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Additional file 3:. Supplementary clinical patient outcome evaluated by outcome assessors. Cases of cerebral CT examinations marked by one or both assessors as needing evaluation by specialist in neuroradiology, non-traumatic incidental findings on cerebral CT examinations and cause of death within 7 days of the trauma extracted from the Cause of Death Register.

Additional file 2:. Post-hoc sensitivity analysis of the data in the current study to investigate diagnostic accuracy of prehospital S100B concentrations adjusted for the maximum effect of prehospital sample transport.

Additional file 1:. Diagnostic accuracy tables of GFAP concentrations in prehospital blood samples and of GFAP concentrations in in-hospital blood samples for ruling out of traumatic intracranial lesions in mild TBI patients.

Background: Studies in anesthetized patients suggest that phenylephrine reduces regional cerebral oxygen saturation compared with ephedrine. The present study aimed to quantify the effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in brain tumor patients. The authors hypothesized that phenylephrine reduces cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in selected brain regions compared with ephedrine. Methods: In this double-blinded, randomized clinical trial, 24 anesthetized patients with brain tumors were randomly assigned to ephedrine or phenylephrine treatment. Positron emission tomography measurements of cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in peritumoral and normal contralateral regions were performed before and during vasopressor infusion. The primary endpoint was between-group difference in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen. Secondary endpoints included changes in cerebral blood flow, oxygen extraction fraction, and regional cerebral oxygen saturation. Results: Peritumoral mean ± SD cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen values before and after vasopressor (ephedrine, 67.0 ± 11.3 and 67.8 ± 25.7 µmol · 100 g -1· min -1; phenylephrine, 68.2 ± 15.2 and 67.6 ± 18.0 µmol · 100 g -1· min -1) showed no intergroup difference (difference [95% CI], 1.5 [-13.3 to 16.3] µmol · 100 g -1· min -1[P = 0.839]). Corresponding contralateral hemisphere cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen values (ephedrine, 90.8 ± 15.9 and 94.6 ± 16.9 µmol · 100 g -1· min -1; phenylephrine, 100.8 ± 20.7 and 96.4 ± 17.7 µmol · 100 g -1· min -1) showed no intergroup difference (difference [95% CI], 8.2 [-2.0 to 18.5] µmol · 100 g -1· min -1[P = 0.118]). Ephedrine significantly increased cerebral blood flow (difference [95% CI], 3.9 [0.7 to 7.0] ml · 100 g -1· min -1[P = 0.019]) and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (difference [95% CI], 4 [1 to 8]% [P = 0.024]) in the contralateral hemisphere compared to phenylephrine. The change in oxygen extraction fraction in both regions (peritumoral difference [95% CI], -0.6 [-14.7 to 13.6]% [P = 0.934]; contralateral hemisphere difference [95% CI], -0.1 [- 12.1 to 12.0]% [P = 0.989]) were comparable between groups. Conclusions: The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen changes in peritumoral and normal contralateral regions were similar between ephedrine- and phenylephrine-treated patients. In the normal contralateral region, ephedrine was associated with an increase in cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral oxygen saturation compared with phenylephrine.