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In the global rankings of digitalisation and Industry 4.0 maturity, Finland constantly places among the frontrunners. This study examines the path Finland has taken to reach the forefront, the drivers, and the current challenges and future opportunities related to Industry 4.0 and digitalisation. This analysis is based on extensive experience in Industry 4.0-related ecosystem projects, policy documentation and previous research. As Finland focuses on the export of high-value-added products and services, the early adoption of new technologies is vital and thus a key driver. Moreover, the national culture of innovation, R&D and triple helix collaboration have driven Industry 4.0 implementation alongside a highly skilled workforce. However, multiple barriers hindering full Industry 4.0 utilisation still exist, including SMEs’ hesitation to digitalise due to insufficient support mechanisms, an aging population and the difficulty in finding single-source solutions. Respective future opportunities were found in areas such as smart sustainable manufacturing and ecosystems, enhanced SME involvement, lifelong learning and platform economy. Currently, Finland is moving from digitalisation towards a twin transition and sustainable ecosystem-to-ecosystem collaboration. Practical early-stage examples of implementing this policy include the AI 4.0 and the Sustainable Industry X supercluster initiatives.

The industrial internet has been described as a new industrial revolution, a significant re-shaper of markets and a global impetus for growth. Finland is looking for new growth opportunities and competitive edge in the industrial internet. The Prime Minister’s Office has identified it as one of its key themes. This project is run by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Aalto University and ETLA, the Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. The Finnish industrial internet – from challenge to opportunity is a project which will carry out an extensive evaluation of the grand scheme of internet economics, clarifying its social and economic impacts both within Finland and globally, while focusing on Finnish manufacturing industry. Furthermore, the project will cover other critical areas of business life (such as energy, transport and logistics, trade, property and infrastructure) as well as the functioning of the public sector. Finland has all the prerequisites for success: a competitive and international technology industry, solid ICT skills, and a public sector that is well-managed and capable of reform. The Finnish industrial internet – from challenge to opportunity project will produce suggestions for policy and measures that would enable Finnish society and Finnish industry to best create and capture value added from this opportunity. This report serves as a background synthesis for the theme.

Teollinen Internet (TI) on tämän hetken tärkeimpiä murroksia niin Suomessa kuin maailmanlaajuisesti. Myös Suomelle haetaan uutta kasvua ja kilpailukykyä Teollisen Internetin hyödyntämisen kautta. Valtioneuvoston kanslia (VNK) onkin nimennyt sen yhdeksi kärkiteemoistaan ja päättänyt toteuttaa selvitystyön teemalla "Suomalainen Teollinen Internet - haasteesta mahdollisuudeksi". Tämän raportin pääsisältö on joukko toimenpide-ehdotuksia, joilla edistetään Suomessa toimivien yritysten menestystä Teollisen Internetin aiheuttamassa murroksessa ja tehdään Suomesta houkutteleva sijoittumiskohde yritysten eri toiminnoille. Samanaikaisesti kun julkinen valta luo suotuisia puitteita, yritysten, erityisesti niiden hallitusten ja toimivan johdon, toivotaan osoittavan kasvuun tähtäävää johtajuutta ja aktiivista vuoropuhelua positiivisen investointi- ja kasvukierteen aikaansaamiseksi.

The publication includes a generic roadmap, a short overview of the needs, and the technology enablers towards ubiquitous society. The main part of this work presents several claims together with the vision and reasoning behind each one, trends, signs, and near and long-term future possibilities. A dedicated chapter deals with the new business opportunities. The main findings were that human nature will be the same in a ubiquitous world but that the possibilities and means to do things will broaden considerably. Embedded electronics and smart devices in our surroundings will communicate for our benefit in smart spaces all around our everyday lives. Energy production, transfer, storage and use will be optimized with smart grid and energy harvesting technologies. Smart devices will provide us with digital sense and means to interact and live with the virtual world. Ever-present and fluent connectivity to the Internet makes the supporting technologies and wireless networks disappear from the users' knowledge. Similarly, the cloud will be hidden from the users. Smartness will penetrate vehicles and the road infrastructure. Technologies are being applied more often to new purposes rather than to what they were intended for in the first place. The Virtual and real worlds mimic each other, replicate and make the impossible possible. It will not always be possible to tell real from virtual. Collaboration and cognitivity will bring benefits over single device or object functionality. The integration of virtual world with the real world gives humanity a new dimension of life.

In this report we present a potential vision of the development of the critical communication technologies and services on a several year timescale. The focus is in those technologies that have a strong potential to develop further and which may provide opportunities for new services or applications as well as fresh businesses chances. These technologies are also potential objects for challenging research work. The roadmap that we present in this report is based on the public roadmaps (listed in Appendix 2) and it also integrates the wide material, which the GIGA programme's thematic groups had gathered. Other important sources were the work done in the GIGA programme's research projects, especially the latest studies that were done about business dynamics and modelling of business in the mobile internet section. Several specific interviews for focusing our view were also carried out with experts from the Finnish industry and the research organizations.

In the AuRa project an efficient wireless networking scheme for mobile terminals with advanced services and negotiated quality of service (QoS) level was researched and developed. The project consisted of various topics in the various communication layers of the OSI model. In the physical and data link layers area spectral efficiency was researched It was observed that log-normal shadowing is very crucial for the spectral efficiency. In outdoor positioning, advantages of wideband channel delay profiles were utilised so that database correlation method (DCM) algorithm can locate the terminal using only one base station hereby avoiding the problem common to observed time difference of arrival algorithm (OTDOA). For the indoor positioning a configuration tool was developed to make signal chart measurement faster with more dense and accurate grid. Hence, the typical accuracy of positioning in indoor of 2 m was achieved. In vertical handover topics signalling schemes as well as key parameters mapping and classification for the related QoS issues were developed in order to make vertical handover possible between the WLAN and UTMS networks. In the QoS research an end-to-end QoS measurement tool was also developed. From the measurements significant variations in end-to-end latency time of General Packet Radio Systems (GPRS) were observed between different operators and terminal types. Network layer topics included power efficiency research on ad hoc and sensor networks taking into consideration mobility of nodes and the number of sequential hops in signalling and data delivery. Furthermore, methods and tools for parallel networking simulation were researched and the graphical user interface tool for the NS2 simulation tool was built with the aim of hiding the complexity of NS2 tool's scripts and distribution of simulation runs.

We report a high-resolution coincident experiment between the Ar 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 photoelectrons and subsequently emitted L23-M23M23 Auger electrons, where the 2p photoelectrons were ionized far above the threshold. We demonstrate the applicability of the coincidence method when separating the different ionization and decay channels even in the case of strongly overlapping peaks. The measurement was carried out with a new high-energy-resolution electrostatic analyzer that is capable of recording the single and coincidence spectra at large range of emission angles simultaneously. An anomalous value was found for the 2P3/2-(3P012/1D2) intensity ratio in the 2p3/2 coincidence spectrum, while all the other relative intensities are in good agreement with the previously published data. The possible reasons for the difference are discussed.

Teollinen internet (TI) on tämän hetken tärkeimpiä murroksia niin Suomessa kuin maailmanlaajuisesti. Suomelle haetaan uutta kasvua ja kilpailukykyä teollisen internetin hyödyntämisen kautta. Valtioneuvoston kanslia (VNK) on nimennyt sen yhdeksi kärkiteemoistaan ja teettää selvitystyön teemalla "Suomalainen teollinen internet - haasteesta mahdollisuudeksi". Selvityksen toteuttaa erillinen työryhmä, joka koostuu alan tutkijoista ja asiantuntijoista VTT:stä, Aalto-yliopistosta ja ETLAsta. Selvitystyö koostuu neljästä osiosta: taustoittava kooste (tämä raportti), skenaariot ja vaikutukset, Suomen vahvuudet ja heikkoudet sekä toimenpidesuositukset. Hankkeen painotus on suomalaisessa valmistavassa teollisuudessa, mutta se leikkaa teollisuuden lisäksi myös muita keskeisiä elinkeinoelämän alueita (mm. energia, liikenne ja logistiikka, kauppa, kiinteistöt ja infrastruktuuri) sekä julkisen sektorin toimintaa. Hankkeen tuloksena syntyy perusteltu käsitys internet-talouden vaikutuksista Suomessa ja suomalaiseen teollisuuteen osana globaalia kehitystä, arvio Suomen vahvuuksista ja heikkouksista teollisen internetin mahdollisuuksien hyödyntämisessä sekä johtopäätökset ja toimenpidesuositukset julkisille toimijoille. Suositukset voivat sisältää ehdotuksia TKI-investoinneista, sääntelystä tai sen purkamisesta ja julkisiin hankintoihin liittyvistä toimista sekä koulutuksesta. Tämä taustoittava kooste sisältää teollisen internetin määritelmän, kuvaa murrosta sekä sen tuomia mahdollisuuksia sekä esittelee teollisen internetin edelläkävijöitä Suomessa ja muualla.

This publication presents visions and roadmaps for the Internet of Things, focusing on global asset management and smart lighting, with a strong productivity perspective. To maintain welfare and growth in Europe, a substantial productivity leap is needed. The Internet of Things (IoT) - the next step in ICT evolution - will boost productivity and create new business opportunities. In global asset management, productivity improves when downtime of production assets decrease and unnecessary service calls are eliminated. In smart lighting, productivity improves when there is right kind and right amount of light for the task in question. In the future, smart lighting will increase energy efficiency, comfort and introduce "more than light" features such as guidance and wellbeing with the light. In future asset management, equipment in the field will constantly monitor, adapt and report their state to service ecosystem and in the case of mechanical failure, outworn parts are made locally utilising additive manufacturing methods. There will be 50 billion connected devices by 2020, generating vast amounts of information. The real-time and openly available sensor information will offer immense benefits for business by enabling faster decision making, real-time control, enhanced operational efficiency and new business models.