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Introduction: The association of plant-based dietary patterns with health outcomes has traditionally been assessed without considering nutritional value. The plant-based dietary index (PDI), first published in 2016, overcomes this limitation with both a healthful PDI (hPDI) and an unhealthful PDI (uPDI), based on the quality of plant foods consumed plus the frequency of animal foods. We sought to summarize the breadth of research using the hPDI and uPDI to gain insight into how the quality of plant-based dietary patterns might be associated with health outcomes., Methods: Scoping review of studies that used the PDI, hPDI, or uPDI to report associations with health outcomes. Multiple databases were searched from 2010 through April 2023 with 2 authors independently assessing eligibility and extracting data. In addition to assessing the association of the indices to health outcomes, we determined the frequency of concordant or discordant findings for hPDI versus PDI and for hPDI versus uPDI., Results: We included 95 articles (54% longitudinal, 37% cross-sectional, and 9% case-control) with a median sample size of 3,646. Higher hPDI levels were associated with favorable health outcomes in 36% of comparisons (most often for obesity, mortality, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychiatric disorders), compared to 25% for the PDI and only 2% for the uPDI. Conversely, higher levels of the uPDI were associated with unfavorable health outcomes in 33% of comparisons, in contrast to under 1% for the hPDI and 2% for the PDI. When the hPDI association to an outcome was discordant with the uPDI or PDI, the significance and directionality always favored the hPDI over the uPDI, and nearly always favored the hPDI over the PDI., Discussion: Dietary indices that account for the quality of plant foods can show health benefits that might be missed by a generic plant-based index. A greater focus on the quality of plant foods could improve nutrition guidelines, raise awareness about the benefits of adding unrefined plant foods to the diet, and empower consumers to make incremental additions of such foods to displace unhealthy foods. We anticipate increasing use of indices that address food quality in future research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor AB declared a shared committee American College of Lifestyle Medicine with the authors RR at the time of review., (Copyright © 2023 Rosenfeld, Juszczak and Wong.)

Diet is essential to health and can modulate inflammatory markers, the microbiota, and epigenetic outcomes. Proper nutrition is also key to good postsurgical outcomes. Diet is challenging to study, resulting in a relative dearth of influential studies. There is substantial evidence regarding the benefits of a whole food plant-predominant diet on health and longevity, in general, but limited evidence regarding otolaryngologic disorders. Diet may be associated with the risk of head and neck cancer, hearing loss, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and sinonasal symptoms. Evidence, however, is heterogenous and often insufficient for treatment recommendations. Many opportunities exist for future research and expansion.., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Lifestyle medicine is a relatively new specialty that focuses on behavior change to prevent, treat, and reverse chronic disease and promote wellness. It is relevant to any medical or surgical field that deals with noninfectious chronic disease and to any individual or community pursuing health and wellness. Lifestyle medicine offers evidence-based interventions and tools to foster wellness and resiliency in ourselves and our patients. This commentary gives a brief background of lifestyle medicine and how embracing the discipline could benefit the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the field of otolaryngology overall. Specifically, we describe opportunities to improve patient health, promote personal wellness, combat burnout, and foster unity among otolaryngology subspeciality societies., (© The Authors 2021.)

Recent evidence has highlighted important associations between obstructive sleep apnea and the microbiome. Although the intricacies of the pathophysiologic mechanisms are not well understood, available evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and microbiota composition. Sleep fragmentation, intermittent hypoxia, and intermittent hypercapnia all play significant roles in altering the microbiome, and initial evidence has shown that alterations of the microbiota affect sleep patterns. Animal model evidence strongly supports the idea that the microbiome mediates disease states associated with obstructive sleep apnea including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and obesity. While evidence is limited, several studies suggest there may be a role for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea-related comorbidities through alteration of the microbiome with probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplantation., (© Sleep Research Society 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Purpose of Review: Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) presents with symptoms of aural fullness and pressure, muffled hearing, tinnitus, and otalgia. When severe, it can lead to many common ear disorders such as otitis media with effusion, tympanic membrane retraction/perforation, and cholesteatoma. These diseases are prevalent in both the pediatric and adult population and significantly impact quality of life. The pathophysiology of ETD in the absence of an obstructive lesion has long been debated but is thought to be related to functional obstruction (i.e., inefficient tensor veli palatini muscle) and/or nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal inflammation. In the acute setting, the most common cause of nasal inflammation is an upper respiratory infection. When symptoms become chronic, however, the inflammation is thought to be associated with nasal irritants such as nasal allergens, i.e., allergic rhinitis (AR). The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the relationship between allergy and ETD., Recent Findings: Past studies are either lacking or have reported equivocal findings regarding the relationship between allergy and ETD, and the 2018 International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis has deemed the current level of evidence linking AR and ETD as low quality. A more recent study using a large adult population dataset did support an association between AR and ETD, but did not find that all cases of ETD are related to allergies. Furthermore, current evidence suggests that the use of medications that can decrease intranasal inflammation, such as intranasal corticosteroids or oral antihistamines, does not result in significant symptomatic improvement in patients with ETD. However, these studies included all patients with ETD, and evidence is lacking regarding the treatment effect of these medications on the subset of patients with concurrent AR and ETD. Current best evidence does support an association between AR and ETD; however, not all patients with ETD suffer from AR, and vice versa. Further research is necessary to understand the mechanism behind this positive association and to elucidate the cause of chronic ETD in patients without associated allergies.

Purpose of Review: To summarize current surgical and nonsurgical approaches to facial gender confirming surgery (FGCS) and highlight standards of care and areas of future research., Recent Findings: Gender nonconforming individuals may encounter considerable internal coping and external social stressors that may contribute to gender-associated dysphoria. FGCS provides patients the ability to align facial appearance with gender identity, using recently described advances in surgical and nonsurgical techniques. The majority of FGCS is performed on transwomen (individuals identifying as female), yielding the more common term of facial feminization surgery (FFS). Although no set protocols or standards are in place, certain procedures are commonly performed to alter sex-determining characteristics of the face, and further research may help define guidelines. As many training programs have minimal exposure to FGCS, promotion of transgender health awareness is paramount for diverse and inclusive surgical training., Summary: Although demand for FGCS is increasing, there remains a need for improving surgical approaches, developing evidence-based care guidelines, and implementing education and awareness in training programs.

A number of medications for short-term and long-term use have been linked to an increased risk for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC). Immunosuppressive medications are associated with an increased risk for KC and melanoma due to reduction of antitumor immune surveillance, and some immunosuppressive agents directly impact DNA replication and repair. Clinical and epidemiologic studies have shown an increased risk for KC in users of photosensitizing medications. Additional mechanisms include drug-induced modulation of DNA damage repair, enhancement of keratinocyte proliferation, and direct carcinogenic effect. Alternatively, some medications potentially decrease KC risk. This article reviews the literature on medications associated with KC risk., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)