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Introduction. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) assesses the 10-year type 2 diabetes risk in adults by identifying individuals with overweight or obesity, inadequate physical activity, poor nutrition, or a family or personal history of hyperglycemia. Aim. The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of personal history of increased (pre-diabetic) venous blood glucose on body weight, waist circumference, the magnitude of arterial pressure, and the total FINDRISC score of randomly selected individuals. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in years 2015/2016 on 190 individuals – 96 women and 94 men. We determined FINDRISC score and measured blood pressure twice. The results were analyzed in STATISTICA 10 at p < 0.05. Results. Interestingly, subjects with personal history of increased blood glucose had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (p=0.03), but not diastolic blood pressure, than subjects with history of normoglycemia. Both waist circumference (p=0.01) and total FINDRISC scores (p

Introduction. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire is a screening tool used to estimate the 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes in adults by identifying individuals with overweight or obesity, inadequate physical activity, poor nutrition, or a family or personal history of hyperglycemia. Aim. The objective of the study was to analyze the incidence of cigarette smoking in randomly selected individuals screened with FINDRISC scale, and the effect of nicotinism on body weight, waist circumference, the magnitude of arterial pressure, and the total FINDRISC scores. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2016 in Lublin on 99 individuals – 51 women and 48 men. We determined FINDRISC score and measured blood pressure twice. The results were analyzed in STATISTICA 10 at p < 0.05. Results. Only 12 individuals (12.12% of total 99 subjects; 7 females and 5 males) declared heavy smoking. Surprisingly, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure values, and total FINDRISC values did not significantly differ between heavy smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions. A low incidence of nicotinism in the examined population proves an effectiveness of a public program encouraging to non-smoking. In opposition to common beliefs, nicotinism is not an efficient tool for weight reduction. The diabetes risk seems to be not increased by cigarette smoking; however this result should be confirmed in a study on the larger group of patients.

Introduction and aim of the study. Currently only minimal information is available regarding ketoacidosis without significant hyperglycemia. Some study describe that the sodium –glucose cotransporters (SGLT) may alter the normal balance between gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis.Aim of the study is to present the problem of the occurrence of ketoacidosis without hyperglycemia. Results. Phlorizen, the sodium –glucose cotransporters SGLT inhibitor was recognized to increase acetoacetate reabsorption and to induce hyperketonemia to an extent comparable to that seen with insulin deficiency. SGLT2 is expressed on the α -cells of the pancreatic islets, functioning in their glucose-sensing mechanism, so that earlier reports of SGLT2 inhibition-induced hyperglucagonemia. Episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis with SGLT2 inhibitors use were characterized by lower blood glucose levels. Drugs as ipragliflozin, dapagliflozin and tofogliflozin (SGLT inhibitors) may increase ketogenesis. Ipragliflozin increases lipolysis and both fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. In trials of tofogliflozin hyperketonemia and ketonuria were reported, with dose-related increases both in β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Conclusions. Ketoacidosis may cause by phlorizen – SGLT inhibitor with slightly / moderately elevated levels of blood glucose.

A vaccine is a formulation of biological origin that contains substances capable of inducing immune processes without the ability to cause a disease. Vaccination is considered the best mean to prevent infectious diseases and their serious complications. Vaccination of a pregnant women can provide protection against severe infectious diseases of both pregnant women and their children. The aim of the study is to present currently available types of vaccines recommended for pregnant women and indications for their use by analyzing the data available in the PubMed, and Medline electronic databases. In the United States, vaccination recommendations for pregnant women include inactivated influenza vaccine and tetanus and diphtheria toxoid vaccine (Tdap). In some countries, pregnant women also receive a vaccine against hepatitis B as well as anti hepatitis A and E. There are also studies on vaccines against the RSV virus and pneumococci. Vaccination is the most effective form of prevention of infectious diseases and their use during pregnancy does not entail any additional risk to the mother or her baby. The benefits of vaccination are huge, so pregnant women should take recommended vaccination and shouldn’t be afraid of using them.

Background and objectives. Body modifications are practices leading to transient or permanent change of various parts of human body. The most popular forms of body modifications are: tattooing and piercing. The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of the most popular body modifications (tattoos and piercing) among young adults aged 18-32 years and to collect and analyze the opinion about body modifications and to determine their knowledge about the complications possible after these procedures. Material and methods. The study was conducted in February 2017 among 251 individuals: 146 females (58.17%) and 105 males (41.83%). An original questionnaire was used. It consisted of questions about body modifications. Researchers recorded body modifications the respondents have had. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Participants were randomly selected. Results were analyzed with STATISTICA 12.5 and ANOVA program; p

The Bone as part of organ motion is a rich source of research related to Physiology and pathology. Orthopaedics as a bone test for pathology, primarily associated with the disorder the correct structural axis, and impaired motor function. However, bones are also a rapidly acting, living element significantly influencing the metabolism of the whole body. Impact on we cannot detect virtually all elements of the environment, starting with nutrition, the composition of the air. Often the subject of research are complex chemical compounds, forgetting that their basic building blocks-atoms of chemical elements - can have a significant impact on the functioning of the body.Studies show that calcium supplementation in reducing the risk of fracture osteoporetycznych. Especially with the level of calcium interferuje phosphorus, which intake should be strictly controlled because of the risk of acidification of the body. Some elements such as zinc, selenium, can interfere with the absorption of harmful compounds, and their supplementation seems to be particularly beneficial and interesting. Element of the application calls the big emotions is also fluoride - which compounds even though applications in dentistry, may cause toxic effects on bone. Element whose derivatives due to the environmental pollution commonly surrounds us is so that cadmium, which calls the strongly negative impact not only on bone tissue, but also a variety of other tissues and organs.This work is an attempt at synthetic summary of available knowledge about the elements that build bone, and its metabolism affecting positively or negatively.