting much attention for their application to sensing devices. In this study, we have investigated the electromagnetic responses of the CPs in infrared (IR) region. We have fabricated the CPs with two different metals and measured the transmittance to clarify the influence of metal resistivity of the CPs on transmittance. As a result, we have successfully confirmed experimentally metal resistivity influence on transmittance characteristics of the CPs even in IR region not only terahertz (THz) region.

This paper presents a wideband differential amplifier operating at 138 GHz in 40-nm CMOS. It is composed of five differential common source stages with cross-coupled capacitors. A small-signal gain of 18 dB at 138 GHz and a 3-dB bandwidth of 27 GHz are achieved. It consumes 75 mW from a 0.94-V voltage supply. The die area with balun and pads is 945 × 842 μm2 and the core size not including input/output matching networks is 201 × 284 μm2. The small core area is realized by using a refined "fishbone" layout technique.

We have developed low standby power (LSTP) FET utilizing HfSiON dielectric. Due to optimizations of channel and offset spacer structure, we could put threshold voltage of pFET into the place of LSTP region, working through the Fermi-level-pinning effect. This resulted in the reduction of propagation delay and in performance improvement of our test product. We could also introduce reverse body-biasing technique for standby leakage reduction even for LSTP device. In order to characterize positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) of nFET, we have evaluated the kinetics of the electron trapping in amorphous HfSiON (a-HfSiON) and partially crystallized HfSiON (c-HfSiON) dielectric. We have found that the difference in PBTI reflects the structural diversity between them, such as spatial and energy distribution of the traps. We need to take notice of such diversity and figure out the origin of PBTI. Phosphorus penetration into HfSiON should be avoided in terms of gate leakage increase and TDDB degradation. To suppress it, we proposed double-layer gate electrode structure, which consisted of as-deposited amorphous layer followed by poly-Si layer.

We investigated the relationship between head design, pole-tip magnetization, head field, and media magnetization in longitudinal recording. At first we estimate the effective switching field of current mobile media with isotropic anisotropy, and introduce longitudinal corresponding field for the head field assessment. The smaller perpendicular component or large perpendicular field gradient of the head field at the upper pole improves the transition quality, but the small perpendicular field degrades the overwrite performance. So the ideal head field is large longitudinal and perpendicular field for good overwrite and fast attenuation with the large perpendicular field gradient for the transition quality. Some head designs make it possible to control the ratio of the perpendicular component to the longitudinal head field, by changing the pole-tip magnetization direction. As a project to control it, we discuss the effect of the bottom and upper poles configuration on the transition, overwrite, and adjacent track erasure in longitudinal recording.

To explore recording head challenges for perpendicular recording at 200 Gb/in/sup 2/ and beyond, the design, fabrication and performance of narrow track dual-element heads were studied using an ABS trailing shield writer design and a conventional CIP-GMR reader design. Parametric recording tests of these heads on low noise CoCrPt/SUL media show that, with the trailing shield design, good writability and low disk transition jitter around 2.5 nm were achieved at narrow write trackwidths down to 120 nm. In addition, peak-to-peak signal amplitudes around 1 mV and T/sub 50/ widths around 28 nm were also achieved at read trackwidths around 60 nm. The areal density potential of these heads was studied using a PRML channel at /spl sim/50 MB/s data rate. Results show linear densities around 1000 Kbpi at ontrack byte error rates of 10/sup -4/, and track densities around 200-240 ktpi using a criterion of 15% offtrack to trackpitch ratio. In all, areal densities of 210-230 Gb/in/sup 2/ were achieved with these head and disk components.

Structural snapshots corresponding to various states enable elucidation of the molecular recognition mechanism of enzymes. Adenosine deaminase has two distinct conformations, an open form and a closed form, although it has so far been unclear what factors influence adaptation of the alternative conformations. Herein, we have determined the first nonligated structure as an initial state, which was the open form, and have thereby rationally deduced the molecular recognition mechanism. Inspection of the active site in the nonligated and ligated states indicated that occupancy at one of the water-binding positions in the nonligated state was highly significant in determining alternate conformations. When this position is empty, subsequent movement of Phe65 toward the space induces the closed form. On the other hand, while occupied, the overall conformation remains in the open form. This structural understanding should greatly assist structure-oriented drug design and enable control of the enzymatic activity.

We have developed a micromagnetic finite element method (micromagnetic-FEM) to analyze perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) writers and readers. The head field reversal time is 0.55-0.76 ns including the 0.2-ns current rise, and it is dependent on the current amplitude. The main pole has a faster reversal time, but the yoke and media soft-magnetic underlayer (SUL) show a slower response. In the media recording layer, the trailing region shows a faster reversal due to the longitudinal head field component of the trailing write shield. After writing, the media state affects the remanent field behavior. Since the moving media changes the head-media coupling, the remanent field can be relieved with a long relaxation time within 10 ns. To suppress the remanent field, a good anisotropy control of the main pole and yoke is required. A TMR reader with a flat top shield shows less side-reading, especially when the physical track width is below 0.1 /spl mu/m. The PMR media plays a role in read width reduction over a wide range of physical track widths.