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Alcohol calculations are carried out in many forensic case types. On occasion, individuals under the age of 18 are involved, and alcohol calculations may be beneficial. To date, there are no studies that have determined the best way to estimate total body water (TBW) or alcohol elimination rates in juveniles for alcohol calculations. We utilized a data set of 207 females and 218 males, aged 3–18 years, from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, where TBW had been empirically measured, to evaluate the best anthropometric equation to use to estimate TBW in juveniles. For males aged 3–15 years and females aged 2–13 years, the equation of Wells et al. was the most accurate and precise (RMSE of ≤10.4% in males and ≤9.9% in females). For males aged 16+ years and females aged 14+ years, the equation of Watson et al. was more appropriate (RMSE ≤11.5% and ≤12.4%, respectively). Based on published studies where the alcohol elimination rate was determined in 43 juveniles (aged 10‐17 years) who were hospitalized due to alcohol consumption, a mean alcohol elimination rate of 16 mg/100 mL/h should be used. The recommended range being 9–25 mg/100 mL (5th–95th percentile). This study provides evidence that there are valid anthropometric equations to determine TBW and alcohol elimination rates that can be used for alcohol calculations in juveniles between the ages of 10 and 17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an evaluation of recidivism outcomes for a specialized, field-based treatment program for youth who perpetrate sexual offenses in an Australian jurisdiction. Using survival analyses, recidivism outcomes for the treatment group (n = 200), who were followed for an average of 5.07 years (SD = 3.13), were contrasted with a sample of sexually offending youth who were either referred but not accepted or not referred to the program (n = 295). Rates of sexual recidivism were low and not significantly different between the groups (9.5% for treated and 10.8% for untreated). Unadjusted Cox regression results indicated that the treated group were less likely to violently recidivate compared to the untreated group (HR = 1.41, 95% CI [1.01, 1.96]), but this effect became nonsignificant when controlling for offense history covariates (HR = 1.22, 95% CI [0.87, 1.72]). Both groups exhibited high rates of nonsexual offending during the follow-up period, and treatment factors including clinician-rated success, were found to be associated with a lower frequency of reoffending after treatment. Findings highlight important considerations for both practice and research. First, findings suggest the need for specialized programs to ensure factors associated with general recidivism are also addressed in treatment; second, findings reinforce potential utility for clinician-rated and structured assessments to inform treatment planning and outcomes. Finally, the findings raise the importance of appropriate comparison groups when designing evaluation studies, to accurately inform policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Restorative justice practices are popular alternatives for youth conflict resolutions in the juvenile justice system and in schools. However, we do not know the extent to which states have formalized the use of restorative justice. This study reviews state legislation to identify whether restorative justice has been codified in juvenile justice and public education statutes. Through a content analysis of relevant statutory provisions, we find considerable variation in how restorative justice is defined and implemented in the juvenile justice and public‐school systems. We conclude with policy implications aimed at standardizing the understanding and application of restorative justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to describe the legal situation of minors in Poland in the context of new legal regulations. The authors present the new Act on the Support and Rehabilitation of Juveniles, the changes introduced and new institutions dealing with the rehabilitation of juveniles. The text is an attempt to assess the adopted new solutions in the context of the maturity of juveniles, their personal and psychological development, and awareness of the acts committed by juveniles. The authors refer to the data to present the scale of juvenile delinquency both during the "old" Juvenile Justice Act of 1982 and the "new" Juvenile Justice Act of 2022. The text is a kind of discussion on the adopted solutions and their evaluation by the authors, which should encourage reflection and the readers' own reflections. The text presents statistical data referring to the specificity and scale of juvenile delinquency both during the old and the new act.

The system of Polish law on juvenile proceedings has undergone significant changes over the years. The result of these changes is the currently in force Act of 9 June 2022 on the support and re-socialisation of minors, which replaced, after 40 years, the Act of 26 October 1982 on proceedings in juvenile matters. The aim of the article is to show the legal solutions adopted in Polish legislation, both historically and in contemporary terms. An important aspect of the study is also the evaluation of the new solutions applied to minors and the formulation of de lege ferenda conclusions.

Introduction: Studies have associated testosterone with aggression, although with a weak and sometimes equivocal one. This study aimed to determine the correlation between testosterone and digit ratio (r2D:4D) using measures of aggression in youth in conflict with the law in Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This case–control study involves 48 youth aged 11–16 years in conflict with the law living in a remand home. The participants were divided into two groups based on the reported history of violent behavior. Serum total testosterone level was determined using an ELISA kit. Aggression was determined by the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire, whereas r2D:4D was measured directly using a digital caliper. Independent-sample t test was used to determine differences in quantitative variables, while Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation. Results: The mean age of the participants is 15.23 years. Serum testosterone level was positively correlated with anger (r = 0.327, P = 0.023) among all participants and with physical aggression (r = 0.405, P = 0.032) among those with a history of violent behavior. However, r2D:4D did not correlate with aggression or serum testosterone. Testosterone explained 22% of variance in physical aggression and is a predictor of physical aggression (P = 0.046) among all study participants. Among those with a history of violent behavior, testosterone explained 41% of variance in physical aggression (P = 0.032); a 1 nmol increase in testosterone increases the physical aggression score by 0.41. Conclusion: testosterone level is positively correlated with anger and physical aggression in youth in conflict with the law in Kano, Nigeria, while the digit ratio is not.

The purposes of the study is to analyze crimes committed by young people; to identify the signs that distinguish the acts of these persons from the assaults of others; to consider the possibilities and directions for developing practical recommendations for the investigation of criminal cases against young people. An optional purpose is to determine the criminalistic significance of the provisions on the investigation of youth crimes and the need to form a privatescientific theory on their basis. The relevance of the study is defined by the social significance of youth crime investigation activities. Timely suppression of this type of crime allows, if not completely eliminating, then significantly weakening the negative impact of young members of the criminogenic contingent on the law-abiding population, including young people. Criminal activities of this type often create obstacles to the development of socially-oriented youth. Therefore, timely detection of the crimes of the analyzed group to some extent allows to create more favorable conditions for the development of young people not involved in criminal activities. The relevance is also determined by the lack of research into the criminal and post-criminal behavior of young people over the age of 18. The methods of scientific knowledge used in this study comprise analysis, synthesis, comparison, hypothesis, modelling, extrapolation. The results of the study include the conclusion about the creation of systematized, logically connected, scientifically substantiated provisions on the specifics of juvenile criminal and post-criminal behavior, which determine the specifics of criminal investigations involving persons of this age group. These and other attributes of the analyzed provisions allow to characterize them as a private criminalistic doctrine. At the same time, more research is required to develop a broader criminalistic doctrine of youth crime investigation. When conducting research in this direction, it is necessary to identify specific patterns of committing and investigating crimes of this type. Some of them are already identified and mentioned in this article, but they need more serious explanation and systematization. In the light of the conducted research, the concept that is the theoretical basis of the doctrine of juvenile crime investigation can be significantly adjusted.

According to statistical data in Poland, sexual acts of minors account for about 3% of all criminal acts committed by minors and nearly 20% of all acts from the catalogue of crimes against sexual freedom and morality. The main objective of the study was to attempt to develop and present characteristics of minors who commit rape with particular cruelty. Taking into account the way the perpetrators act, the motivational background and the circumstances of the crime. In particular, attention was paid to specific individual and family characteristics. Because it is not clear whether juvenile sex offenders are different from non-sex offenders. The aim of this article is an attempt to capture individual, family and environmental differences. The study was also intended to provide information about who the victims are. The study was conducted on the basis of empirical material from court cases in which the basis of liability was Article 1974 of the Penal Code, and the perpetrators or accomplices of the acts were minors who at the time of the act were over 15 years of age but under 17 years of age. The research material consisted of court case files that had been finally completed, including forensic psychological opinions prepared by court experts. Cases from 2015-2020 were analysed. The obtained results allowed to capture some specific features of families in which minors were brought up and the characteristics of juvenile sex offenders themselves. This article raises the difficult issue of juvenile responsibility for sexual crimes, indicates areas in which it is necessary to regulate interactions and areas of possible preventive impacts.

The Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo are one of the most visited sites on the island of Sicily and are home to one of the world's largest assemblages of human mummies. Within the framework of a multidisciplinary project aimed at investigating the biohistories of non-adults buried at this site, the authors wished to better understand how visitors felt about the display of these young individuals and whether they had prior knowledge of these mummies before their visit. In order to capture guest feedback, questionnaires were distributed to 105 visitors in September 2022. While there were no clear-cut patterns based on the demographic and social attributes of visitors, this research revealed some recurring themes. Several visitors felt that there should be signs warning guests of the Children's Room due to the large number of young individuals displayed in this area. Furthermore, visitors felt that more information was needed throughout the site and queried whether the non-adults, or their kin, had consented to their display. These issues could be addressed by the inclusion of information boards in the catacombs. The findings of this research ultimately have implications for the way in which non-adult remains are displayed in catacombs and other heritage contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In adult rats, omega-3 supplementation through fish oil (FO) and environmental enrichment (EE) have shown beneficial effects on cognition and stress regulation. This study assessed sex-specific effects of FO and EE during adolescence, a period critical for brain maturation, on adulthood coping mechanisms, sociability, and glucocorticoid regulation. An amount of 64 Wistar rats [n = 32/sex; postnatal day (PND) 23] were assigned to supplementation of control soybean oil (CSO) or menhaden fish oil (FO; 0.3 mL/100 g) from PND28 to 47 and exposed to EE or regular cage (RC) housing from PND28 to 58, with their blood corticosterone (CORT) levels being assessed weekly. As adults, exposure to repeated forced swim tests (FSTs; PND90–91) enabled analysis of coping responses, while socioemotional and memory responses were evaluated using the OFT, EPM, SIT, and Y maze tests (PND92–94). Immunohistochemistry determined hippocampal CA1/CA3 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression (PND95). CORT secretion gradually increased as the supplementation period elapsed in female rats, while changes were minimal in males. Coping strategies in the FST differed between sexes, particularly in FO-fed rats, where females and males, respectively, favoured floating and tail support to minimise energy consumption and maintain immobility. In the SIT, FO/EE promoted sociability in females, while a CSO diet favoured social recognition in males. Reduced CA3 GR-ir expression was found in FO/RC and CSO/EE rat groups, supporting stress resilience and memory consolidation. Our findings support environment and dietary conditions to exert a sex-specific impact on biobehavioural responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender norms and issues related to gender are highly relevant when it comes to treatment of juveniles in correctional institutions, especially related to their risky behavior and personal characteristics (such as personality traits, intellectual capability, culture, ethnicity etc.). Furthermore, many juveniles in correctional institutions are exposed to violence and are also perpetrators of violent criminal acts. This paper will give an overview of national policies related to gendersensitive treatment in Croatia as a background to research aimed to describe the reflection of gender issues and gender norms in practical work with juveniles in Croatian correctional institutions. The research is based on qualitative approach and includes focus groups with youth workers from various organizations who implemented programs for youth in correctional institutions. Preliminary results show that gender and gender norms are not specifically targeted in treatment programs within the institutions. The initiative to implement gender issues mainly comes from organizations from the civil sector through different workshops. Juveniles express relatively rigid gender norms that are supported by rigid organization of correctional institutions especially for males. This research shows the importance of clearer focus to gender-sensitive programing and gender sensitive treatment programs that will strongly be integrated in everyday practice of correctional institutions. The precondition for this is largely connected to deconstructing stereotypes about gender and gender norms both for youth and professionals working with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stocking can affect population density but may influence fish growth responses to changes in environmental conditions. In a multi‐year field experiment, we investigated the interactive effects of density and temperature on the growth of young‐of‐the‐year anadromous brown trout in streams stocked with wild‐origin hatchery‐reared brown trout. Fish origin was the predominant factor influencing growth rate, thereby highlighting the importance of discriminating between wild and hatchery‐reared individuals. Growth was positively related to temperature (degree‐days) and negatively related to density, with the growth response to temperature modulated by density. Temperature had a more pronounced effect on juvenile growth at low density than at high density. The reduced growth response to temperature caused by density could reduce population resilience and should be considered in management and conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research efforts focusing on salmonid populations have highlighted the need to better understand demographic parameters for the fry and parr life stages. Monitoring these small fish presents a challenge because negative effects from handling and tagging can bias subsequent parameter estimates. Removal models and associated sampling designs represent one class of mark-recapture models with potential to be applied to very small juvenile salmon, yet existing methods associated with removal studies are not well-suited for all study environments. For example, populations residing in large storage reservoirs may yield low capture probabilities when subjected to removal sampling, making unbiased estimation of survival using traditional removal models difficult. To address this limitation, we developed a sampling design and associated model using parentage-based tagging in hatchery-raised juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to estimate survival over a 2-year study period in a large storage reservoir in western Oregon, USA. Individual fish were identified to family groups, serving as replicate batch marks in a robust design removal model framework. Results from a simulation suggested that parameter estimates were unbiased even at very low capture probabilities, although the use of model constraints (i.e., covariates or constant parameter values) was necessary to achieve this. Model fitting to field data supported a trend in survival over time, with survival increasing with time since release in the first study year but decreasing in the second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the Supreme Court abolished mandatory juvenile life without parole (JLWOP) sentences and subsequently decided that the ruling applied retroactively (Montgomery v. Louisiana, 2016), effectively rendering thousands of inmates eligible for resentencing and potential release from prison. In its decisions, the Court cited developmental science, noting that youth, by virtue of their transient immaturity, are less culpable and more amenable to rehabilitation relative to their adult counterparts. Specifically, the Court notes adolescents' propensity for impulsive action, sensitivity to social influence, and difficulty understanding long‐term consequences. Even so, these rulings raised concerns regarding the consequences of releasing prisoners who had committed heinous crimes as juveniles. Several years after the Court's decision, preliminary data are now available to shed light on rates of recidivism among those released. The current paper comprises three goals. First, we discuss the science of adolescent development and how it intersects with legal practice, contextualizing the Court's decision. Second, we present recidivism data from a sample of individuals formerly sentenced to JLWOP in Pennsylvania who were resentenced and released under Miller and Montgomery (N = 287). Results indicate that 15 individuals received new criminal charges up to 7 years postrelease (5.2%), the majority of which were nonviolent offenses. This low rate of recidivism is consistent with the developmental science documenting compromised decision‐making during the adolescent years, followed by desistance from criminal behavior in adulthood. Lastly, we discuss the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations between researchers and legal practitioners, as well as critical future avenues of research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene-based nanomaterials are exceptionally attractive for a wide range of applications, raising the likelihood of the release of graphene-containing nanoparticles into aquatic environments. The growing use of these carbon nanomaterials in different industries highlights the crucial need to investigate their environmental impact and evaluate potential risks to living organisms. The current investigation evaluated the nanotoxicity of graphene (nanoflakes) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the cardiorespiratory responses (heart rate, gill ventilation frequency), as well as the swimming and nesting behavioral parameters of early stage larvae and juvenile salmonids. Both short-term (96 h) and long-term (23 days) exposure experiments were conducted using two common species: brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The findings demonstrated notable alterations in fish nesting behavior, swimming performance, and cardiorespiratory functions, indicating the potential toxicity of nanoparticles. This impact was observed at both physiological and whole-organismal levels in salmonids at early stages. Future investigations should explore different types of nanocarbons and their potential enduring effects on fish population structure, considering not only individual survival but also broader aspects of development, including feeding, reproductive, and other social dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the US, children and adolescents who engage in sexually abusive behavior are often subjected to sex offender registration and notification requirements, which contribute to stigmatization and forfeiture of their civil rights without empirical basis (Lancaster, 2011; Pickett et al., 2023; Zilney & Zilney, 2009). To date, 39 states subject children with adjudicated sexual offenses to sex offender registration requirements, with most recent estimates revealing that approximately 200,000 youth have been placed on sex offender registries within the US and many are now on the registry as adults (Pickett et al., 2020). This severe response—by both members of the public and policymakers—toward children who engage in inappropriate sexual behavior is imposed upon children and adolescents with adjudicated sexual offenses in an effort to meet goals of reducing sexual violence and increasing community safety. Within the current discourse, we review the history of registration and notification practices for adolescents with sexual offenses, describe what registration and notification policies entail, and then present empirical and theoretical evidence of the harmful outcomes associated with implementation of registration and notification requirements for sexual offenses. Thus, the predominant aim of this discourse is to encourage thoughtful and critical examination of registration and notification policies and their iatrogenic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under Polish criminal law, a juvenile is a person under the age of 17. In principle, such person would not be liable for the offence under the terms of the Criminal Code. The responsibility of juveniles is extensively regulated in the Act of 9th June 2022 on the Support and Rehabilitation of Juveniles. However, in specific cases, which are explicitly set out in the Criminal Code, a juvenile over the age of 15 or even 14 may be held criminally responsible. Whereby the treatment of a juvenile as an adult and the application of criminal responsibility to him/her requires, in addition to the commission of one of the strictly defined offences, that the circumstances of the case and the degree of development of the offender, his/her personal conditions as well as his/her personal characteristics should also support this. The sentence imposed on a juvenile offender may not exceed 2/3 of the upper limit of the statutory penalty range for the offence in question. The legislature, however, left it to the court's discretion whether it would be advisable to apply extraordinary mitigation in a particular case. Furthermore, a juvenile cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment.

Graphene-based nanomaterials are exceptionally attractive for a wide range of applications, raising the likelihood of the release of graphene-containing nanoparticles into aquatic environments. The growing use of these carbon nanomaterials in different industries highlights the crucial need to investigate their environmental impact and evaluate potential risks to living organisms. The current investigation evaluated the nanotoxicity of graphene (nanoflakes) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the cardiorespiratory responses (heart rate, gill ventilation frequency), as well as the swimming and nesting behavioral parameters of early stage larvae and juvenile salmonids. Both short-term (96 h) and long-term (23 days) exposure experiments were conducted using two common species: brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The findings demonstrated notable alterations in fish nesting behavior, swimming performance, and cardiorespiratory functions, indicating the potential toxicity of nanoparticles. This impact was observed at both physiological and whole-organismal levels in salmonids at early stages. Future investigations should explore different types of nanocarbons and their potential enduring effects on fish population structure, considering not only individual survival but also broader aspects of development, including feeding, reproductive, and other social dynamics.

The study aims to shed light on the reconciliation justice system in the Palestinian legal system by studying the text of Article 23 of the Decree-Law on the Protection of Juveniles and related to the mediation system in cases of children who have committed acts in violation of the law in accordance with the the decision by law under study. The study took the analytical approach as a method of study, in addition to a comparison with some legal systems in the Arab countries in the field of conciliation justice in general, and especially in cases related to juvenile laws. The study concluded that what the parties to justice police, prosecutors and judiciary do in this field takes them out of their familiar image into a social role instead of the well-known policing role. We are tackling a social referral in this matter, which is the true international trend for the protection of juveniles and is also in line with our view of the juvenile children as a victim who must be cared for and protected in accordance with their age and does not detract from the rights of the abused. The study recommended specialized training on mediation in order to ensure the quality of mediation and not limit the use of mediation to the pre-trial stage, but must be provided during legal proceedings, and even during the legal enforcement stage, in addition to training lawyers and encouraging them to find friendly solutions and assess the validity of mediation in each case independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioarchaeology lacks a system for recording the morphology of muscle and ligament attachment sites, called entheses, in growing individuals. Such information is useful in investigating factors that affect bone growth and development, including sex, age, puberty, pathology, and activity. This paper presents a standardized recording method for nonadult entheses based on 29 archaeological individuals of archivally known sex and age-at-death, ranging from two to 17 years. This paper (a) assesses the range of osseous changes of 16 entheses in the upper and lower limbs of growing individuals, and (b) presents a scoring method for each enthesis, which is evaluated through inter-and intra-observer comparisons. Nonadult entheses show a wide range of morphological variation. Method reproducibility is established. This method will allow researchers to further investigate factors affecting bone development in nonadult skeletal remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the teaching approaches that are appropriate for juveniles so that they can gain knowledge and skills in line with current demands and develop their potential. A qualitative approach was employed, specifically a constructivist grounded theory research design, involving 15 teachers and three administrators from the three rehabilitation schools. To ensure an in-depth exploration of these issues, data was collected using semi-structured interviews. Observations were also carried out in order to support the interview data and to give a full picture from various perspectives. The findings showed that the teachers practiced various teaching approaches that were appropriate for the conditions and problems of the juveniles at the schools, as detailed in this article. Additionally, the results also revealed that teachers need to choose appropriate teaching approaches to ensure that effective learning can be provided to juveniles, who on average do not have a good educational background and tend to drop out of school. Given that the results of this study are based on the experiences of teachers with extensive backgrounds in teaching juveniles, it is hoped that it will offer valuable insights and fundamental direction to future teachers who will be tasked with instructing juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the growth performance of juvenile snail (Archachatina marginata) fed different plant leaves, 180 juvenile snails of one month old were divided into 4 treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4 ), of 15 snails and 3 replicates in pens equipped with feeders and drinkers. T1 received pawpaw leaves, T2 received cassava leaves, T3 received sweet potato leaves and T4 received blood root leaves. Feed and fresh leaves were measured and served daily, and the leftover also quantified, using an electronic weighing scale (0.01 g precision) to evaluate the feed intake. The results showed that the highest value of feed intake was recorded in animals that received blood root leaves, while the lowest value is registered in the treatment receiving pawpaw leaves. The highest value of leave intake was recorded in the treatment that received pawpaw leaves. The highest values for weight shell length, shell diameter, shell lip width, shell lip height and carcass characteristics of Archachatina marginata fed with different plant leaves were recorded for snails fed with blood root leaves. The lowest value of triglycerides (1.44±0.5) and total cholesterol (4.11±2.66) in the hemolymph was registered in animals receiving blood root leaves compared to other treatments. The lowest value of total protein (26.44±3.28) in the hemolymph was registered in the treatment receiving blood root leaves compared to the treatment that received pawpaw, cassava, and sweet potatoes leaves. In conclusion, blood root leaves can be used as staple diet to improve the productivity of Archachatina marginata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender norms and issues related to gender are highly relevant when it comes to treatment of juveniles in correctional institutions, especially related to their risky behavior and personal characteristics (such as personality traits, intellectual capability, culture, ethnicity etc.). Furthermore, many juveniles in correctional institutions are exposed to violence and are also perpetrators of violent criminal acts. This paper will give an overview of national policies related to gender-sensitive treatment in Croatia as a background to research aimed to describe the reflection of gender issues and gender norms in practical work with juveniles in Croatian correctional institutions. The research is based on qualitative approach and includes focus groups with youth workers from various organizations who implemented programs for youth in correctional institutions. Preliminary results show that gender and gender norms are not specifically targeted in treatment programs within the institutions. The initiative to implement gender issues mainly comes from organizations from the civil sector through different workshops. Juveniles express relatively rigid gender norms that are supported by rigid organization of correctional institutions especially for males. This research shows the importance of clearer focus to gender-sensitive programing and gender sensitive treatment programs that will strongly be integrated in everyday practice of correctional institutions. The precondition for this is largely connected to deconstructing stereotypes about gender and gender norms both for youth and professionals working with them.

The performance of Colossoma macropomum subjected to a six-month feeding trial using duckweed (Lemna minor) and fish visceral as partial replacements for soybean meal and fishmeal respectively was evaluated in this study. A total of one thousand five hundred (1500) nearly same sizes (average size 45 g) juveniles of C. macropomum were sourced from the nearby research man-made lake and subjected to proper acclimatisation for two weeks prior to the commencement of the feeding trial. One hundred (100) juveniles per experimental pond (EP) were stocked in triplicate with EPi-iii0% (control), EPi-iii25%, EPi-iii50%, EPi-iii75%, and EPi-iii100%. The formulated diets with varying dietary inclusion levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of duckweed as a substitute for soybean meal, and at the same levels, fish visceral meal was used as a substitute for fishmeal. The formulated diets were fed to the experimental fishes on a twice-daily schedule (7 am and 5:30 pm). The control diet contained the conventional protein sources (fishmeal and soybean) while the other diets had fish visceral and duckweed as dietary replacements for fishmeal and soybean, respectively. A biweekly sampling of growth parameters such as body weight was carried out on twenty (20) randomly selected juveniles from each EP and data collected from the feeding trial was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) (SPSS version 26) while Duncan's multiple ranges test distinguished the means at p < 0.05 significant level. The highest value for mean body weight gain at 6 months was observed at a 50% dietary inclusion level of the test ingredients (1411.7 g), while at a 100% inclusion level, the lowest value was recorded (1213.6 g). Water quality parameters sampled were within the acceptable standards indicating no adverse effect of the test ingredients on the culture medium. In general, no adverse effect was recorded across treatments. Conclusively, C. macropomum culture in Nigeria using the test diets at a 50% dietary inclusion level to replace the conventional protein sources is feasible and can help improve fish availability and sustainability through species diversification and reduced production cost since the test ingredients are obtained at minimal cost from fish traders (fish visceral) and fallow earthen ponds (duckweed).

The effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract supplementation on the growth, survival, digestive enzymes, and stress tolerance of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were investigated. Shrimp were separated into four groups, with each group fed diets containing various concentrations of 0 (Control-T0), 0.5 (T1), 1 (T2), and 1.5% (T3) noni extract over a 56-day period. The results indicate that shrimp fed the T3 diet had the highest final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate among all groups. The survival rate and biomass of shrimp showed a significant difference in those groups fed noni-supplemented diets when compared to the control. However, the feed conversion ratio value in the control group was much greater than those of the remaining groups. Amylase activity increased significantly with increasing culture duration and concentrations of noni extract supplementation. In the T3 group, amylase and protease activities exhibited the highest and most significant differences when compared to the control group. Moreover, the T3 group also exhibited a significantly higher survival rate in the challenge tests against low salinity or high ammonia. The results of this study indicate that noni fruit extract could be applied to shrimp feed to enhance growth, survival, and resistance to environmental stresses.

Simple Summary: The systematic status of Fuscozetes is not clear in the literature. Therefore, the morphological ontogeny of F. fuscipes, the type species of this genus, was investigated and compared with its congeners in this study, and a new diagnosis of Fuscozetes is given. The juveniles of F. fuscipes are light brown, with a brown prodorsum, sclerites, epimeres, and legs. In all juveniles, a humeral organ and a humeral macrosclerite are present. The gastronotum of the larva has 12 pairs of setae (h3 is present), while the nymphs have 15 pairs. In the larva, the gastronotal shield is weakly developed, most of the gastronotal setae are short and inserted on the microsclerites, and several other macrosclerites and many microsclerites are present on the hysterosoma. In the nymphs, the gastronotal shield is well developed, with 10 pairs of setae (d-, l-, and h-series, and p1), and setae p2 and p3 are located on a large posteroventral macrosclerite. In all the instars, femora I and II are oval in cross-section, without a large ventral carina. Mitochondrial COI sequence data revealed a deep split between the Nearctic and Palearctic populations of F. fuscipes, and a less, but significant, divergence within each continent. These strong geographical barriers were contrasted with multiple cases of shared haplotypes over long distances in the Palearctic, indicating high migration rates in modern times. The systematic status of Fuscozetes Sellnick, 1928, is not clear in the literature. Therefore, the morphological ontogeny of F. fuscipes (C.L. Koch, 1844), the type species of this genus, was investigated and compared with its congeners in this study, and a new diagnosis of Fuscozetes is given. The juveniles of F. fuscipes are light brown, with a brown prodorsum, sclerites, epimeres, and legs. In all juveniles, a humeral organ and a humeral macrosclerite are present. The gastronotum of the larva has 12 pairs of setae (h3 is present), whereas the nymphs have 15 pairs. In the larva, the gastronotal shield is weakly developed, and most gastronotal setae are short except for a slightly longer h2. Most of the gastronotal setae are inserted on the microsclerites except for h3, and several other macrosclerites and many microsclerites are present on the hysterosoma. In the nymphs, the gastronotal shield is well developed, with 10 pairs of setae (d-, l-, and h-series, and p1), and setae p2 and p3 are located on a large posteroventral macrosclerite. In all the instars, femora I and II are oval in cross-section, without a large ventral carina. Mitochondrial COI sequence data revealed a deep split between the Nearctic and Palearctic populations of F. fuscipes, and a less, but significant, divergence within each continent. These strong geographical barriers were contrasted with multiple cases of shared haplotypes over long distances in the Palearctic, indicating high migration rates in modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coral reefs have been declining worldwide due to multiple threats. Various approaches for coral restoration have been employed to increase coral populations. Sexual propagation is a crucial technique that can enhance the genetic diversity of coral offspring, thereby increasing coral reef resilience in the face of a changing environment. However, the effectiveness of using sexually reared corals for transplantation depends on many factors, including the biological traits of the coral and the physical environment. This study investigated the relationship between Acropora humilis and Symbiodiniaceae during the ontogenetic stages of the coral in ex-situ conditions and after transplantation to a natural reef. Coral sexual propagation techniques were conducted to produce experimental coral colonies. The fertilization rates of coral gametes averaged 98.48 ± 0.34%. However, the survival rate of juvenile corals gradually declined to 45.96 ± 1.31% at 18 months old under hatchery conditions and to 20% after transplantation to a natural reef. Acropora humilis associated with Symbiodiniaceae lineages belonging to three genera: Symbiodinium, Cladocopium, and Durusdinium. Reared juvenile corals developed a more specific and stable association with particular Symbiodiniaceae under hatchery conditions, whereas after transplantation, corals tended to contain a higher diversity of Symbiodiniaceae lineages. These results indicate that a shift in Symbiodiniaceae composition can provide longterm benefits to corals during their ontogenetic cycle and when the environment changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the possible deleterious lifelong impacts for youth who serve stints of incarceration in adult jails or prisons. Our study uses a sample of all youth ages 16 and 17 arrested in New York State in 1987 and follows their criminal careers for 24 years. New York was selected as the state processed, not just some, but all youth of this age as adults, allowing us to overcome issues of selection bias and to use natural variation to create a propensity score matched sample to compare similar youth who either were, or who were not, subject to this punishment. Findings reveal that youth who spent time in an adult jail or prison recidivate more often, more quickly, and commit more total offenses. We also find that being offered youthful offender status, a status that removes the public stigma of a criminal record, reduces recidivism, regardless of the incarceration experience. Our study is situated in theories of deterrence, social learning, and labeling, and we apply our findings to greater societal implications of subjecting youth to punishments traditionally reserved for mature adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemosporidians are a group of vector-borne parasites belonging to the order Haemosporida. These parasites infect avian hosts and require blood-sucking insects (Diptera) for transmission. The occurrence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites are shaped primarily by the specificity of the parasite and the susceptibility of the host/vector. In this study, the presence and distribution of haemosporidians in blood samples from birds in urbanized and natural habitats were estimated using microscopic and molecular approaches. Birds in urbanized habitats were infected with four different species of Plasmodium, P. relictum, P. vaughani, P. matutinum, and P. circumflexum, and one species of Haemoproteus, H. parabelopolskyi, and Leucocytozoon sp. The species H. attenuatus, H. concavocentralis, H. minutus, H. pallidus, H. noctuae, and H. tartakovskyi were additionally identified in birds in natural habitats. Typically, juvenile birds are essential markers of parasite species transmitted in the study area. The juveniles in the urbanized habitats carried P. relictum, P. vaughani, P. circumflexum, H. parabelopolskyi, and Leucocytozoon species. The most abundant parasite was H. parabelopolskyi, which was found in both habitat types. The prevalence of Haemoproteus/Plasmodium species determined by nested PCR in birds in natural habitats (43.80%; 53/121) was significantly greater than that in birds in urbanized habitats (21.94%; 43/196) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the infection rate of Leucocytozoon sp. between the habitat types (p > 0.05; 10/121 vs. 19/196). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diurnal activity budgets of giraffes were effectively studied from June 2012 until August 2013, in the Kalahari Region of southern Africa. Direct field observations identified how the daily activity budgets varied amongst the different subgroups of giraffes and the effects of seasonal changes and the time of the day. Feeding was the highest-performed activity whilst non-feeding activities were, however, also prominent. This study aimed to determine why giraffes are willing to sacrifice time on nonfeeding activities. A deeper look into the social and non-feeding-related behaviour of giraffes might prove that giraffes devote significant time to various other activities to improve their health and comfort. It unveils trade-offs between digestion efficiency and foraging, impacting energy gain. Understanding this balance informs conservation strategies, habitat management and their well-being. Investigating the motivations behind these behavioural choices unveils adaptive mechanisms, shedding light on the intricate interplay between physiological and ecological needs, ultimately contributing to a holistic comprehension of giraffe's ecological roles and promoting their coexistence with their environment. Such investigations also aid in highlighting why giraffes' social structures should be considered as complex and why further research is needed to better understand these relationships, amongst subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The drug epidemic presents a major danger to society, with serious implications for the economy, culture, security, and defense. It not only harms individual health but also contributes to criminal activity, destabilizes countries, and endangers their stability, prosperity, and longevity. The study focuses on the historical and legal aspects of the compulsory detoxification process for juveniles in Vietnam. This research delves into the measure of sending juvenile drug addicts to mandatory detoxification facilities. It reveals that the measure is essentially to detain drug users in such facilities. A comparative analysis is drawn between Vietnam's Law and human rights in International Law, leading the authors to contend that the Vietnamese Government might violate human rights in "The Fight and Prevention about Drugs." In response to this threat, the Government of Vietnam has taken proactive measures to establish guidelines, mechanisms, and policies aimed at preventing, combating, and controlling drug-related issues. Compulsory Detoxification for Juveniles in Vietnam is one of the most important prevention drug provisions in Vietnam's Law. Through practical surveys, when the Vietnamese Government applied this stern measure, the number of juvenile drugs not only failed to reduce but also slightly increased when put into practice. This paradox requires further interdisciplinary research to investigate the issue thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has reported high prevalence rates of head injury amongst juvenile justice involved youth and relations between head injury and different forms of offending. However, little is currently known about the extent to which head injury is associated with antisocial personality features – characteristics that are strongly correlated with adult antisocial personality disorder symptomatology. The current study aimed to address this void in the existing body of research by analyzing a longitudinal sample of juvenile detainees (N = 881) to examine the relationship between head injury during childhood or early adolescence and a wide range of antisocial personality features in late adolescence. Results from a series of logistic regression models reveal that head injury is associated with impulsivity and aggression more than other features of antisocial personality. The implications of these results for juvenile justice intervention programming and avenues for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sympatric red snappers, Lutjanus erythropterus and Lutjanus malabaricus, are highly valued by commercial and recreational fishers along the tropical northern coasts of Australia and throughout their distribution. Studies on the life history and ecology of these congeners are confounded by difficulties in distinguishing the cryptic juveniles of each species (i.e., < 200 mm total length). This study aimed to validate a robust and cost‐effective method to discriminate these juveniles using body and/or otolith morphometric data in a multivariate analysis. Juvenile samples were collected from the northwest (n = 71) and northeast (n = 19) coasts of Australia, and species identification was confirmed using DNA barcoding. The most parsimonious multivariate models achieved accurate species prediction rates of 98.8%, which consisted of just three body variables (dorsal fin length, the distance from the snout to the anterior edge of the eye, and either jaw length or distance from the snout to the preoperculum). The high level of discrimination for these cryptic juveniles highlights the robustness of this morphometric approach. The slightly lower rate of discrimination using otolith morphology (84.9%) was associated with greater regional variation in L. malabaricus between the northwest and northeast coasts. Slight variations in otolith shape are typically used to determine stock structure, which highlights the potential need to collect samples over a broader area of a species geographic range when using an otolith morphometric discrimination model. The method outlined in this study could be applied to distinguish other cryptic congeneric fish species, including from archived otolith collections. Moreover, this method has the potential to be utilized in assessing species compositions using body measurements from in situ stereo‐video. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrative studies on intraspecific differences of digestive enzymes, energy reserves, and morphological/somatic traits in juveniles and adults of estuarine-dependent marine fish while inhabiting inside a coastal lagoon are lacking. This study was carried on juveniles and adults of Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 inhabiting inside Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (Argentina). Both stages exhibited amylase, maltase, sucrase, lipase, trypsin, and aminopeptidase-N activities in the intestine, which were active over a wide range of pH and temperatures and exhibited Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Adults exhibited higher intestinal coefficient (31%), higher amylase (32%), and lower maltase (82%) and lipase activities (38%). Glycogen concentration in liver and muscle was similar, while free glucose concentration was higher in adults (772% and 400%, respectively). In adults, retroperitoneal fat (absent in juveniles) constituted the main triglycerides (TAG) storage site, while TAG concentration in liver and muscle was lower (86% and 80%, respectively) than that in juveniles. No differences were found in protein concentration in any storage organ. The results show that juveniles and adults exhibit a digestive and metabolic profile at the biochemical level and intraspecific differences in key components of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism that could support preparation for reproductive migration of adults outside the coastal lagoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological ontogeny of Melanozetes interruptusWillmann, 1953 is redescribed and illustrated. The juveniles of this species are brown with dark-brown sclerites. In juveniles humeral organ and humeral macrosclerite are present, seta c1 is inserted on humeral macrosclerite, and setae c2 and c3 are inserted on microsclerites. In the larva, the gastronotal shield has seven pairs of setae (d-, l-series and h1), in the nymphs it has nine pairs (d-, l-, h-series), whereas all setae of p-series are inserted on microsclerites, which is unique in Melanozetes Hull, 1916. In most nymphs of this genus seta p1 is inserted on gastronotal shield. In the juveniles and adult the legs are stocky, all femora are flattened, and femora I and II have a large ventral carina. Solenidion ω2 on tarsus I is located anterior to solenidion ω1 and is longer than ω1. In this species tarsal setae a are clearly longer than seta s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extract supplementation on the growth, survival, digestive enzymes, and stress tolerance of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were investigated. Shrimp were separated into four groups, with each group fed diets containing various concentrations of 0 (Control-T0), 0.5 (T1), 1 (T2), and 1.5% (T3) noni extract over a 56-day period. The results indicate that shrimp fed the T3 diet had the highest final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate among all groups. The survival rate and biomass of shrimp showed a significant difference in those groups fed noni-supplemented diets when compared to the control. However, the feed conversion ratio value in the control group was much greater than those of the remaining groups. Amylase activity increased significantly with increasing culture duration and concentrations of noni extract supplementation. In the T3 group, amylase and protease activities exhibited the highest and most significant differences when compared to the control group. Moreover, the T3 group also exhibited a significantly higher survival rate in the challenge tests against low salinity or high ammonia. The results of this study indicate that noni fruit extract could be applied to shrimp feed to enhance growth, survival, and resistance to environmental stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortisol expression has been demonstrated to have variation across development in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). There exists contradictory evidence for the nature of this change, and age at which it occurs, across biological sample types. Consequently, we lack a cohesive understanding for cortisol concentrations across the development of a major human health translational model. We examined hair cortisol concentrations over the first 3 years of life for 49 mother‐reared infant macaques from mixed‐sex outdoor units at the California National Primate Research Center. For 48 of these subjects at infancy, 1 year, and 2 years, we obtained plasma cortisol samples for response to a stressor, adjustment to prolonged stress, and response to dexamethasone injection. Hair cortisol concentrations decreased dramatically between 3 and 10 months, followed by relative stability up to the final sampling event at around 34 months of age. Plasma cortisol showed within‐year consistency, and consistency between infancy and year 1. We document variability in the infant plasma cortisol samples, especially in percent change between samples 1 and 2. Our plasma cortisol results indicate that infants possess the physiological capacity to effectively inhibit the release of cortisol when stimulated, as effectively as later responses in juveniles. Age‐related changes in hair cortisol parallel findings indicating a large decline in the weeks following postparturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Since the introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5, a limited prosocial emotion (LPE) specifier has been added to the conduct disorder (CD) diagnosis in addition to the age of onset specifier. It was suggested that this would identify a subgroup with severe antisocial and/or aggressive behavior with serious current and future (mental health) impairment. Research in recent years has shown that this is indeed a subgroup with severe antisocial behavior; however, mental health problems do not appear to differ from those of youth with CD without LPE. Most research to date has been cross-sectional. However, longitudinal research is urgently needed to better understand the predictive value of the LPE specifier. The aim of the current longitudinal study is to examine future offending behavior of youth with CD with compared to youth without the LPE specifier. In addition, the predictive value of the categorical LPE specifier and the dimensional LPE score will be examined beyond factors that are strongly associated with future offending (i.e., gender, age, and prior offending). Methods Adolescents and young adults (12–25) with CD (assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version [K-SADS-PL]) with (N = 61) and without (N = 75) the LPE specifier (assessed with the Callous-Unemotional [CU] dimension of the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory [YPI]) (in line with Jambroes et al., 2016) were compared on sociodemographic characteristics, mental health problems and offending behavior. Future (general and violent) offending was based on official conviction data. Results Our results showed that youth with CD with and without the LPE specifier did not differ in self-reported and informant-reported mental health problems. However, youth with CD with the LPE specifier showed more offending behavior and personality pathology at baseline. In addition, the categorical LPE specifier was associated with future general offending, but not with future violent offending. The dimensional LPE score was associated with both future general and violent offending. However, after adjustment for gender, age, and prior delinquency, these associations disappeared, with the exception of the association between the dimensional LPE score and violent offending, which remained significant even after controlling for gender, age, and prior violent offending. Discussion In conclusion, there seems to be evidence of a relationship between limited prosocial emotions and future offending behavior in youth with CD. This relationship, however, should not be overestimated, as there are other (static) factors (e.g. gender and prior offending behavior) that also have a strong influence on future (violent) offending behavior. Still, from a clinical point of view, a dynamic factor like prosocial emotional skills is a good focus for reducing the risk of future offending behavior.

At present, the research on the physiological effects of transportation activities on aquatic organisms mainly focuses on fish, crustaceans and echinoderms. There are lacking details for transportation effect on Pteria penguin. In order to explore the effects of transportation modes on the survival, growth, digestion and antioxidant properties of P. penguin juveniles, this study was carried out under the conditions of transportation with water and without water, respectively. The experiments were carried out under the conditions of two modes of transportation with water and without water for 8 hour, respectively. The water temperature was controlled at (20.0±2.0) ℃ for transportation with water, while the temperature in the waterless styrofoam box was controlled at (15.0±3.0) ℃. The culture was temporarily maintained for 14 days after transportation. The breeding conditions and management methods were basically the same before and after transportation. The water temperature was (27.5±1.0) ℃, and the salinity was (31.5±0.5). Every day change 2/3 of the water and feed the mixed algae liquid of Isochrysis zhanjiangensis, Chaetoceros muelleri and Platymonas subcordiformis. The survival rates and growth parameters were estimated after 8 h transportation, 7 days and 14 days temporarily maintained, respectively. The P. penguin juveniles were sampled before transportation and used as control group, then juveniles were divided into two experimental groups for transportation with and without water respectively. The juveniles from different experimental groups were randomly sampled after transportation. Then, the juveniles were sampled on the 7th day and 14th day of the recovery period. The activity of amylase (AMS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and the content of cortisol were used as biochemical indicators. The frozen soft tissues were dissected on the ice surface and homogenized on ice in 0.2 mol/L (w/v) ice-cold physiological saline, and the homogenates were centrifuged at 2 500 r/min for 10 min. Take the supernatant for enzyme activity determination, and repeat the determination 3 times for each sample. The results showed that the survival rates with water transport and waterless transport were (98.00±0.57)% and (97.00±1.00)%, respectively. On the 14th day of the recovery period, the survival rates with water transport and waterless transport reached (97.00±1.00)% and (82.00±0.71)%, respectively. Furthermore, after 14 days recovery, the shell length, shell height and body weight of P. penguin in water transport were significantly higher than those in waterless transport (P < 0.05), while the content of cortisol level was (1 999.50±10.18) µg/L in the P. penguin transported with water, which was significantly higher than those transported without water [(1 668.46±20.36) µg/L]. The amylase activity after both transports increased, and on the 14th day of the recovery period, the amylase activity after transport with water increased to (1.56±0.08) U/mg prot, which was significantly higher than (1.06±0.04) U/mg prot with transport without water (P < 0.05). The activities of GOT and GPT were increased in water transportation, while decreasing in waterless transportation. During the recovery stage, the ACP activity was decreased to (79.56±1.04) U/mg prot at 14th day in water transportation group, while increased to (168.24±3.46) U/mg prot in waterless transportation group. Furthermore, the GOT and GPT activities were trends to increase both in water and waterless transportation, while SOD activity was trend to decrease. The research results show that under certain conditions, water transport and waterless transport can significantly affect the growth, digestion and antioxidant properties of juveniles. Under these two transport modes, the water transport effect and the later physiological recovery are relatively better, with higher survival rate and better growth. After transportation, the body of the P. penguin needs a certain period of time to recover to a normal state, and then can be more adaptive to other adverse environmental factors.

Analysis of biochemical energy reserves of five isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) were conducted. SDS-PAGE of total protein of infective juveniles of all the five EPN isolates viz. 5S, 13S, 17H, 19H and 20H, differentiated them in to two genus. This study showed marked qualitative differences in IJs (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) electrophoresis by SDS-PAGE resulting different band patterns. Therefore, it may be speculated that the nematode isolate 5S and 13S were may be the same species of Steinernema and isolate 17H, 19H and 20H were may be the same species of Heterorhabditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In adult rats, omega-3 supplementation through fish oil (FO) and environmental enrichment (EE) have shown beneficial effects on cognition and stress regulation. This study assessed sex-specific effects of FO and EE during adolescence, a period critical for brain maturation, on adulthood coping mechanisms, sociability, and glucocorticoid regulation. An amount of 64 Wistar rats [n = 32/sex; postnatal day (PND) 23] were assigned to supplementation of control soybean oil (CSO) or menhaden fish oil (FO; 0.3 mL/100 g) from PND28 to 47 and exposed to EE or regular cage (RC) housing from PND28 to 58, with their blood corticosterone (CORT) levels being assessed weekly. As adults, exposure to repeated forced swim tests (FSTs; PND90–91) enabled analysis of coping responses, while socioemotional and memory responses were evaluated using the OFT, EPM, SIT, and Y maze tests (PND92–94). Immunohistochemistry determined hippocampal CA1/CA3 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression (PND95). CORT secretion gradually increased as the supplementation period elapsed in female rats, while changes were minimal in males. Coping strategies in the FST differed between sexes, particularly in FO-fed rats, where females and males, respectively, favoured floating and tail support to minimise energy consumption and maintain immobility. In the SIT, FO/EE promoted sociability in females, while a CSO diet favoured social recognition in males. Reduced CA3 GR-ir expression was found in FO/RC and CSO/EE rat groups, supporting stress resilience and memory consolidation. Our findings support environment and dietary conditions to exert a sex-specific impact on biobehavioural responses.

The article deals with issues related to the crime and resocialisation of juvenile in Poland. Numerous statistics, the characteristics of centers intended for juveniles, as well as a description of psychological interactions in the social rehabilitation of juveniles manifesting aggressive and self-aggressive behavior were taken into account. The article presents aggression as learned behaviors that can be changed using well-chosen psychological methods, with particular emphasis on methods based on cognitive behavioral therapy. The effectiveness of these therapies has been noted. The article indicates the advantages and disadvantages of this form of interaction along with comments that could be applied in the future. Among the advantages, the structuring of the method was indicated. On the other hand, the disadvantages included among others motivation of participants. An important aspect of the variety of activities was highlighted in order to keep participants motivated.

Abstract Predation and competition are among the most important factors affecting sandfish, Holothuria scabra, growth and survival in ocean‐based production systems. In this study, the potential predators and competitors of sandfish juveniles reared at two sites in the Philippines using the floating hapa ocean nursery system were assessed. A total of 26 species of potential predators and competitors from 16 different families of fishes, molluscs and crustaceans were recorded. These taxa were dominated by the opisthobranch Stylocheilus striatus at Bolinao (north–west Luzon) and the isopod Cymodoce sp. at Maliwaliw (eastern Visayas). Highest number of potential predators and competitors that recruited and/or migrated to the inside of floating hapa nets was recorded on day 23 at Bolinao and day 30 at Maliwaliw, then decreased over the 69‐day duration of the study. Mean length, absolute growth rates (AGRs) and survival of sandfish juveniles reared in floating hapas at the two sites varied during the study. AGRs were highest at 1.17 ± 0.06 mm day−1 at Bolinao, and 1 ± 0.08 mm day−1 at Maliwaliw, by days 23 and 60, respectively. Mean lengths of sandfish juveniles reared at Bolinao and Maliwaliw by the end of the study were 46.7 ± 0.15 and 58.8 ± 2.4 mm, respectively, and survival at both sites was high at 96% by the end of the study. Negative correlations were observed between the number of individual predators and competitors, and survival and growth rates of sandfish juveniles reared at Bolinao and Maliwaliw, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of predator and competitor management measures and appropriate site selection to optimize growth performance and survival of sandfish juveniles reared in ocean‐based culture production systems.

Existen varios estudios sobre análisis hematológicos en tortugas marinas a nivel mundial que permiten evaluar el estado de salud de sus poblaciones. El resultado de estos análisis constituye el primer indicio de alguna alteración fisiológica en estos reptiles. Es importante destacar que estos valores pueden variar por diversas razones como ubicación geográfica, especie, población, tamaño, entre otros. En Venezuela, la mayoría de los estudios sobre perfiles sanguíneos se han dirigido a individuos adultos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo describir los hemogramas de ejemplares inmaduros de tortuga verde (Chelonia mydas) capturados incidentalmente en el Golfo de Venezuela en varios puertos pesqueros artesanales. Se analizaron muestras sanguíneas de 28 individuos de tortuga verde entre los años 2009 – 2012. El promedio del Largo Curvo de Caparazón fue de 36,06 ± 16,15 cm, considerándose en su totalidad individuos inmaduros. Las variables hematológicas registradas mostraron valores dentro de los intervalos referentes para la especie según estudios realizados en la zona; con excepción de algunos individuos que presentaron valores de hematocrito, RGR (106·μL-1), heterófilos, eosinófilos, monocitos y linfocitos superiores. Los hemogramas resultan en una herramienta diagnóstica rápida y económica, que permite evaluar, detectar y descartar una amplia variedad de enfermedades. Estos esfuerzos permitirán diferenciar individuos enfermos de sanos y detectar cambios en los parámetros por procesos fisiológicos, como el crecimiento, estatus hormonal y estrés. En función de los hallazgos patológicos poder definir estrategias de rehabilitación y seguimiento de los ejemplares.