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This study investigated developmental trajectories of observationally coded engagement across the early elementary years and whether these trajectories were associated with children's academic achievement. Furthermore, we evaluated if these relations varied as a function of children's family socio-economic status and early reading and math skills. Data were collected from 301 children who were studied from kindergarten (M

Eight novel carbohydrate-tethered trithiolato dinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene complexes were synthesized using CuAAC 'click' (Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition) reactions and, together with the diruthenium intermediates, were assessed for their in vitro activity against transgenic Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) tachyzoites constitutively expressing β-galactosidase (T. gondii β-gal), and for their cytotoxicity in non-infected host cells (human foreskin fibroblasts, HFFs). The results revealed that the biological activity of the hybrids was influenced by both the nature of the carbohydrate (glucose or galactose) attached to the ruthenium complex and the type/length of the linker between the two units. For seven selected diruthenium-carbohydrate conjugates, the values of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on T. gondii β-gal and HFFs viability for a compound concentration of 2.5 μM were measured. Remarkably, two galactose-diruthenium conjugates, 23 and 26, performed significantly better than the corresponding unlabeled diruthenium complexes and the standard drug Pyrimethamine, with very low IC50 values (23: IC50 = 0.032 μM, 26: IC50 = 0.153 μM, Pyrimethamine, IC50 = 0.326 μM) and a very low toxicity on HFFs (viability 92% for 23 and 97% for 26). Overall, our study shows that conjugation of carbohydrates to diruthenium compounds is a promising approach to develop new effective antiparasitic compounds with reduced toxicity.

Objective Despite concerns about the inaccuracy of parents' reports of children's sleep, it remains unclear whether the bias of parents' reports varies across racial/ethnic groups. To address this limitation, the current study systematically investigated the concordance among parent-reported sleep questionnaires, sleep diaries, and actigraphy-based sleep in a sample of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White children. Methods Parents of 51 Hispanic and 38 non-Hispanic White children (N = 89; Mage = 6.46, SD = 0.62; 50.6% male) reported their child's bedtime and wake time on school days using sleep diaries and questionnaires. Children's sleep also was assessed with actigraphy for five consecutive school days. Results Parents reported longer sleep duration, earlier bedtime, and later wake time using sleep diaries and questionnaires compared to actigraphy-based assessments. Larger discrepancies between diaries and actigraphy of sleep duration, and between questionnaires and actigraphy of wake time were found in non-Hispanic White children, compared to Hispanic children. Conclusions Although parents tended to overestimate their child's sleep as compared to actigraphy, parents of Hispanic children may be more accurate in some estimates of children's sleep than parents of non-Hispanic White children. Researchers, clinicians, and parents should be aware of the potential biases in parents' reports and estimates of their child's sleep and that the degree of bias could vary across racial/ethnic groups.

Studies with extensive observations of real-life emotions at school are rare but might be especially useful for predicting school-related outcomes. This study evaluated observations of negative emotion expressivity in lunch and recreation settings across kindergarten, first grade, and second grade (N = 301), kindergarten teachers’ reports of children’s effortful control, and kindergarten and second grade teachers’ reports of their perceived conflict with children. In latent growth curve analyses, we tested whether individual trajectories of negative expressivity from kindergarten to second grade, based on estimated slopes, predicted teacher–student conflict in second grade, and whether effortful control in kindergarten moderated this association. RESEARCH FINDINGS: Negative expressivity levels in kindergarten significantly predicted higher levels of teacher–student conflict in second grade, controlling prior teacher–student conflict. Furthermore, greater increases in negative expressivity from kindergarten to second grade were associated with higher teacher–student conflict in second grade especially for children who had difficulties with effortful control in kindergarten. PRACTICE OR POLICY: Results from this study have the potential to inform programs focused on reducing teacher–student conflict. The findings highlight the possibility of targeting both effortful control and negative emotion in the early elementary school transition as a means to improve teacher–student relationships.

ObjectiveTo study in a masked fashion whether an objective histological feature associated with keratoconus (KCN) occurs in donor corneas in eyes originally receiving a corneal graft for KCN.MethodsTwo ocular pathologists performed a retrospective masked histological analysis of slides from donor buttons recovered from 21 eyes with a history of KCN undergoing repeat penetrating keratoplasty (failed-PK-KCN), 11 eyes that underwent their first PK due to KCN (primary KCN), and 11 eyes without history of KCN which underwent PK for other conditions (failed-PK-non-KCN). Breaks/gaps in Bowman’s layer served as the pathological feature indicative of recurrent KCN.ResultsBreaks in Bowman’s layer were present in 18/21 (86%) of the failed-PK-KCN group, 10/11 (91%) of the primary KCN group, and in 3/11 (27%) of the failed-PK-non-KCN group. Pathological evidence suggests that the prevalence of breaks is significantly higher in grafted patients with a history of KCN than non-KCN controls (OR: 16.0, 95% CI 2.63 to 97.2, Fisher’s exact test p=0.0018) with a conservative Bonferroni criterion of p ConclusionsThis study provides histological evidence that breaks and gaps in Bowman’s layer, consistent with those found in primary KCN, may develop within the donor tissue in eyes with a history of KCN.

The Phase-I trigger readout electronics upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeters enhances the physics reach of the experiment during the upcoming operation at increasing Large Hadron Collider luminosities. The new system, installed during the second Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown, increases the trigger readout granularity by up to a factor of ten as well as its precision and range. Consequently, the background rejection at trigger level is improved through enhanced filtering algorithms utilizing the additional information for topological discrimination of electromagnetic and hadronic shower shapes. This paper presents the final designs of the new electronic elements, their custom electronic devices, the procedures used to validate their proper functioning, and the performance achieved during the commissioning of this system., Comment: 56 pages, 41 figures, 6 tables

The goal of this study was to understand the role young children's sleep plays in the association between their family environment and academic achievement (AA) by examining sleep as a moderator between home chaos (chaos) and children's AA. We examined this question in a sample of 103 kindergarteners and 1st graders. In the fall, parents reported on levels of chaos in their home. To measure sleep, early in the spring, children wore actigraphs for 5 consecutive school nights. Later in the spring, children completed standardized tests of achievement. Sleep duration, but not sleep efficiency, moderated relations between chaos and AA. Specifically, children with longer sleep durations (26% of the sample), compared to children with average or lower sleep durations, had significant negative associations between chaos and achievement, indicating that children in higher chaos homes had lower academic achievement. The findings enhance scholars' understanding of the relation between chaos and AA as well as highlight an important bioregulatory factor in the association between home family environment and children's academic outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The associations between children’s (N = 301) observed expression of positive and negative emotion in school and symptoms of psychological maladjustment (i.e., depressive and externalizing symptoms) were examined from kindergarten to first grade. Positive and negative emotional expressivity levels were observed in school settings, and teachers reported on measures of children’s externalizing and depressive symptoms. In longitudinal panel models testing bidirectional paths, depressive symptoms in kindergarten were negatively associated with positive expressivity in first grade but not vice versa. Children’s externalizing symptoms in kindergarten predicted higher negative expressivity in school in first grade. There was also significant prediction of externalizing in first grade by negative expressivity during kindergarten. Implications about child psychological maladjustment in early schooling are discussed.

We describe an analysis comparing the pp[over ¯] elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in pp collisions as measured by the TOTEM Collaboration at 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV using a model-independent approach. The TOTEM cross sections, extrapolated to a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=1.96 TeV, are compared with the D0 measurement in the region of the diffractive minimum and the second maximum of the pp cross section. The two data sets disagree at the 3.4σ level and thus provide evidence for the t-channel exchange of a colorless, C-odd gluonic compound, also known as the odderon. We combine these results with a TOTEM analysis of the same C-odd exchange based on the total cross section and the ratio of the real to imaginary parts of the forward elastic strong interaction scattering amplitude in pp scattering for which the significance is between 3.4σ and 4.6σ. The combined significance is larger than 5σ and is interpreted as the first observation of the exchange of a colorless, C-odd gluonic compound.

Tethering known drugs to a metalorganic moiety is an efficient approach for modulating the anticancer, antibacterial, and antiparasitic activity of organometallic complexes. This study focused on the synthesis and evaluation of new dinuclear ruthenium(II)–arene compounds linked to several antimicrobial compounds such as dapsone, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, triclosan, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, as well as menadione (a 1,4-naphtoquinone derivative). In a primary screen, 30 compounds (17 hybrid molecules, diruthenium intermediates, and antimicrobials) were assessed for in vitro activity against transgenic T.&nbsp, gondii tachyzoites constitutively expressing β-galactosidase (T.&nbsp, gondii β-gal) at 0.1 and 1 µM. In parallel, the cytotoxicity in noninfected host cells (human foreskin fibroblasts, HFF) was determined by an alamarBlue assay. When assessed at 1 µM, five compounds strongly impaired parasite proliferation by &gt, 90%, and HFF viability was retained at 50% or more, and they were further subjected to T.&nbsp, gondii β-gal dose-response studies. Two compounds, notably 11 and 13, amide and ester conjugates with sulfadoxine and metronidazole, exhibited low IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values 0.063 and 0.152 µM, and low or intermediate impairment of HFF viability at 2.5 µM (83 and 64%). The nature of the anchored drug as well as that of the linking unit impacted the biological activity.

In this short-term longitudinal study, we tested if peers' temperament in the fall of second grade predicted target children's (N = 241) student–teacher conflict and closeness in the spring of second grade and whether target children's self-regulation moderated these associations. Based on regression analyses, peers' negative emotionality was negatively related to target children's student–teacher closeness; peers' self-regulation was positively associated with target children's student–teacher closeness. Based on tests of interactions, the inverse relation between peers' self-regulation and target children's student–teacher conflict was significant when target children had low and average, but not high, self-regulation. Similarly, peers' positive emotionality was negatively related to student–teacher conflict for children with low self-regulation. Children's self-regulation did not moderate associations between peers' temperament and student–teacher closeness. Findings highlight the potential role of children's self-regulation in some associations between peers' temperament and student–teacher conflict.

The goal of the study was to examine whether target children's temperamental negative emotional expressivity (NEE) and effortful control in the fall of kindergarten predicted academic adjustment in the spring and whether a classmate's NEE and effortful control moderated these relations. Target children's NEE and effortful control were measured in the fall via multiple methods, academic adjustment was measured via reading and math standardized tests in the spring, and observations of engagement in the classroom were conducted throughout the year. In the fall, teachers nominated a peer with whom each target child spent the most time and rated that peer's temperament. Target children with high effortful control had high reading and math achievement (ps = .04 and < .001, respectively), and children with low NEE increased in engagement during the year (p < .001). Peers' temperament did not have a direct relation to target children's academic adjustment. Peers' negative emotion, however, moderated the relation between target children's effortful control, as well as NEE, and changes in engagement (ps = .03 and .05, respectively). Further, peers' effortful control moderated the relations between target children's NEE and reading and changes in engagement (ps = .02 and .04, respectively). In each case, target children's temperament predicted the outcome in expected directions more strongly when peers had low NEE or high effortful control. Results are discussed in terms of how children's temperamental qualities relate to academic adjustment, and how the relation between NEE and changes in engagement, in particular, depends on peers' temperament.

Understanding of orbital and periorbital anatomy is critical to the diagnosis and therapy of orbital disorders. Twenty-six cat heads were obtained from the dissecting room in the Discipline of Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia for use in this study. After macerating the heads and cleaning the skulls they were grouped by morphology into 15 round-headed and 11 flat-headed skulls. In the flat-headed group, the skulls were elongated with a prominent constriction between the cranium and facial bones and a prominent external sagittal crest, which extended from the nuchal crest. Furthermore, complete to nearly complete fusion of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone with the zygomatic arch resulted in a complete bony orbit. The skulls were radiographed, and a total of 32 parameters measured for each group: the skull, cranium, face, orbit and mandible were compared and analyzed. The sites of injecting the infra-orbital, mandibular alveolar and mental nerves were confirmed in both groups of cat skulls. We conclude that old age plays a major role in forming the skull shape (rounded versus flattened) and clo- sure of the orbital rim.

Herein, we present different functionalized meta-stable photoacids in ion-sensors to tune the equilibrium response time. As a proof of concept, two new meta-stable photoacids were synthesized, one contains an ether group and the other has an ester functional group. These functionalized meta-stable photoacids were elucidated in solution of ethanol and in ion-sensing films via pH and kinetic studies. In comparison from our previous work, the response time was reduced from hours to minutes by utilizing an ether functional group in the meta-stable photoacid.

Controlled release of odorous molecules is the key to digital scent technology which will add another dimension to electronics. Photorelease is a cold mechanism that promises better temporal and spatial control than thermal release. Herein we report a novel material composed of an acid-sensitive polymer carrying a fragrant aldehyde and a reversible metastable-state photoacid. It releases the fragrant molecule under visible light, and stops releasing it after the light is turned off. A metastable-state photoacid with a fast reverse-reaction rate was developed to quickly stop the release after irradiation. Both the carrier polymer and the photoacid can be reused after all the fragrant molecules have been released. The material combines the advantages of visible-light activity, fast on/off rate, easy preparation, and recyclability, and thus is promising for digital scent technology.

Presented here is a sensing membrane consisting of a modified merocyanine photoacid polymer and a calcium ionophore in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). This membrane is shown to actively exchange protons with calcium ions when switched ON after illumination at 470 nm, and the exchange can be followed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The sensing membrane shows no response in the ON state when calcium ions are absent. The limit of detection of the sensor is 5.0 × 10(-4) M with an upper detection limit of 1.0 M. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time the use of a visible light activated, lipophilic photoacid polymer in an ion-sensing membrane for calcium ions, which highly discriminates potassium, sodium, and magnesium ions.

Writing prominent scientific texts during the nineteenth century, Mary Somerville successfully blended literary style with empirical methods. Examining many of Somerville's popular scientific texts, including On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, Physical Geography, and On Molecular and Microscopic Science, this article explores the multiple ways that Somerville employs and reimagines the traditional Romantic sublime in her writing. Somerville's use of the sublime reflects the historical changes regarding gender during the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. Ultimately, this essay argues that Somerville articulates a feminine scientific sublime located in the invisible and microscopic, which challenged the ego-centered discourse of the traditional sublime; however, Somerville's reimagining of the sublime steadily disappears from her writing as gender roles become more restrictive during the Victorian era, which excluded women from the public discourse on science. By revealing th...

Composites of polyaniline in its emeraldine base form (PANI-EB) and photo-acid generators (PAG) show an increase in conductivity upon photo-irradiation due to the protonation of PANI-EB. Such materials may be utilized to fabricate conducting patterns by photo-irradiation. However, the conductivity obtained by direct irradiation of PANI-EB/PAG composites was normally quite low (

Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training is now widely accepted as a strategy to improve patient safety in healthcare. This is now recognised by the Royal College of Nursing1 and in published nursing literature2. Fully immersive simulation training, especially in a multidisciplinary setting, is an excellent setting in which to develop CRM skills. Despite the acknowledge of the above formal CRM training in a simulation context is not routinely integrated into many post-graduate nursing placements. In order to address this issue, improve patient safety and begin a process of long term cultural change we have developed this program for all newly qualified nursing staff at University Hospitals Birmingham. We have introduced our newly qualified nursing staff into a previously uniprofessional undergraduate medical student acutely ill patient simulation program. This has enabled the creation of a multidisciplinary program focusing on CRM in the care of the acutely ill patient. We have developed learning objectives based on both the NMC standards for competence for registered nurses3 and the University of Birmingham MBChB year 5 curriculum. Each newly qualified nurse attends an entire days simulation based training and is both directly involved as part of the treating team and in supporting the reflective learning of their colleagues. During the day the basics of crew resource management are highlighted and explored further in the debriefs of the simulation scenarios. Over the past year we have supported 78 newly qualified nurses through the program and have both quantitative and qualitative feedback strongly supporting a benefit from the experience. References www.rcn.ork.uk/clinical-topics/patient-saftey-and-human-factors. Norris B et al. The importance of applying human factors to nursing. Nursing Standard 2011;26:32–40. Nursing and Midwifery Council. Standards for Competence for Registered Nurses. MNC 2015.

The Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board (JRCPTB) and the Royal College of Physicians (London) in 2013 confirmed that heavy service demands had led to a loss of training opportunities and core medical trainees (CMT) often felt that they had not been adequately prepared to take on the role of medical registrar. In the same report they supported the use of simulation based training to help support the development of procedural based training.1 Whilst such procedural based training is now widely established we have developed a program to explore the aspects of professional practice beyond procedural skills that are listed in the General Medical Council CMT curriculum.2 This curriculum specifically mandates time management, decision making, communication with colleagues and team working. These are common elements that fully immersive simulation training is used to deliver. In a collaborative project between our physicians and the trust simulation team we have developed physician faculty and run three training days over the past year providing this training to all the CMTs working in our trust. We have collected both quantitative and qualitative feedback from the CMTs who have attended this training which is strongly supportive of the benefits this can offer. We believe this supports the use of fully immersive simulation to develop not just procedural skills but also the more complex socio-profesisonal skills that are essential to safe and effective practice as a medical registrar. References https://www.jrcptb.org.uk/sites/default/files/0711_JRCPTB_CMT_A4_4pp_WEB.pdf GMC Core Medical Training Curriculum 2007 (Amended 2013).