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Američka gnjiloća medonosne pčele je zarazna kontagiozna bolest pčelinjeg legla uzrokovana sporogenom bakterijom Paenibacillus larvae. Redovitim godišnjim pretragama uzoraka meda, saća, peluda i ostataka s podnice iz košnice može se utvrditi spore uzročnika koje su izvor zaraze prije uočavanja kliničkih znakova, a pretrage mogu služiti i kao potvrda uspješno obavljene sanacije bolesti. Vosak je pčelinji proizvod koji se u intenzivnom pčelarstvu stalno i kontinuirano reciklira preradom u satne osnove. Budući satne osnove predstavljaju nužan materijal pri uspostavljanju pčelinjih zajednica kao i tehnološkim postupcima pripreme zajednica za glavne medonosne paše, vrlo je važno da iste nisu onečišćene sporama P. larvae. Uspostavljanjem laboratorijske metode mogla bi se rutinski provoditi rana dijagnostika prisutnosti uzročnika američke gnjiloće medonosne pčele kao dijela pretraživanja kvalitete voska, a istodobno bi se kontrolirala proizvodnja satnih osnova i provodile preventivne mjere u svrhu sprečavanja klinički vidljive bolesti na pčelinjacima.

Almost three-quarters of all food crops depend at least partly on pollination by insects. This pollination is essential for the reproductive success of many plants. Loss and isolation of natural habitats in agricultural landscapes can cause declines of plants and pollinators and endanger pollination services. Also, the decline of honeybee colonies due to diseases and pesticides has prompted serious concern. Given this importance, widespread declines in pollinator diversity have led to concern about a global “pollination problem”. Solitary bees Osmia spp. are significant supplementary factor for effective crop pollination in favourable environmental conditions. Controlled farms with artificial nests of solitary bees are invaded by various parasites and other accompanying fauna. The aim of this study was to find out prevalence of Cacoxenus indagator larvas in Osmia spp. artificial nests settled in four locations in continental part of Croatia. These locations are situated in different biotopes and are influenced by different environmental factors such as geographical, climatic and pasture conditions. The number of brood chambers with adult bees was determinated, as well as the number of parasite invaded chambers and foreign fauna. Sampled nests from which cocoons were collected originated from the different breeders and complete nests were transported in laboratory where the total nest contents of random samples were examined in November 2013. Nests were made of common reed (Phragmites australis) with different length of tubes and one- or two-year old cane tubes. In total the 208 cane tubes with 1501 cocoons were sectioned and examined. According to origin locations: ZG – 47/307 ; OS – 13/147 ; NG – 128/944 ; and OZ – 20/103 (cane tubes/cocoons). The number of cocoons invaded with Cacoxenus indagator larvae was 8.14% ; 0% ; 1.48% ; and 8.74% respectively. The cocoons with unidentified causes of damage were found as follows: 0% ; 28.57% ; 3.07% ; and 11.65%, respectively. In the two-years old nest material there was no tube containing just healthy cocoons, and tubes invaded with Cacoxenus indagator (or other parasites and accompanying fauna) or with damages of unidentified cause was significantly more in comparison with one-year old slots. Namely, the presence of nest parasites limits the number of solitary bees that can emergence from cocoons and have negative influence on their individual development. Therefore, in rearing of solitary bees it is necessity to use just annual nesting material, and destroying this used year before, as measure of diseases prevention.

U dosadašnjem istraživanju na lokalitetima antičke Siscije nisu pronađeni materijalni tragovi koji bi implicirali postojanje amfiteatra i (ili) cirkusa. Međutim, postoje indikatori koji sugeriraju da su takve građevine postojale u ili izvan grada. Sama konfiguracija gradskog foruma sugerira da se dio igara mogao odvijati na forumu kao npr. gladijatorske igre ili utrke konjskih zaprega. Također se može pretpostaviti da su se gladijatorske borbe na vodi tzv. naumahije mogle odvijati neposredno ispod gradskih zidina na rijeci Kupi. U Novom Sisku 1823. godine u vinogradu sisačkog trgovca Bitroffa pronađen je epigrafski spomenik glumca Leburne, koji nedvojbeno dokazuje postojanje građevine za odvijanje raznih igara. Štoviše, nalazi komičnih i tragičnih masaka iz rimskog carskog doba dodatno potkrjepljuju navedenu tezu.