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Introduction: Obstructive adenoid hypertrophy is cited as one of the causes of mouth breathing and leads to disharmony in the development of orofacial structures. The objective of this study was to compare the measurements of dental arches according to the grade and the obstructive character of adenoids., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 86 children. The grade and the obstructive character of adenoids were determined from Holmberg and Cohen's radiographic methods respectively. Dental arch measurements were taken on dental casts. A t-test and a Chi 2 test were performed respectively to compare the quantitative and qualitative variables of dental arches according to the obstructive character. An Anova test made it possible to compare the quantitative variables according to the grade as Holmberg defined it. For variables that showed significant differences, a Post Hoc test was used. The significance level was set at P=0.05., Results: Subjects with obstructive adenoids had a shorter posterior mandibular length (P=0.04) and a greater overbite (P=0.04) than those with non-obstructive adenoids. Those with grade 4 had a greater arch depth (P=0.02) and were more prone to open bite(P=0.03)., Conclusion: A prevention program involving the otorhinolaryngologist and the orthodontist for subjects with obstructive adenoids or grade 4 is necessary to minimize their influence on dental arch relationships., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Sagittal soft-tissue analyses made from photographic records (sagittal photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) allow orthodontists to quantify the sagittal dimension and situation of the facial soft tissues. These tissues maintain close anatomical relationships with the underlying dental arches. However, little importance has been given to the description and the comparison of the sagittal soft tissue morphology according to dental arches parameters. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue profile and the dental arches measurements., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of students. Standardized facial-profile photographs were taken with each student in natural head position, and relaxed lip posture. Photogrammetric parameters were measured on paper sheet using a graduated ruler. Dental arches measurements were also performed directly into the mouth with an electronic caliper. The strength of the association between sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue measurements and dental arches parameters was investigated by a Pearson's correlation. Results were regarded as significant at p=0.05., Results: The lips protrusion parameters were significantly and positively correlated with the dental arch lengths. The overjet was significantly and positively correlated with Ls/Sn-Sm. The overbite was significantly and negatively correlated with the sagittal labial parameters Ls/N-Ort, Li/N-Ort, Ls-E, Li E, Ls-S, Li S, Ls/Sn-Sm and Li/Sn-Sm., Conclusion: The correlations found in this study show the importance of taking into account the soft tissue in the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment of patients., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2015.)

Introduction: The role of obstructive tonsils in dental arches abnormalities is widely discussed in the literature but remains controversial. Data on the probable relationship between obstructive tonsils and the presence of these orthodontic abnormalities are subjective. The objective of this study is to quantify the relationship between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the dental arches measurements., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in children aged between 6 to 12 years divided into 2 groups (A and B) according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. Dental intra- and inter-arches measurements are recorded on each child. Data is analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. A t Student and chi square tests are respectively used to compare quantitative and qualitative variables according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. The level of significance is fixed at p = 0.05., Results: The upper dental arch depth is significantly more important in subjects with obstructive tonsils (group B). Dental arches widths are significantly more important in subjects without obstructive tonsils (group A). Group B subjects are significantly more likely to have class II malocclusions, open bite and posterior cross bite with mandibular lateral deviation than group A subjects., Conclusion: Early evaluation of children with obstructive tonsils can prevent dental intra- and inter-arches abnormalities caused by upper airway obstruction. Thus late and more aggressive treatments which are not always as efficient as when they were performed during childhood will be avoided., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2015.)

Introduction: The role of the palatine tonsils in the development of dental intra-arch and interarch abnormalities is often brought up in the literature, but it remains controversial. Data on the probable relationship between enlarged tonsils and the occurrence of orthodontic abnormalities are subjective. The purpose of this study was to seek an association between the space occupied by the palatine tonsils and the dental arch measurements., Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on a group of children subdivided into 5 groups according to the standardized tonsillar hypertrophy grading scale. Dental arch measurements were recorded for each child. Data were analyzed with software. Comparisons of qualitative variables according to tonsillar grade were made using the chi-square test. The strength of the association between tonsillar grade and qualitative variables was evaluated with a phi coefficient (φ). The strength of the association between tonsillar grade and quantitative variables was assessed by the Spearman' rank correlation coefficient (rho). The significance threshold was set at P = 0.05., Results: The maxillary dental arch depth was significantly and positively correlated to grade. The maxillary intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths were significantly and negatively correlated to grade. Grade 4 was strongly associated with molar Class II malocclusions, and posterior crossbite with functional lateral deviation of the mandible., Conclusions: Early evaluation of the size of the palatine tonsils would help to prevent orthodontic abnormalities caused by upper airway obstruction. Thus, patients could be spared late, more aggressive treatments that are less efficient than treatments during childhood., (Copyright © 2015 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Upper airways obstruction can result in the reduction of the transversal dimensions of the maxillary arch which affect the vertical and the sagittal dimensions. The PNIF measure is an objec- tive and cheap way to assess the upper airways permeability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PNIF and dental arch sizes., Materials and Methods: Seventy eight patients (40 girls and 38 boys) age ranged 10-15 years were included in this cross sectional study. The PNIF was measured with a Youlten peak flow meter (Clement Clarke International, London, United Kingdom). The sagittal, vertical and transversal dimensions of the dental arches were evaluated on dental casts with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). T test was used to assess differences in PNIF and dental arches variables between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the dental arches sizes and the PNIF. The significance was set at p < 0.05., Results: PNIF rate was higher in girls than in boys but the difference was not significant. There were sexual dimorphism regarding the anterior and total lengths of the upper arch, the total length of the lower arch and the maxillary intermolar width which are significantly more important for boys (p respectively equal to 0.05; 0.03; 0.04 and 0.04). The PNIF was significantly and negatively correlated with the total length of the upper arch (r = -0.25). The others measurements did not show significant correlation with PNIF., Conclusion: Others parameters are needed to complement the peak nasal inspiratory flow rate for the respiratory disorders related dental arches sizes abnormalities diagnosis.

Introduction: Trigeminal analysis focuses on the skeletal entrance and exit orifices of the sensitive fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The aim of this study was to validate the techniques used to locate these landmarks as described by the creator of trigeminal analysis of the face., Materials and Method: This descriptive study was performed on a dry human skull. Two tin balls forming markers R1 and R2 were fixed at random on the skull in a median sagittal position. Two headfilms of the skull were made. The first showed tin balls fixed at the entrance and exit foramens of the sensitive fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The second showed the foramens without the tin balls. The position of the reference point corresponding to the entrance and exit points of the trigeminal fibers was entered on a tracing made from the headfilm (without the balls on the foramens) by 16 operators using an ad hoc guide supplied by Crocquet. A comparison was made between the points as positioned by these operators and the true points as revealed by the X-rays of the balls on the first image (Gold Standard) by calculating the difference between their coordinates on an axis connecting R1 et R2 (X-axis) and the line perpendicular to it passing through R2 (Y-axis). Trigeminal cephalometric analysis was then performed on each of the tracings. The angles and linear values were compared. The validity of the positioning of the points and of the values provided by the analysis was demonstrated by the existence of a difference of less than 2units (mm or degrees)., Results: No difference in the means between the trigeminal points found by the operators and the Gold Standard points represented by the X-rays of the balls placed on the foramens exceeded 2mm in absolute value on the Y-axis. On the X-axis, the differences greater than 2mm in absolute value related to: the supra-orbital notch (ESO) and the foramen ovale (FO) (2.12 and 8.19mm, respectively). The angles (ESO-TGR-TO) and (TGR-ESO-TSO) were the only ones to display differences exceeding 2° in absolute value between the two images., Conclusion: The detection method advanced by Crocquet for the positioning of the eight points of reference used for analyzing the entrance and exit foramens of the trigeminal nerve is valid apart from the TO and ESO points. Consequently, the validity of the angle measurements involving these points is affected. Further research is required to confirm these findings. If necessary, new recommendations should be devised in order to improve the localization of the TO and ESO cephalometric points., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Introduction: Each ethnic group has its own characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of a Senegalese population., Materials and Methods: Sixty two lateral cephalograms of Senegalese patients were assessed in a cross sectional study. All lateral cephalometric films were traced on a transparent cellulose acetate sheet by the same operator. Conventional cephalomebic analysis was performed with 17 measurements (6 linear and 11 angular) t test was used to assess differences in age and cephalometric variable between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). A P value of < or = 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: No statistically significant differences were found between Senegalese men and women. This study shows an increase in the maxillary protrusion and a decrease in the mandibular protrusion with his corollary of skeletal class II. The mean of the vertical dimension measurements suggest a hyperdivergence. Protrusive lips were associated with incisors protrusion., Conclusion: These results which show morphological differences between Senegalese subjects and other populations consolidate the idea that the racial and ethnic characteristics must be taken into account during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.