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Sex-specific genetic markers are often required for studying sex-associated phenomena. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) allows detection of a huge number of genetic polymorphisms and is particularly useful for identifying sex-specific DNA-based (or molecular) genetic markers. Although sex determination in the Japanese subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus depends on an XX/XY chromosome system, in which male-specific molecular genetic markers can be developed, no such marker has been developed. In this study, we developed male-specific genetic markers for R. speratus using RAD-seq with two restriction enzymes (i.e. double digest [dd] RAD-seq). We subjected 58 field-collected individuals per sex to ddRAD-seq and obtained around 210 million paired-end reads. Our in silico analysis of ddRAD-seq data detected 25 male-specific loci but no female-specific loci, thus confirming an XX/XY system. To verify the male specificity of those loci, we conducted PCR with primers designed for male-specific loci. Accordingly, we obtained male-specific PCR amplifications in six of the 25 loci. Furthermore, we examined whether these six male-specific markers were also applicable to individuals derived from four Japanese populations of R. speratus, including from the northern and southern ends of the distribution range in Japan. Of the six markers, five exhibited male-specific PCR amplifications in all four populations; the sixth was applicable to three populations. PCR amplification tests for cross-species applicability in R. kanmonensis found that none of these markers were cross-species applicable. The six male-specific markers would be useful for sex and sex chromosome identification in R. speratus individuals at all life stages.

We demonstrate unambiguous detection of the conjugate variable to the electric field in a time-domain experiment. The polarization change induced by nonlinear mixing of probe and multi-THz fields via the Pockels effect is examined concerning changes in ellipticity and tilting of the polarization ellipsoid. Spectrally resolved measurements yield crucial insights into how sum and difference frequency generation processes shape the electro-optic signal for different detection crystals. This approach enables precise, even simultaneous, measurement of the electric field and its conjugate variable by combinations of different phase biases (λ/4 and λ/2) and spectral filtering.

One of the principal features of eusocial insect societies is the reproductive division of labor, which involves developmental regulation of the reproductive organs. However, although the regulation of caste development is important for establishing social structure in termites, one of the major eusocial insect groups, little is known about reproductive organ development during caste differentiation. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anatomy and histology of the reproductive organs at various developmental stages during caste differentiation in the dampwood termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti, in which the differentiation of reproductive and non-reproductive castes occurs in late larval instars. We found that the reproductive organs gradually developed during the younger instars in both sexes. However, in females, there were larger variations in ovarian development between individuals in the seventh-instar larvae (i.e., pseudergates), which may reflect variability in their caste fates. By contrast, the testis size did not show such heterogeneity in male pseudergates. Interestingly, presoldiers and soldiers possessed relatively well-developed ovaries or testes containing sperm. When differentiating into the two types of reproductives, i.e., alates and neotenics, the reproductive organs developed rapidly, but the developmental timing of organ growth differed between these as well as between the sexes. Thus, reproductive organ development along the caste differentiation pathways appears to be regulated in a caste- and sex-specific manner.

Cold fingers is complaint of many people. To independently assess actual finger temperature, this paper uses prototype sensors to capture blood vessel width and blood flow rates. We verify their feasibility for future home healthcare use along with far infrared camera outputs. We elucidate the impact of three remedies, massage, hot cocoa, and shoulder exercises, on 7 subjects.

An experimental study of the pressure–volume–temperature-composition (pVTx) properties for the aqueous solution of ammonia, namely NH3–H2O mixtures, has been conducted with the use of a constant-volume apparatus, especially focusing on the maximum density behavior, in the range of temperatures from 253 to 309 K, pressures from 0.47 to 16.93 MPa, densities from 950 to 1007 kg · m−3 and compositions from 0 to 0.1436 mole fraction of ammonia. The behavior of the maximum densities for the aqueous solution of ammonia has been investigated for the first time by the present experimental study, and the available equations of state do not represent the pVTx properties of the present measured data adequately near the maximum density region.

An experimental study of the pVTx properties for binary mixtures of HFC-32 (CH2F2) and HFC-125 (C2HF5) was conducted in the range of temperatures from 258 to 354 K, pressures up to 16.9 MPa, densities from 900 to 1400 kg·m−3, and compositions from 0 to 1 mole fraction of HFC-32, within the uncertainties of 4.8 mK of temperatures, 1.8 kPa of pressures, 0.022% of densities, and 0.0022 mole fraction of compositions. The present results were determined with the use of a constant-volume apparatus consisting of a cylindrical vessel of approximately 173 cm3 internal volume. The available data including the present measurements are critically compared with the equation of state developed by Tillner-Roth et al., and it is found that, in the liquid region for the range of compositions from 0.1 to 0.4 mole fraction of HFC-32, this equation of state is less reliable because of the lack of experimental data.

An experimental study of the pressure-volume-temperature-composition pVTx properties for binary mixtures of HFC- 32(CH2F2) and HFC-125(C2HF5) was conducted in the range of temperatures from 343 to 423 K, pressures from 4.0 to 15.6 MPa, densities from 485 to 491 kg·m−3, and compositions from 0.05 to 0.90 mole fraction of HFC-32, with uncertainties of 4.4 mK, 1.6 kPa, 0.02% , and 0.0004 mole fraction, respectively. The available experimental data for pVTx properties of binary mixtures of HFC-32 and HFC-125 have been compared with the equation of state developed by Tillner-Roth et al. From the critical evaluation, this equation of state should be revised in the range of low mole fractions of HFC-32.

For neck protection technique to prevent migration or protrusion of GDCs, non detachable balloons or microcatheters/wires are used. Non detachable balloon has good protective effect with great effect to the flow in the parent artery which is risky for safe procedure. Microcatheter has little effect to the parent flow and poor protective effect. We have developed retrievable microbasket for neck protective technique which can be delivered and retrieved through standard 18 catheters. These baskets have good protective effect in aneurysm model.

In 1997, the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) adopted a new formulation for the thermodynamic properties of water and steam for industrial use. This new formulation, called IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS-IF97), replaces the previous industrial formulation, IFC-67, that had formed the basis for power-plant calculations and other applications in energy engineering since the late 1960’s. IAPWS-IF97 improves significantly both the accuracy and the speed of the calculation of the thermodynamic properties compared with IFC-67. The differences between IAPWS-IF97 and IFC-67 will require many users, particularly boiler and turbine manufacturers, to modify design and application codes. This paper summarizes the need and the requirements for such a new industrial formulation and gives the entire numerical information about the individual equations of IAPWS-IF97. Moreover, the scientific basis for the development of the equations is summarized and the achieved quality of IAPWS-IF97 is presented regarding the three criterions accuracy, consistency along region boundaries, and computation speed. For comparison, corresponding results for the previous standard IFC-67 are also presented. [S0742-4795(00)02201-8]

An experimental study of pressure–volume–temperature–composition (PVTx) properties for binary mixtures of HFC-32 and HFC-134a was conducted in the range of temperatures from 243 to 473 K, pressures up to 16.7 MPa, densities from 9.5 to 1065 kg·m−3, and compositions from 0.39 to 0.89 mol fraction of HFC-32, with uncertainties of 8 mK, 1.7 kPa, 0.04%, and 0.001 mol fraction, respectively. A constant-volume method was used for the present measurements either with a spherical vessel approximately 270 cm3 in its inner volume or with a cylindrical vessel approximately 138cm3 in its inner volume. The present data were compared with the Piao equation of state for this substance.

This paper proposes a new layered transport network architecture on which the WDM optical path network can be effectively created. The optical path network will play a key role in the development of the transport network that will realize the bandwidth-abundant B-ISDN. This paper extends the layered transport network architecture described in ITU-T Recommendation G.803 which is applied in existing SDH networks. First, we elucidate an application example of WDM optical path networks. Next, we propose a new layered architecture for WDM-based transport networks that retains maximum commonality with the layered architectures developed for existing B-ISDN networks. The proposed architecture is composed of circuit layer networks, electrical path layer networks, optical layer networks, and physical media (fiber) networks. The optical layer is divided into an optical path layer and an optical section layer. The optical path layer accommodates electrical paths. Optical section layer networks are divided into optical multiplex section (OMS) layer networks and optical repeater section (ORS) layer networks. The OMS layer network is concerned with the end-to-end transfer of information between locations transferring or terminating optical paths, whereas the ORS layer is concerned with the transfer of information between individual optical repeaters. Finally, a detailed functional block model of WDM optical path networks, the function allocation of each layer, and an optical transport module (OTM) are developed.

New notations using the wavelength transfer matrix for wavelength circuits and networks are proposed. The method is a simple and effective in expressing and analyzing complicated wavelength circuits and networks; only simple notations are used. Wavelength transfer matrixes reported for network circuits are described and functionally verified. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, a new passive star coupler employing arrayed-waveguide-grating for WDM star networks is proposed. Its asymmetric wavelength characteristics are easily verified by the wavelength transfer matrix method and experiments. It reduces the total number of wavelengths by 81% for a 64 node network.

Pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties and vapor pressures of HFC125 (pentafuoroethane; CHF2CF3) have been experimentally obtained. Vapor pressures of HFC-125 have been measured in the range of temperatures from 223 to 338 K and pressures up to 3.54 M Pa with uncertainties of 5 mK and 2.5 kPa, respectively. The vapor pressure equation for this substance was correlated based on the present data. PVT properties of HFC-125 have been determined with a constant-volume apparatus in the range of temperatures from 280 to 473 K, pressures up to 17 M Pa, and densities up to 1145 kg · m−3 with uncertainties of 5 mK, 2.5 kPa, and 0.01%, respectively. All of the available experimentalPVT property data were compared with the equation of state correlated by Wilson et al.

To understand the direct involvement of hydroxyl radical (.OH) in the modification of functional reactivity in isolated rabbit lingual artery ring preparations, this study was undertaken to examine the effect of .OH generated from dihydroxy fumarate (DHF) plus Fe(3+)-ADP or from H2O2 plus FeSO4. When vasodilators (acetylcholine and nitroglycerin) were given after the .OH-generating system was removed from the organ chamber, the earlier .OH exposure produced an attenuation of the ring relaxation induced by acetylcholine but not that by nitroglycerin. Moreover, the earlier .OH exposure attenuated caffeine-induced contraction and depressed the phasic response, but potently enhanced the tonic response of norepinephrine-induced contraction. Both the enhanced tonic response of KCl-induced contraction produced by earlier .OH exposure and norepinephrine-induced contraction was inhibited by nisoldipine. These results are consistent with the view that .OH radicals can potentiate the voltage-dependent influx of Ca. It is also postulated that .OH may damage sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function in the smooth muscle cells, thus reducing Ca release from the SR (this may be reflected by the attenuation of the phasic response), and may selectively attenuate endothelium-dependent relaxation as opposed to endothelium-independent relaxation.

The PVT properties and vapor pressures of HCFC-123(CHCl2CF3) have been experimentally determined in the range of temperatures from 253 K to 493 K and pressures up to 17 MPa with a constant volume apparatus within the uncertainties of 5 mK and 2.2 kPa, respectively. The equation of state of this substance was correlated on the basis of the present experimental data and other available data in the form of the modified BWR equation in consideration of two conditions of Gibbs function and latent heat along saturation, and was compared with all of them. The correlation of vapor pressure was also formulated based on the experimental data in the range of temperatures above 253 K. All of the experimental data was converted into 1990 International Temperature Scale and was used for the correlation.

We implemented a soft-decision decoder of (204,188)-Reed-Solomon code, which is used widely in standards for satellite, terrestrial, and other broadcasting systems. The decoder employs a list decoding technique using iterative adaptive belief propagation and bounded distance decoding. One decoded word is chosen from the list by MAP decoding, and some ideas are applied to reduce its complexity. When the channel throughput is 32 Mbps, the decoder works at 88 MHz in an FPGA, and obtains 1 dB performance gain compared with ordinary hard-decision decoders.

Novel multiple boost rectifier systems coupled with an autotransformer having a capacity rating of 20% are presented. The autotransformer in the triple rectifier system synthesizes two three-phase voltage systems with a phase shift angle of 20deg and an amplitude of 1.064 times with respect to the line voltages. These asymmetrical voltage systems make the transformer winding structure simpler. The boost choppers control the DC currents along with the DC output voltage so that the output DC power of each rectifier becomes equal. The quasi-trapezoidal modulation of the DC currents generates sinusoidal resultant input line currents except for switching ripples. The modification of the proposed concept to a quintuple rectifier system and the comparison with a conventional PWM converter are also presented.

Autotransformer-based 18-pulse rectifier systems are classified from three points of view: (a) DC-side connections of diode bridges, (b) the number of phases of the diode bridge input voltages, and (c) the symmetry of the input voltage systems. Five practical systems are chosen of which system structures, voltage synthesizing methods, equivalent transformer capacities, and simulated current waveforms are presented. The total harmonic distortion of line currents are compared when the supply voltages have pre-existing voltage-unbalance and -distortion resulted from fifth harmonics. Two schemes are recommended for applications required unregulated and regulated DC voltages.

The transmission control protocol (TCP) proves degraded performance at the environment which has bandwidth asymmetry, since the uplink is filled with ACK packets. In order to solve the issue, we propose a TCP option, Pulsed ACK. To apply this option, TCP brings down the number of ACKs and allows the receiver to send ACKs at intervals. We consider the number of data packets acknowledged by an ACK, d, to achieve these effects, and using this value, the receiver adjusts the interval of sending them. The sender also controls the increment of cwnd at the receipt of an ACK packet so that it increases by 1 every RTT. The simulation results show that TCP with the Pulsed ACK option gains 1.85 times higher throughput compared to TCP without the option.

Failure management is a particular challenge problem in the automotive domain. Today's cars host a network of 30 to 80 electronic control units (ECUs), distributed over up to five interconnected in-car networks supporting hundreds to thousands of software- defined functions. This high degree of distribution of hard- and software components is a key contributor to the difficulty of failure management in vehicle. This paper addresses comprehensive failure management, starting from domain models for logical and deployment models of automotive software. These models capture interaction patterns as a critical part of both logical and deployment architectures, introducing failure detection and mitigation as "wrapper" services to "unmanaged services", i.e. services without failure management. We show how these models can be embedded into an interaction-centric development process, which captures failure management information across development phases. Finally, we exploit the failure management models to verify that a particular architecture meets its requirements under the stated failure hypothesis.

The wavelength transfer matrix is a powerful approach to design and verify the wavelength routing needed for complicated wavelength routing networks. This paper first describes the wavelength transfer matrix, the basic form and some extensions. The WDM PON networks proposed to date are analyzed in terms of wavelength by using the wavelength transfer matrix. The results show the method is effective and practical for designing complicated networks.

Double-rectifier systems with novel modified diode bridge circuits are proposed. Although a conventional double rectifier system can produce 12-step input voltage waveforms, the proposed double rectifier system can produce 24-step or quasi 36-step input voltage waveforms. Total harmonic distortion of input voltages decrease to 10.67% in a single-rectifier system and to 5.12% in a double-rectifier system. >

Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) has so far been reported almost exclusively from the USA and Europe. We carried out this study to define the clinical characteristics of this syndrome in Japanese patients.Prospectively, we identified 13 Japanese patients with RS3PE (5 men and 8 women, age 72.7 +/- 11.8 years (mean +/- SD)) without underlying neoplasm. Their clinical features were summarized, pertinent laboratory data including serum/synovial interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were obtained, and extensive radiologic studies using magnetic resonance imaging and 67gallium-citrate (67Ga) whole body scintigram were performed.All patients suffered from proximal arthralgia/myalgia in addition to typical distal symptoms of RS3PE, and all experienced systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise, and weight loss. In laboratory examinations, anemia and elevated inflammatory markers were often remarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging showed severe tenosynovitis of the hands. 67Ga-scintigram revealed radioisotope accumulation in both proximal and distal joints of the extremities. IL-6 activity was markedly elevated both in the serum (mean 82.4 +/- 62.1 (SD) pg/ml, normal range 0.157-2.94) and in the synovial fluid (mean 3350 +/- 633 (SD) pg/ml).Compared with cases reported previously from the USA/Europe, Japanese patients with RS3PE are characterized by more prominent systemic symptoms/signs associated with marked inflammatory responses including elevated IL-6 activity. All patients had proximal as well as distal synovitis which could be demonstrated by 67Ga-scintigram. These clinical features were very similar to those of polymyalgia rheumatica, suggesting that RS3PE and polymyalgia rheumatica are closely related disorders which may have a common pathogenesis.

A novel formulation of induction machines with modified nodal analysis is proposed for simulations of power electronics systems. The size of formulated matrix of a three-phase induction machine becomes 15/spl times/15, which includes the voltage and torque equations. The simulation written in C++ programming language and experiment of the generator system, which consists of a cascaded induction generator and a six-pulse rectifier, were carried out. These results prove the effectiveness of the proposed formulation.

A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) based control IC for a three-phase auxiliary resonant snubber inverter (RSI) is proposed and constructed. A control scheme implemented in the control IC is based on carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM). The IC generates gate-signals for main- and auxiliary-devices of a three-phase RSI based on the proposed control scheme. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed control IC was verified through experiments. As a result, ZVT (zero voltage transition) turn-on at the main devices was realized and a smooth sinusoidal output current was obtained by use of the control IC.

The authors propose an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)-based subscriber network using a ring with star topology, virtual paths, and ring-type distributed queuing (DQ) access control. For reducing access unfairness between the nodes to traffic congestion, the authors proposed the ring-type DQ, including a sink function for the request flag (RF) and a time-out function of RF drop indicator (DR). Simulation results indicate the effectiveness of ring-type DQ. For highly efficient subscriber access network operation, DQ and virtual path (VP) must be employed because they provide flexible path assignment and do not require sending direction control. Subscriber access networks using layered structures and the virtual path concept will be important in providing future high-speed/broadband services. >

Three power converter topologies with 12-step input voltages are proposed. The advantage common to the three topologies is that they can operate at very low switching frequencies, i.e. three times the supply power line frequency. The converters proposed are suitable for mid- or high-power applications. >

A novel diode rectifier circuit with an additional switching circuit operating at triple power line frequency is proposed. The proposed circuit has multilevel input voltages corresponding to the output voltages of conventional 18-phase inverters. The capacity required for the additional circuit and the operating limit of the proposed rectifier are discussed. Experimental results showed that the proposed system can produce very good input current waveforms and give very good characteristics. >

A novel double AC/DC converter system with 36-step input voltages is proposed. This system consists of two three-phase neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converters and an additional single-phase NPC converter. The main converters operate at a switching frequency of a power line frequency and the additional converter operates at a switching frequency of nine times that of the power line frequency. The proposed system is suitable for high-power applications because of a relatively low switching frequency and less distorted input voltages.

This paper proposes a layered network architecture for optical transport networks and the concept of optical path network management. First, the WDM (wavelength division multiplex) based optical path network concept and realization techniques such as the WP (wavelength path) and the VWP (virtual WP) are presented. Second, a new layered architecture for WDM based transport networks is proposed. The proposed network architecture retains maximum commonality with existing B-ISDN networks. Finally, optical transport network management functions such as configuration, performance and fault management, are discussed.

A novel three-phase inverter system to synthesize three-phase sine wave currents with a combination of two units, using two phase-shifted single-phase resonant inverters is proposed. The system has the advantages of both zero current switching and a high-frequency AC link. The relationship between the total harmonic distortion of the output currents and the maximum harmonic order contained in the input current of the output stage low-frequency inverter is analyzed. The simulated and experimental results showed that the proposed system gives high quality output current waveforms. >

A novel lateral MIM-LCD, (liquid crystal display) has been developed which has a high pixel density (about 270 dpi) and a high contrast ratio over a wide temperature range (over 130:1 from 0 degrees C-80 degrees C). Two types of lateral MIM-LCD are presented: a 4.2-in-diagonal, 640-pixel*240-pixel LCD with each pixel addressed by eight parallel-lateral-MIMs and a 2.98-in-diagonal 640-pixel*480 pixel LCD with each pixel addressed by back-to-back lateral MIM. This lateral MIM can be used for an electric view finder or a light valve because the pixel-size can be designed to be sufficiently small and can attain high aperture ratio. In addition, the redundancy of pixel defects can create high yield ratio when fabricating displays such as the full color workstation display. >

Network management is a major key issue for the optical transport networks. This paper describes objectives and basic model of the network management. Then, generic requirements and implementation of the management signals that are being discussed in ITU-T are also described.

A traveling course interpolation method is proposed for controlling automatic guided vehicles with discrete reference markers. The controller can calculate the present position and direction from wheel rotational speeds. The controller guesses a future reference marker position using the information of the past two reference marker positions. Thus, the vehicle can travel test courses with discrete reference markers with larger marker spaces. The experiments verified that the proposed method can successfully guide the experimental vehicle along the various types of test courses.

The conventional control of automatic guided vehicles (AGV) which use discrete reference markers includes a three-term PID controller to control the operation and the motors of the vehicle. The parameters of the PID controller were given whenever the vehicle was to be operated. The achievement of the best performance with respect to the chosen PID parameters was a matter of trial and error. In this paper, a neural network controller is proposed as an indirect-controller to obtain the best control parameters for the main controller in use with respect to the location (position) of the AGV. This neural network controller (NNC) was trained using supervised learning along with a backpropagation algorithm. Also in this paper a brief introduction summary of the control of the AGV, experimental results of the indirect NNC are presented. Finally a comparison between the conventional controller and the proposed NNC with its advantages is presented.

In this paper, we discuss negotiation strategy of agents that play the board game MONOPOLY. First, we developed MONOPOLY server for the purpose of making agents confront on network and a MONOPOLY agent which negotiates with the other agents. Its negotiation strategy is based on a game theory using an evaluation function. This function includes pattern of color groups, money and position of tokens. The agent compares the proposal candidates for trading by using this function and selects the best one. Finally, the experimental results show that this agent system can be benchmark for studying negotiation strategy.

A novel variable-speed cascaded induction generator system is proposed for small-scale hydroelectric power plants, in which the second induction generator has double three-phase stator windings (or six-phase windings). The proposed low-cost system can provide a brushless, robust structure and less distorted currents without using an expensive PWM rectifier on the machine side and an expensive adjustable-blade water turbine. The simulated results showed that the system has sufficient capabilities for practical use.

Background: TAS-102 (Lonsurf) consists of trifluridine (FTD) and tipiracil hydrochloride (TPI), at a molar ratio of 1:0.5. FTD is a thymidine analog and the antitumor component of TAS-102. TPI prevents degradation of FTD by thymidine phosphorylase in liver. TAS-102 was found to significantly improve overall survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer that is refractory/intolerable to the standard chemotherapies in a global Phase III study. The mechanism of FTD is considered to be based on its incorporation into DNA, however its intracellular metabolism is not completely defined. Here, we investigate the cellular uptake and phosphorylation of FTD, and substrate specificity of incorporation into DNA by DNA polymerase a. Material and Methods: Intra-cellular uptake of FTD was evaluated with nucleoside transporter specific inhibitors, NBMPR and dipyridamole. Substrate specificity for nucleoside kinase and nucleotide phosphorylase was evaluated with recombinant proteins. DNA elongation with FTD triphosphate (F3dTTP) by DNA polymerase a was analyzed. The levels of FTD incorporated into DNA were analyzed with [H]FTD or LC-MS/MS. Results: FTD was transported via ENT1 and ENT2 into cytoplasm, and was phosphorylated by thymidine kinase 1 as effectively as dThd. F3dTTP was not recognized by dUTPase, whereas FdUrd-triphosphate was degraded to monophosphate form. F3dTTP was inserted at the opposite site of adenine by DNA polymerase a. DNA extension was effectively carried out at the site of inserted FTD, and was evident on the single strand DNA template inserted FTD.The level of FTD incorporated into DNA was much higher than that of FdUrd in vitro, and FTD remained in DNA after the FTD removal from culturing medium. In vivo study also showed high FTD accumulation in tumor implanted in nude mice. Nucleosomal abnormalities such as swollen nuclei and decreased hetero-chromatin were observed in the cells treated with FTD. Conclusions: These results indicate that FTD is recognized and activated through the thymidine salvage pathway highly up-regulated in tumor, and incorporated into DNA during DNA replicating phase like the natural substrate dThd. FTD might exert antitumor activity by nucleosomal abnormalities caused by high level FTD incorporation into DNA. These unique properties might underlie the clinical benefit of prolonged survival of colorectal cancer patients treated with TAS-102 after failure on prior 5-FU based chemotherapy.