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affects millions of people in different parts of the world. The groundwater in eastern Croatia has been found to contain very high concentrations of arsenic. Several studies conducted in previous decade have indicated that almost 200, 000 people are daily drinking water with arsenic concentrations ranging from 10‐610 μg L–1. A systematic research of the arsenic concentrations in urine and serum of eastern Croatia populations was never made. Some published papers covered certain segments (water, soil, food, or biological specimens) of a limited geographical area and on a smaller number of samples. The aim of the present study was to evaluate variations in human exposure to arsenic in eastern Croatia based on arsenic concentrations in water, urine and serum samples collected from 505 inhabitants living in eastern Croatia. In this study we selected 391 inhabitants from areas with elevated concentrations in drinking water (Osijek, Našice, Čepin, Vladislavci, Dalj) as well as control population (114) exposed to concentrations of arsenic in drinking water that were below the EU maximum admissible level of 10 μg L–1 (Vinkovci, Vukovar, Slavonski Brod). The arsenic concentrations differed significantly (Mann‐ Whitney test) in the samples of urine and serum (p=0.036886 ; p=0.036889) taken from two investigated areas. In urine samples from areas with elevated arsenic concentrations in drinking water, median values were from 19.40 to 73.40 μg L–1. Median values for arsenic in urine and serum samples in Vinkovci, Vukovar and Slavonski Brod area were well below reference values (urine: from 3.8 to 8.5 μg L– 1 ; serum from 0.55‐0.62 μg L–1).

Na lijevoj obali rijeke Save nizvodno od Zagreba formirano je nekoliko velikih polja - depresija, a zadnje u nizu je Jelas polje. Jelas polje zaštićeno je u kategoriji značajnog krajobraza 1995. godine. Ogromna površina od 20 800 ha proteže se na teritoriju grada Slavonskog Broda i općina Oriovac, Bebrina, Sibinj i Brodski Stupnik. Granice područja zaštite su sjeverna granica autocestom Zagreb - Slavonski Brod, i to od mosta na Orljavi do kanala Sloboda od autoceste do utoka u Mrsunju, te Mrsunjom do utoka u Savu, južna granica rijekom Savom od ušća Orljave do ušća Mrsunje. Izgradnjom ribnjačarstva “Jelas” s ukupno 2.300 ha površine raspoređenih u 24 ribnjaka različitih veličina i s više od 20 % površina obraslih rogozom i trskom (Typha latifolia i T. angustipholia, Phragmites communis) omogućen je “povratak” velikog broja vrsta u svoj “stari dom”. Jelas polje je područje koje obiluje bogatom ornitološkom faunom karakterističnom za područje između Save i Drave. Do sada je na ribnjačarstvu “Jelas” zabilježeno više od 230 ptičjih vrsta, od kojih su 122 vrste gnjezdarice, a sa širom okolicom preko 280 vrsta. Tijekom migracije ptica ribnjačarstvo je važna postaja za mnoge vrste selica jer pruža obilje hrane i mira nužnog za odmor.

Problem of elevated arsenic concentrations in environment of east Croatia has been investigated for the past 15 years in Croatia , and still raises increased public attention. The eastern Croatia together with Central Hungary, Serbia and Western Romania belongs to the Pannonian Basin where higher As concentrations are existing, mainly as a geochemical property of the groundwater. Arsenic has acute toxic effects and chronic such are “black foot disease”, cardiovascular and carcinogenic effects. It is especially toxic for uropoetic system. Hair samples are very usefull for determination of long term exposure. Aim of the study: was to investigate long term exposure to arsenic by analysing the arsenic content in hair. Methods: The hair samples from 507 adult examinees residing permanently were taken in following areas: Vladislavci, Čepin, Osijek, Dalj, Vukovar, Vinkovci and Slavonski Brod and analysed using ICP –MS method. Results: Depending the investigated area, the mean concentrations ranged from 0, 018 (Vinkovci) to 32 µg g-1 (Vladislavci) whereby these last value, significantly exceeded the upper range of reference value (0, 31 µg g-1) . The arsenic concentrations from Našice, Osijek, Slavonski Brod, Vukovar and Vinkovci area were within or slightly above maximum allowed reference range. Maximum As concentrations in hair samples were detected in the Vladislavci (647, 60 µg g-1) and Čepin (526, 78 µg g-1) areas. Conclusion: Concentrations of arsenic in water samples do not suggest potential danger of acute intoxication ; however, long-term effects on the health of the population should not be excluded. Further extended research should be done.

Problem koncentracije arsena u okolišu Istočne Hrvatske je predmet istraživanja posljednjih 20-ak godina, a zajedničko je zemljama u okruženju (Srbija, Rumunjska). Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti dugotrajnu izloženost arsenu analizom sadržaja arsena u kosi Uzorci kose kod odraslih ispitanika uzeti su u područjima: Vladislavci, Čepin, Osijek, Dalj, Vukovar, Vinkovci i Slavonski Brod i analizirani pomoću ICP -MS metode. Ovisno o istraživanom području, prosječne su koncentracije bile u rasponu od 0, 018 (Vinkovci) do 32 μg g-1 (Vladislavci) pri čemu je u potonjem znatno premašila gornju granicu referentne vrijednosti (0, 31 μg g-1). Koncentracije arsena iz Našica, Osijeka, Slavonskog Broda, Vukovara i Vinkovaca bile su unutar ili nešto iznad maksimalno dopuštenog referentnog raspona. Najviše su koncentracije zabilježene kod ispitanika u naseljima Vladislavci (647, 60 μg g-1) i Čepin (526, 78 μg g-1). Rezultati dopunjuju zaključak da stanovništvu treba omogućiti pristup pročišćenoj vodi bez arsena ili vodi iz vodonosnih područja sliva rijeke Save.

Introduction: Thallium (Tl) is a toxic heavy metal that exists in nature. Tl poisoning (thallotoxicosis) may occur is very rare and dangerous condition that might cause death, especially in opioid addicts. Because of its toxicity it has been used as rat poison, and due to its non-existing odor it has been considered as „poisoners poison“. Mechanism of work is by disruption of cellular mechanisms and substitution of potassium in cells. Drinking water in eastern Croatia contains high levels of elements such as arsenic, manganese and iron. However, there is lack of data about concentrations of thallium in soil and possible correlation to the population. Aim of the study: to determine concentrations of thallium in soil, drinking water and biological samples (hair, urine) in areas and among inhabitants of Vinkovci, Vukovar and Slavonski Brod. Methods: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP- MS) has been used to analyzed the concentrations of thallium in 51 soil samples from three towns (Vinkovci, Vukovar and Slavonski Brod) In order to determine potential health effect of thallium from the drinking water on population , urine and hair samples were taken from 112 examinees , all healthy volunteers that reside in area.. Results: Results of Kruskal Wallis test show existance of statistical significant differences between soil samples in Vukovar, Vinkovci (p=0, 010771) and Slavonski Brod (p=0, 000226). The rules on the safety of drinking water in Croatia do not define standard values for thallium ; however USEPA set 2 µg L-1 as the maximum contaminant level for thallium. Our results from previous research have shown that there is no danger for population in east Croatia, since the thallium concentrations were very low (1x10-4 – 6, 8 x10- 3 µg L-1).Measured mean values of Th in urine were- Vukovar 0, 161996 µg/L, Vinkovci 0, 163263 µg/L and S.Brod 0, 190780 µg/L, respectively- without statistical significance. Hair sampling result also did not show any significant differences in Kruskal Wallis test measuring – Vukovar 0, 463003 ppb, Vinkovci 0, 479246 ppb and Slavonski Brod 0, 497230 ppb. Conclusion: Since thallium values in water and soil were bellow maximum allowed, it is safe to conclude that there is no danger from potential thallium contamination for the population.

V različnih virih priporočajo, da v preizkus vključimo čim več različnih tipov nalog, saj s tem postane bolj dinamičen, raznolik in prav s pomočjo različnih tipov nalog lahko primerjamo različne vrste znanj. Najpogostejša tipa nalog v preizkusih za preverjanje fizikalnih vsebin sta zaprti tip in tip kratkih odgovorov. Poraja se vprašanje, ali obstaja razlika v uspešnosti reševanja fizikalnih nalog glede na tip naloge. Odgovor na vprašanje poiščemo pri osnovnošolcih izbranih slovenskih šol. Izkaže se, da učenci uspešnejše rešujejo fizikalne naloge zaprtega tipa v primerjavi z fizikalnimi nalogami odprtega tipa. Primerjali smo tudi uspešnost pri fizikalnih nalogah vodenega in strukturiranega tipa, pri katerih se prav tako izkaže, da učenci uspešnejše rešujejo naloge vodenega tipa v primerjavi s strukturiranim tipom. Dodatno smo raziskali uspešnost med nalogami različnega tipa in uspešnostjo tudi pri študentih, za katere predpostavljamo, da imajo višjo raven znanja o fizikalnih vsebinah. Izkaže se, da tudi študentje uspešnejše rešujejo naloge zaprtega tipa v primerjavi z odprtim tipom in naloge vodenega tipa v primerjavi s strukturiranim. It is recommended to include different types of questions in a test by many authors. This makes it more dynamic, diverse, and also enables measurements of different types of knowledge. The most common types of questions in physics are multiple-choice questions and short answer open-ended questions. The question arises whether the type of question affects the performance of solving physics problems. We search for the answer by testing the pupils of a few selected Slovenian primary schools. It turns out that pupils are more successful in solving multiple-choice questions than open-ended questions. We also compare the performance in solving a bit more complex physical problems with multiple intermediate steps, being either guided by sub-questions or not guided. The results indicate that students are more successful in solving the tasks when guided than when not guided through a complex problem. Additionally, we investigated how the performance of the undergraduate students depends on the types of questions, in particular in view of their higher expected knowledge and understanding of physics when compared to pupils. It turns out that the students are also more successful in solving multiple-choice questions than open-ended questions and are more successful when being guided through a complex problem then when not being guided.

There is a different burden on the inhabitants of eastern Croatia with regard to the so far investigated elements. Aim is to determine concentration of metals and metalloids in serum, urine and hair in the inhabitants of Vukovar, Slavonski Brod and Vinkovci. Samples of serum, urine and hair of 112 subjects were analyzed by the ICP-MS method on 24 metals and metalloids related to warfare. Higher concentration for selected elements Al, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Li, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl, U, V i Zn were determinated in one or more samples compare to literature. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) pointed to certain differences between the investigated areas. The burden of As of subjects from the Vinkovci area is related to the previously proven burden of drinking water in this area, the Cd load in connection with smoking habits, while the Sb load on the Slavonski Brod area has yet to be thoroughly investigated.

Uvod: Temeljem dosada provedenih istraživanja opterećenosti metalima stanovnika Istočne Hrvatske, može se očekivati povišena razina opterećenosti metalima i metaloidima stanovnika Slavonskog Broda, Vinkovaca i Vukovara, područja intezivnih ratnih razaranja. Ciljevi istraživanja: Utvrditi koncentracije metala i metaloida u serumu, urinu i kosi kod stanovnika Vukovara, Slavonskog Broda i Vinkovaca. Ispitanici i metode: Uzorci seruma, urina i kose od 112 ispitanika analizirani su metodom ICP-MS na 24 metala i metaloida koji se dovode u vezu s ratnim zbivanjima. Rezultati: Kod stanovnika Slavonskog Broda, Vinkovaca i Vukovara utvrđene srednje koncentracije za 10 elemenata u urinu (As, Cd, Mg, Hg, Al, Cr, V, Li, Pb, Fe) prelaze referentne vrijednosti. Osobito povišene vrijednosti metala u urinu utvrđene su kod ispitanika iz Vinkovaca i to za metale i metaloide As, Mg, Cd i Hg. U serumu ispitanika sva tri promatrana područja u odnosu na referentne vrijednosti utvrđene su više prosječne vrijednosti B, Cd, Co, Li, Sb, Zn, Al, Ni, V, Fe, Cr, Pb i Tl, dakle 13 metala i metaloida. Posebno se ističu visoke vrijednosti Sb u serumu u Slavonskom Brodu te Sr u Vukovaru. Velika većina analiziranih metala i metaloida u kosi je unutar referentnih vrijednosti. Izdvaja se povišena vrijednosti Mg i Li u kosi na sva tri istraživana područja te Co i Zn u kosi naa lokaciji Slavonski Brod Zaključak: Određeni ratni utjecaj na koncentracije metala i metaloida u biološkim uzorcima na istraživanim područjima čini se da je prisutan, tek treba ga pažljivo tumačiti i naravno, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja na većem broju ispitanika. Date su osnove za referentne vrijednosti istraživanih elemenata za područje Vukovara, Vinkovaca i Slavonskog Broda.

Nakon biomonitoringa (serum, kosa, urin) lokalnog stanovništva te okolišnog monitoringa putem uzoraka tla, vode i jestivog samoniklog bilja Istočne Hrvatske, u okviru istraživanja opeterećenosti metalima i metaloidima, kao mogućoj posljedici ratnih zbivanja, s područja gdje je poljoprivredna djelatnost ponovo saživjela, izuzimani su uzorci kupusa (zelja), odličnog indikatora taloženja teških metala i metaloida u okolišu. Hipoteza studije je da su na području istočne Hrvatske, u područjima izloženim borbenim djelovanjima, u okolišu i populaciji, prisutne povećane koncentracije metala i metaloida povezanih sa ratnim djelovanjima u odnosu na područja koja su bila pošteđena od ratnih djelovanja. Cilj je bio je utvrditi dali postoje razlike u koncentracijama metala i metaloida uspoređujući lokacije visokog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LVIBD) sa lokacijama niskog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LNIBD). Osim toga pokušala se utvrditi moguća međusobna povezanost kontaminacije s metalima u tlu i kod ljudi, te dali postoji podudarnost po pitanju mogućih „vrućih točaka“, mjesta značajno opterećenih metalima. Ukupno je s 14 lokacija izuzeto 14 uzoraka kupusa i to 12 uzoraka s lokacija visokog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LVIBD) te dva (2) uzorka s lokacija niskog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LNIBD) s 14 lokacija. Koncentracije 20 metala i metaloida (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, U, V i Zn), koji se koriste u vojne svrhe, utvrđivane su postupkom induktivno suspregnute plazme i spektrometrije masa ICP-MS. Koncentracije metala obuhvaćane Pravilnikom (As, Cd, Hg i Pb) bile su unutar MDK na svim lokacijama, dok se za ostale istraživane elemente nije uočena razlika između LVIBD i LNIBD (p=0, 78 ; Mann-Whitney U test). Koncentracije metala i metaloida u kupusu nisu značajno korelirale s koncentracijama u uzorcima tla osim u slučaju Cd, gdje je uočena slaba do umjerena korelacija (Pearsonov koeficijent tlo /kupus = -0, 57 ; p = 0.031 ; p

A Nature Park represents a spacious natural or partly cultivated area of great biodiversity and/or geodiversity, with valuable ecological characteristics and pronounced landscape and cultural-historical value. In the area of Nature Park Papuk pollution of air, soil, water and original values of karst is forbidden, and especially dumping all kinds of refuse, all kinds of emissions of matter and energy, and microbiological pollution, especially of springs and watercourse. Papuk contains rock formations of great diversity and outstanding geological interest which are over 600 million years old, which makes them some of the oldest rocks in Croatia. Besides a certain amount of uranus, there are no expectations of any kind of metallic contamination since in the area there were never any permanent populations, industries or significant traffic. The goal of this paper was to determine the concentrations (load) and origins of metals and metaloids (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li. Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, U, V, Zn) in environmental samples (soil, water, dandelion) in that area. In total, 55 samples were taken and analysed (13 soil samples, and 21 samples of water and of dandelion) from five different locations which covered the central, northern, southern, eastern, and western parts of Nature Park Papuk. Analysis was conducted with the ICP – MS method (Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry) which is based on inductively coupled plasma with which a process of ion production takes place, and mass spectrometry with which ions (that is, atoms and molecules) are detected and identified. Results of basic statistics showed that all of the tested metals are in differing concentrations present in soil, water and dandelion. The highest meassured concentrations of the majority of tested metals in soil were established in samples taken from the east side of the Nature Park (Tisovac), while in samples of water the highest concentrations of nearly all tested metals were established in the area of the northern side of Papuk and Jankovac. Concentrations above the average annual concentration (AAC) according to the Statute of the standard of quality of water (NN 73/13) were established for led (Pb) with 12, 47 ug/l (mean±standard deviation 2, 8498±2, 8172 ug/l) and mercury (Hg) with 1, 00 ug/l (mean±standard deviation 0, 2438±0, 2396 ug/l). In samples of dandelion highest concentrations of all tested metals were equally established in those taken from the northern, western and southern parts of the Nature Park. Results of cluster analysis pointed to the existance of monomial and binomial individual clusters in samples of soil, water and dandelion, which points to an unequal load of metals with regards to the tested area of Nature Park Papuk.

Sažetak opisuje pristunost povišenih koncentracija arsena u vodi, serumu i urinu ispitanika iz istočne Slavonije i njegov moguć učinak vezan uz ginekologiju i opstetriciju

Voda je neophodna za ljudski život, ali nažalost veliki broj ljudi u svijetu još uvijek nema mogućnost opskrbe pitkom vodom. Dostupnost pitke vode i kvaliteta njene opskrbe jedan je odosnovnih uvjeta za zdravlje građana i ima važan utjecaj na ljudsko zdravlje zbog pojave bolesti koje su povezane s nedostatkom vode ili s opskrbom vode koja nije odgovarajuće kvalitete. Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati broj domaćinstava priključenih na javni vodoopskrbni sustav na području grada Nova Gradiška i pripadajućih seoskih općina. Podaci su dobiveni od pravnih osoba koji na novogradiškom području obavljaju djelatnost javne vodoopskrbe: Slavča d.o.o. Nova Gradiška i Regionalni vodovod Davor-Nova Gradiška d.o.o. Podaci su uspoređeni s podacima za Republiku Hrvatsku i za Brodsko- posavsku županiju. Procjenjuje se da je u Republici Hrvatskoj na javnu vodoopskrbu priključeno 87, 7% stanovništva, a u Brodsko- posavskoj županiji 75, 6% stanovništva. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je na novogradiškom području koje uključuje grad Novu Gradišku i 10 seoskih općina broj domaćinstava koji su priključeni na javnu vodoopskrbu ispod prosjeka Republike Hrvatske i ispod prosjeka Brodsko-posavske županije i iznosi 55, 7%.

Tijelo površinske vode može biti jezero, akumulacija, potok, rijeka ili kanal, prijelazna voda ili odsječak priobalne vode. Nadzor nad stanjem površinskih, uključujući priobalne vode, te podzemnih voda provodi se sustavnim praćenjem - monitoringom. Nadzornim monitoringom određuje se stanje voda unutar svakog sliva, odnosno dobivaju informacije o dugoročnim prirodnim promjenama i antropogenim utjecajima. Cilj rada je dati ocjenu stanja tijela površinske vode na temelju praćenja koncentracija metala. U radu su prikazane prosječne godišnje koncentracije metala u površinskim vodama na području Brodsko- posavske i Vukovarsko-srijemske županije u 2014. godini. Rezultati su dobiveni nadzornim monitoringom stanja površinskih voda kojega provode Hrvatske vode, te su uspoređivani sa dozvoljenim graničnim vrijednostima koncentracija koje propisuju Smjernice Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije i Direktiva 98/83/EC Europske unije. Okvirna direktiva o vodama kao krovna vodna direktiva Europske unije značajan naglasak stavlja na klasifikaciju voda s obzirom na ekološko stanje. Klasifikacija površinskih voda određuje se na temelju ekološkog stanja (relevantnih bioloških, fizikalno-kemijskih i hidromorfoloških elemenata kakvoće) i kemijskog stanja (na temelju prioritetnih i drugih onečišćujućih tvari).

Drinking water in eastern Croatia contains high levels of elements such as arsenic manganese and iron. However, there is lack of data about concentrations of thallium and uranium, since the drinking water from five observed sites has never been chemically analysed in such detail, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) we analysed the concentrations of uranium and thallium in 71 samples from three villages (Vladislavci, Dalj and Čepin) and two towns (Osijek and Našice).The rules on the safety of drinking water in Croatia do not define standard values for thallium and uranium, however USEPA set 2 µg L-1 as the maximum contaminant level for thallium. Our results have shown that there is no danger for population in all five communities, since the thallium concentrations were very low (1x10-4 – 6, 8 x10-3 µg L-1). In all five communities the mean concentrations of uranium in drinking water was significantly lower than 30 µg L-1, which is WHO guideline value for uranium in drinking water. Mean uranium concentrations in drinking water samples varied from 0, 001 to 4, 25 µg L-1. Additionally, in our study thallium and uranium concentrations were determined in 391 urine samples. This study seems to have found relationship between concentrations of uranium in drinking water and uranium concentrations in urine samples only for Čepin area (rs= 0, 63, p

Proizvođači dječjih igračaka na svjetskom tržištu, nastojeći ostvariti što veću dobit, nude različite proizvode od kojih su neki upitne kvalitete i predstavljaju potencijalnu opasnost za zdravlje djeteta te mogu ugroziti njegov život. Tehnološki razvoj je na tržištu igračaka doveo do nastanka novih problema u pogledu sigurnosti igračaka i do sve veće zabrinutosti potrošača. Kako bi se to spriječilo, nadležna tijela provode nadzor nad uvozom i stavljanjem dječjih igračaka na tržište. Zahtjevi za sigurnost igračaka u Europi su među najstrožima u svijetu. Uzorkovanje djecjih igračaka se provodi prema godišnjem planu Ministarstva zdravlja te prilikom uvoza iz trećih zemalja na teritorij EU. Kada se utvrdi da je pošiljka igračaka neispravna, inspektor uvozniku zabranjuje promet i nalaže povrat dobavljacu ili uništavanje, o čemu je dužan dostaviti dokaz nadležnom inspektoru. Najčešće su igračke za koje se utvrdi da su neispravne i štetne porijeklom iz Kine.

Za veliki broj onečišćujućih tvari u zraku je dokazano ili se sumnja kako imaju negativne učinke na ljudsko zdravlje i okoliš. U Republici Hrvatskoj se temeljem Zakona o zaštiti zraka (NN 130/11, NN 47/14) te Pravilnika o praćenju kvalitete zraka (NN 3/13) mjerenje onečišćujućih tvari obavlja u državnoj mreži za trajno praćenje kvalitete zraka i lokalnim mrežama. Radom državne mreže upravlja Državni hidrometeorološki zavod, pod stručnim nadzorom Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i prirode, a lokalne mreže su u nadležnosti županija, Grada Zagreba, gradova i općina. Kao sastavni dio državne mreže za praćenje kvalitete zraka na području Slavonskog Broda uspostavljene su dvije automatske mjerne postaje Slavonski Brod-1 i Slavonski Brod-2. Onečišćenje česticama na području Slavonskog Broda u značajnoj je mjeri pod utjecajem regionalnog i prekograničnog onečišćenja zraka. Stanovnici Slavonskog Broda niz godina iskazuju svoje nezadovoljstvo zbog pojave neugodnih mirisa koje povezuju sa radom Rafinerije nafte Brod na području Bosne i Hercegovine. U radu su prikazani podatci s mjernih postaja na području Slavonskog Broda. Zbog prekoračenja dozvoljenog broja satnih koncentracija graničnih i tolerantnih vrijednosti za sumporovodik (H2S), povišenih vrijednosti prizemnog ozona i lebdećih čestica PM2, 5 kvaliteta zraka u Slavonskom Brodu u razdoblju 2010. do 2015. godine bila je uglavnom druge i treće kategorije. Emisije obližnje Rafinerije smještene u susjednoj državi Bosni i Hercegovini identificirane su kao izvori povremeno povišenih koncentracija H2S. Na području Slavonskog Broda izvori emisija čestica su kućna ložišta koja koriste kruta i tekuća goriva, te cestovni promet.

Cilj rada je prikazati pojavu salmoneloza kod ljudi na novogradiškom području tijekom desetogodišnjeg razdoblja od 2005. do 2014. godine tj. distribuciju salmoneloza prikazati po godinama, spolu i dobi oboljelih osoba te prema vrsti izolirane salmonele i godišnjem dobu, odnosno sezoni pojavljivanja. Služba za epidemiologiju i javno zdravstvo Zavoda za javno zdravstvo Brodsko-posavske županije u okviru svoje redovne djelatnosti prati kretanje zaraznih bolesti, rano otkrivanje izvora zaraze i putova prijenosa na temelju prijava zaraznih bolesti te provodi zdravstveni nadzor nad određenim kategorijama zaposlenih osoba koje obavljaju poslove u proizvodnji i prometu hrane i opskrbi pučanstva pitkom vodom. Materijali korišteni u ovom radu su prijavne kartice zaraznih bolesti evidentirane u knjizi zaraznih bolesti, a zaprimljene od liječnika iz primarne zdravstvene zaštite i iz bolničkog sustava. Za svaku kalendarsku godinu u knjizi prijava zaraznih bolesti prati se pojava dijagnoze Salmonellosis koja se zatim evidentira obzirom na kriterije: dob, spol i serotip salmonele. U promatranom desetogodišnjem razdoblju ukupno je zaprimljeno 4734 kartice zaraznih bolesti, od čega je 371 kartica s dijagnozom Salmonellosis. Najveći broj oboljelih osoba je u dobi do 10 godina (ukupno 167) dok je najmanji broj oboljelih (ukupno 31)kod osoba starijih od 65 godina. Među svim serotipovima salmonele koji su zabilježeni na novogradiškom području najučestalija je Salmonella enteritidis. Pojava salmonela češće se bilježi među stanovništvom na selu negio u gradu. Najčešća pojava salmoneloznog trovanja je u ljetnim mjesecima od srpnja do kolovoza, dok je u vremenu od siječnja do ožujka najmanja pojavnost salmoneloza.

Struka i poziv sanitarnih inženjera u svijetu je poznata još od 19 stoljeca. Ova struka ima korijene u inženjerskim zanimanjima koja su vezana uz kvalitetu življenja (vode, zraka, hrane, dispozicije otpada itd.) i zaštitu pučanstva od bolesti kako zaraznih tako i nezaraznih, na način da se brine o općem dobru i javnom zdravlju. Sanitarno inženjerstvo bilo je jedan od temelja osnivanju Higijenskog zavoda u Zagrebu (1927. godine) čiji su danas nasljednici županijski Zavodi za javno zdravstvo te ujedno Zavod za javno zdravstvo “Dr. Andrija Štampar” i Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo. Kroz godine mijenjao se sustav školovanja. Danas u Hrvatskoj postoje razine od temeljnog obrazovanja za zanimanje sanitarni tehnicar do poslijediplomskog doktorskog studija na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveucilišta u Rijeci. Stručnjaci sanitarnog inženjerstva se zapošljavaju u državnoj upravi, javnozdravstvenom sektoru, bolnicama, u turizmu, u privatnom sektoru te drugim djelatnostima, službama i institucijama. Glavna djelatnost sanitarnih djelatnika je zaštita zdravlja čovjeka kontrolom i modificiranjem čimbenika okoliša koji mogu štetno djelovati na zdravlje ljudi. Iako su stručnjaci sanitarne struke zastupljeni u državnim i javnim službama ta brojka nije zadovoljavajuća u odnosu na druge profesije. Stoga treba raditi na promociji struke, kako bi ista bila vrednovana sukladno stupnju obrazovanja.

Nacionalno preverjanje znanja v Sloveniji poteka konec 6. in 9. razreda. V 9. razredu Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost in šport poleg slovenščine in matematike izbere tudi tretji predmet, pri katerem učenci pokažejo svoje znanje. V letih 2007, 2008, 2012 in 2014 je bila za tretji predmet izbrana fizika. Sama uspešnost reševanja nalog skozi vsa ta leta je napeljevala k temu, da učenci uspešneje, glede na povprečno število doseženih točk, rešujejo naloge iz fizikalnih vsebin 9. razreda v primerjavi z nalogami iz vsebin 8. razreda. S programom Excel in statističnim t-testom skozi diplomsko nalogo pokažemo, da je to res. Izmerjeno statistično pomembno razliko v uspešnosti reševanja lahko delno pripišemo pozabljanju, ki je tem večje, čim dlje je minilo od obravnave določene fizikalne snovi. National Assessments of Knowledge in Slovenia take place at the end of the 6th and the 9th grade. In grade 9, the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport selects, in addition to the Slovene language and mathematics, also a third subject, in which students demonstrate their knowledge. In the years 2007, 2008, 2012, and 2014 physics was the selected third subject. Throughout all these years many teachers speculated that pupils are more successful (according to the average number of points achieved) in solving tasks with physical content of 9th grade in comparison with the tasks with the content of the 8th grade. This hypothesis is tested and confirmed in the thesis with the use of Excel program and a statistical t-test. The measured statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of task solving can be partially attributed to forgetting, which follows a simple rule: the more time passes from learning a certain (physics) topic, the less of the topic content one remembers.

Cilj rada je prikazati prednosti metode kontaktnih pločica (otisaka) u odnosu na korištenje brisova kod provjere mikrobiološke čistoće objekata koji posluju s hranom. Provjera mikrobiološke čistoće je način utvrđivanja efikasnosti čišćenja, pranja i dezinfekcije. Uredan nalaz mikrobiološke čistoće površine, mjerodavan je dokaz učinkovite i pravilne dezinfekcije. Povećan broj aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija indikator je lošije mikrobiološke čistoće. Služba za zdravstvenu ekologiju ZZJZ Brodsko-posavske županije sada za provjeru mikrobiološke čistoće upotrebljava kontaktne pločice Liofilhem S.R.L, Italija. Za inkubaciju kontaktnih pločica koristi se inkubator Binder. Analizom se ispituje broj aerobnih mezofilnih bakterija te broj enterobakterija. Kontrola mikrobiološke čistoće objekata pod sanitarnim nadzorom treba se provoditi redovito (najmanje jednom u šest mjeseci) u skladu s Pravilnikom o učestalosti kontrole i normativima mikrobiološke čistoće u objektima pod sanitarnim nadzorom (NN 137/09). Nezadovoljavajuća mikrobiološka čistoća objekta ugrožava zdravstvenu ispravnost hrane. Nadležni sanitarni inspektor Ministarstva zdravlja tijekom provođenja inspekcijskog nadzora kontrolira nalaz mikrobiološke čistoće. Služba za zdravstvenu ekologiju je do studenog 2013. godine za provjeru mikrobiološke čistoće upotrebljavala briseve, a što je prije odlaska na teren zahtijevalo određene pripremne radnje, ali i radnje koje je trebalo obaviti nakon terena. Analiza je završavala nakon 48 sati. Uporabom kontaktnih pločica, rezultati se dobiju već nakon 24 sata, bez dodatnih radnji.

Invazivna meningokokna bolest (IMB) javlja se najčešće sporadično, ali iznenada i s visokim letalitetom. Uzročnik se prenosi kapljičnim putem iz nazofarinksa asimptomatskog kliconoše ili oboljele osobe, češće tijekom zimskih mjeseci. U Hrvatskoj, kao i u drugim dijelovima Europe, IMB najčešće uzrokuje Neisseria meningitidis serološke grupe B. Prosječna incidencija IMB u Hrvatskoj u proteklih petnaestak godina iznosi 1, 07 na 100 000 stanovnika, dok u Brodsko-posavskoj županiji iznosi 0, 78 na 100 000 stanovnika. Oboljeli se obavezno liječe u bolnici, a pravovremeno započeto antimikrobno liječenje povećava vjerojatnost povoljnog ishoda bolesti. Zbog visoke stope smrtnosti IMB, javnozdravstvene aktivnosti usmjerene su na otkrivanje bliskih kontakata u kojih se mora provesti pravodobna i učinkovita kemoprofilaksa. U ovom radu prikazujemo slučaj šestogodišnje djevojčice oboljele od IMB i protuepidemijske mjere provedene u cilju sprječavanja sekundarnih slučajeva.

Introduction and Aims:Despite increasing awareness of chronic kidney disease (CKD) burden, epidemiological data from many regions are still lacking. There are no data on CKD prevalence in Croatia, and our aim was to analyze it in Croatian rural area including endemic nephropathy (EN) villages using 4 different formulas to estimate GFR. Methods:In this cross sectional survey we have enrolled 1573 subjects (consecutive sample, participation rate 91%, mean age 51.80+17.09). Subjects were from EN villages (N=1226) and from non-EN area (N=347). GFR was estimated using 4 formulas (C-G, MDRD, MCQE, CKD- EPI), and albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was determined from the first morning urine sample. Blood pressure (BP) was measured following ESH/ESC guidelines, hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg and/or taking antihypertensive drugs, diabetes was diagnosed if fasting blood glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l and/or taking antidiabetic drugs. CKD was diagnosed and classified according to the KDIGO 2009 classification. Results:There were no differences in gender distribution (p=0.698) and age between EN and non-EN areas (51.41+17.27 vs. 53.24+16.42 ; p=0.25). Using C- G, MDRD and CKD- EPI formulas we have observed surprisingly high overall prevalence of CKD in Croatian rural area (19.8%, 18.9%, 19.4%, respectively). Prevalence was significantly lower when we used MCQE formula (13.2% ; p

Prikaz bolesnice koja je osamnest godina imala suicidalne ideje. Dijagnosticiran joj je granični poremećaj osobnosti, PTSP, depresija. Borbu s crnim mislima uz medicinski tertman dobila je u povezanosti s Bogom.

S holističkog se gledišta depresija može smatrati predstadijem tjelesnih poremećaj. Depresija ne izaziva ono što vidimo, nego kako vidimo.

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a major public health problem as the third leading malignant tumor in men and fourth in women in Croatia. Prognosis and treatment greatly depend on tumor stage at the time of detection. Therefore, the National Program of Colorectal Carcinoma Early Detection has been performed since 2007. The aim is to present the response rate, colonoscopy findings and number of newly detected CRC cases in Brod-Posavina County. During five years of the National Program performance, 28 CRC cases were detected in Brod-Posavina County, with the 3.3‰ rate of carcinoma detection. The majority of CRC cases were found in the 50-64 age group. The response rate in the County was low (20.4%), corresponding to the national rate but far from the recommended one. Such a result could be attributed to the low level of awareness in the population at large, complex testing technique for general population, fear from disease detection and from colonoscopy as a diagnostic procedure. Note should be made of the underestimated role of family physicians ; their involvement in the National Program should certainly result in better response rate in our County as well as at the national level.

Danas za čovjeka zapadne civilizacije sreća se sastoji u trenutačnom zadovoljavanju fizioloških i psiholoških potreba. Je li takav čovjek sretan? Vjerojatno nije!

AIM: To test differences in metabolic characteristics among overweight and normally weighted prehypertensives. DESIGN AND METHODS: Out of 2489 subjects enrolled in Croatian rural study, 117 prehypertensives(53 women, 64 men) were included in this analysis. All subjects had blood pressure (BP)and heart rate(HR) measured following the ESH guidelines. BMI and waist circumference(WC) were determined. Fasting blood was analysed for glucose(FBG), insulin, total cholesterol(T-C), HDL, LDL, triglycerides(TG), serum creatinine, haematocrite(Hct), C reactive protein(CRP) and white blood cell count(WBC). HOMA index was used to calculate insulin resistance and MDRD formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Albumin to creatinine ratio(ACR) and alpha1 microglobin to creatinine ratio(alpha1CR) were determined. Subjects were divided in two groups: group 1: (BMI=25 and WC>=92, N=64). RESULTS: The two groups didn't differ significantly neither in age, in BP nor in HR values (p>0.05). Furthermore, no difference was found in inflammatory markers such as CRP and WBC (p>0.05), but interestingly we found significant difference in hematocrite (0.38 vs 0.40, p=0.0036). Two groups didn't differ in renal function parameters (p>0.05). Finally, we found group 2 to be significantly dislipidemic than group 1, to have higher FBG, insulin and HOMA values (Table 1). CONCLUSION: Significant differences in majority of the cardiovascular risk factors were observed between the overweight and normaly weighted prehypertensives. Drug treatment of prehypertension is still being debated. Higher cardiovascular risk factors in overweight, (but yet not obese) prehypertensive subjects may point out on the target group for potential drug treatment.

High salt intake is important risk factor for hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding salt intake in rural population in continental Croatia. Data were obtained by standardized questionnaire in 928 adult subjects (586 women and 342 men). Results have shown low level of awareness (~60%) of salt risk. Women were more aware about the harmful effects of salt and could identify some food with higher concentration of salt. Participants were not aware through which food is the highest salt intake. Our results urge the need for national projects and public health campaigns that would raise the awareness of salt intake, need for health education particularly for rural population. Food industry and nutritionists should become partners in this initiative.

OBJECTIVE: Even mild renal impairment is associated with increased central sympathetic activity. On the other hand, increased sympathetic activity could contribute to development of subclinical renal damage. Our aim was to analyse influence of tachycardia on metabolic disturbances and renal function in normotensives, prehypertensives and untreated hypertensives. DESIGN AND METHODS: In this analysis we have enrolled 933 subjects from the Croatian rural study. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured following ESH guidelines. Fasting blood was drawn for glucose (FBG), insulin, lipids, serum creatinine, CRP, white blood cell count and haematocrit determination. Waist circumference was measured. HOMA index, eGFR and BMI were calculated. Alpha1 microglobin (alpha1CR) and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) were determined. Based on HR subjects were divided quartiles (1st 85 bpm) within the three BP categories: normtoensives (=140/90) (N=168). RESULTS: Comparing 2 HR groups (1st and 4th quartile) within the normotensives, significantly higher values of BMI, WC, FBG, alpha1CR, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, insulin and HOMA, and significantly lower value of eGFR were found in the higher HR group (p

Norovirus je najčešći uzročnik epidemija nebakterijskog gastroenteritisa. Najčešći put zaraze je fekalno oralni, konzumiranjem kontaminirane hrane i vode. U našem mikrobiološkom laboratoriju koristimo se brzim imunokromatografskim testom (AZOG NOROVIRUS TEST DEVICE), koji se zasniva na detekciji antigena iz uzorka stolice (reakcija antigen- antitijelo). Antigena varijabilnost Norovirusa je prepreka točnosti imunokromatografske dijagnostike. No, brzina i jednostavnost testa, daju potvrdu njegovoj primjeni osobito kod onih epidemija koje svojom simptomatologijom navode na sumnju o Norovirusu kao uzročniku.

Cameroonian Pidgin English, discussed in this paper, is a linguistic entity of Cameroon. Its speakers usually call it pidgin or country talk and linguists refer to it as Cameroon(ian) Pidgin (English), but recently the media has begun to use Kamtok, to stress that it is local and useful, despite having no official status. It is an English-based creole language spoken by about 5% of Cameroonians (as native speakers of the language), while an estimated 50% of the population speaks it in some form. It is a blend of English, French and indigenous languages. Kamtok has various forms, reflecting the age, education, regional provenance, mother tongue, and linguistic proficiency of its users. It has relatively high prestige, and is preferred informally among Africans of different ethnic groups, ranking just below French and English as a vehicle for mobility from rural villages into modern urban life. It sustains a world view, culture and way of life. It facilitates social intercourse among people who originate from different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. It is rich, exciting and vigorous. Kamtok accommodates grammatical distortions and deviations from syntactic conventions. It is one of so many mixed languages that exist on the African continent and that shows the linguistic/cultural richness of Africans.

Aim: To investigate the relation of increased sympathetic tone (heart rate), insulin resistance, overweight and blood pressure (BP) in the general rural population. Design and Method: Of 1, 289 subjects enrolled in a cross sectional survey, 272 participants (118 men, 154 women, median age 51 years, range 18–87) were included into this analysis. BP and heart rate (HR) were measured 3 times in the sitting position with an OMRON M6 device. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were determined. Fasting blood glucose and insulin were determined. HOMA index was used to calculate insulin resistance (IR). Subjects were divided into three groups: normal BP (< 130/85 ; n = 113) (NBP), prehypertension (130/85– 139/89 ; n = 25) (PH), and untreated hypertension (≥ 140/90 ; n = 65) (HT). Kruskal- Wallis, Mann Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests were used. Significance was set at 0.05. Results: There were no differences in age between the groups. An increasing trend in all of the measured variables was found among the 3 groups. Significant differences in BMI were observed between NBP vs. PHT and HT (p < 0.001) ; furthermore a significance was found in WC and HOMA index between NBP and HT. HR did not differ significantly between the three groups. Systolic and diastolic BP were found to significantly correlate with BMI, WC and HOMA index (p < 0.0001 ; p < 0.004), but not with HR (p = 0.667).However, HR correlated significantly with HOMA index (r=0.250 ; p < 0.0001). A significant correlation between HOMA index and BP was observed as well (r=0.225 ; p = 0.0002 for systolic BP ; r=0.239 ; p = 0.0001 for diastolic BP). Conclusion: BP is strongly related with BMI, WC and insulin resistance. A direct relation between BP, BMI, WC and sympathetic tone (HR) was not found, but a trend of increasing HR among the BP groups was observed. The positive correlation between HR and HOMA index might suggest on a common mechanism involved in both conditions. These preliminary results are encouraging

Cilj: Ispitati povezanost povišenog tonusa simpatikusa (srčana frekvencija), inzulinske rezistencije, pretilosti i arterijskog tlaka (AT) u općoj ruralnoj populaciji. Ispitanici i metode: Od ukupno 1289 ispitanika uključenih u prosječno istraživanje provedeno u ruralnom dijelu Hrvatske, njih 272 (118 muškaraca, 154 žene, medijana dobi 51 god, najviše i najniže vrijednosti 18-87 god.)uključili smo u ovu analizu. AT i srčana frekvencija (SF) mjereni su tri puta u sjedećem položaju OMRON 6 uređajem. Određeni su indeks tjelesne mase (ITM) i opseg struka (OS) te glukoza u krvi i vrijednosti inzulina. HOMA indeks korišten je za izračunavanje inzulinske rezistencije (IR). Ispitanici su bili podijeljeni u 3 skupine s obzirom na vrijednosti AT: normalni AT (140/90 ; N=65) (HT). U statističkoj obradi korišteni su Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney i Spearmanov korelacijski test, a razina slučajnosti je postavljena na 0.05.

U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja unosa bilnih čajeva u endemskom području.

Objective: Prehypertension is often accompanied with other metabolic disturbances that additionally increase cardiovascular (CV) risk. Our aim was to estimate total CV risk in prehypertension using European Heart Score. Design and Method: CV risk factors and Heart Score were analysed in 1375 subjects enrolled in epidemiologic survey conducted in rural part of Croatia. Treated hypertensives and individuals with acute illness, chronic terminal disease, pregnancy, dementia, immobility and those taking NSAID or corticosteroids were excluded. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured with OMRON device following ESH guidelines. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and smoking status were determined. Fasting blood and urine samples were obtained for analysis of glucose (FBG), total (T-C), LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR). European Heart Score was calculated. Subjects were divided into three groups regarding BP values: optimal BP (< 120/80) (OBP), prehypertension (120/80-139 /89) (PH), untreated hypertensives (≥ 140/90)(HT). ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and posthoc tests were used while the level of significance was set at < 0.05. Results: Four hundred ninety five subjects (216 men, 279 women), mean age 47.75 (range 19-90) were divided into three groups: OBP (N = 131), PH (N = 174), HT (N = 190). The percentages of smokers were 47.3%, 29.9% and 24.61% in OBP, PH and HT, respectively (p < 0.001). Significantly higher values of age, FBG, T-C, LDL, TG, BMI, WC and ACR (p < 0.001), and nonsignificantly higher values of HDL were found in HT vs PH. Significant differences in age, BMI, WC, T-C and LDL (p < 0.001) were found between PH and OBP while nonsignificantly higher values of FBG, TG and ACR were observed. As expected, Heart Score was highest in HT group (HT vs PH and OBP, p < 0.001). However, significant difference was also found in Heart Score between PH and OBP group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Using Heart Score we found global CV risk to be significantly higher in PH than in OBP, indicating that PH should not be ignored, and beside life style changes in some subjects even drug therapy might be considered.

Objective: Both the metabolic abnormalities and a faster heart rate are recognized cardiovascular risk factors and both are associated with hypertension. However, it is still matter of debate whether the high risk profile is also present in prehypertension (PH). Our aim was to analyse presence of these additional risk factors in newly diagnosed non-treated hypertension (HT) and PH. Design and Method: Out of 1181 subjects enrolled in population based cohort study conducted in Croatian rural area, 203 participants (65 men, 138 women, mean age 50.7 years, range 19- 87) had all the laboratory and clinical data and were included in this report. We also excluded eligible subjects if they had an acute illness, chronic terminal disease, pregnancy, treated HT, diabetes, arrhythmias, dementia, immobility and if taking NSAID or corticosteroids. Blood pressure (BP) and HR were measured 3 times in a sitting position with OMRON M6 device. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were determined. Fasting blood was analysed for glucose (FBG), insulin, total cholesterol (T-C), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG), haematocrite, C reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil count. HOMA index was used to calculate insulin resistance (IR). Subjects were divided in three groups: optimal BP (< 120/80 ; N = 59) (OBP), PH (120/80-139/89 ; N = 79), and HT ( 140/90 ; N = 65). ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, post hoc (Tuckey, Mann Whitney) and Spearman’s correlation test were used. Significance was set at 0.05. Results: There were no differences in age between groups. IR prevalence increased from OBP to PH and HT (33.8%, 51.9%, 67.6%, respectively). Differences were significant between OBP vs. PH and HT (p = 0.035, p < 0.001, respectively), but not between PH and HT (p = 0.057). We found significant correlation between IR, systolic, diastolic BP, and HR (r = 0.22 ; 0.29 ; 0.24, respectively ; p < 0.001). HT patients and PH subjects with IR had significantly higher values of BMI, WC, insulin, T-C, LDL-C, TG than those without IR (p < 0.001). Even OBP subjects with IR had significantly higher BMI, WC, insulin, TG and lower HDL values than ones without IR(p < 0.001). In all groups HR was higher in subjects with IR. Values on CRP and WBC will be presented separately. Conclusions: Observed high prevalence of IR, metabolic syndrome and faster heart rate in OBP and PH groups call for life style modification in general population, or at least in those with IR. Individuals with metabolic syndrome and tachycardia should be followed closely and considered for drug therapy if they failed to respond to life style modification. Correlation between IR and HR (starting from OBP) in this study suggests that a common mechanism - sympathetic overactivity- may be involved in both conditions.

Prevalence of diseased and suspect of having EN obtained in 2008 is lower than reported in previous studies and might point on decreased activity of disease in this area.

AIM: Recent studies renewed, often neglected interest in association of heart rate (HR), hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. Our aim was to investigate the relationship of HR and blood pressure (BP) in general population. METHODS: Out of 1375 subjects enrolled in the epidemiologic survey conducted in Croatian rural area, 495 untreated subjects (216 men and 279 women) were included into the study. Exclusion criteria were: antihypertensive therapy, acute illness, chronic terminal disease and serious disability, dementia and pregnancy. BP and HR were measured three times in a sitting position using OMRON device, and mean values were calculated. Subjects were classified into groups with optimal BP (140/90mmHg). Systolic and dyastolic BP values were also observed as continuous variables. RESULTS: Median age of the whole group was 45 (range 19–90). Although statistical significance was not revealed regarding BP categories and quartiles of HR (p=0.365), lower values were observed in subjects with optimal BP compared to values obtained in the hypertensive group. Statistical significance in HR was found between prehypertensive and hypertensive groups (76.44±11.48, and 78.96±12.56 respectively ; p=0.04). Linear regression analysis between HR and BP showed no significance (p=0.360). Significant correlation was found only between diastolic BP and HR (p=0.006) what was also confirmed by the multiple regression analysis (p=0.0073) CONCLUSION:Significant corellation between dyastolic BP and HR was found. Although we could not find statistical significance, our study suggest a trend of increased HR in hypertensive subjects comparing to those with prehypertension.

AIM:To analyze the prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors of individuals with normal blood pressure (BP) and those with untreated hypertension in a cohort of subjects enrolled in an epidemiological survey performed in the continental rural part of Croatia. METHODS:Out of 1375 subjects enrolled in the survey, 495 (216 men and 279 women) were included into study. Exclusion criteria were: treated hypertension, acute illness, chronic terminal disease, pregnancy, usage of nonsteroid anti- inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids therapy, dementia and immobility. BP was measured three times in a sitting position using the OMRON device. Subjects were classified into groups with optimal BP (140/90mmHg). Height, weight, body mass index and waist circumference were determined. Fasting blood was analyzed for glucose (FBG) and lipid status. RESULTS: Optimal BP had 131 (26.4%), prehypertension 174 (35.2 %) and untreated hypertension 190 (38.4%) of enrolled persons. From 190 hypertensives, 19 were priory diagnosed but untreated, while the rest were newly diagnosed. Significant differences were observed in age, BMI, waist circumference, total and LDL cholesterol, FBG, triglycerides (p

Objective: To analyze prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in early phases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and effect of its components on early renal impairment. Design and Method: In this survey 1003 farmers from continental, rural part of Croatia were enrolled (386 men ; 617 women ; average age 52(30-95) ; females were older(Mann-Whitney test:z=3, 6 ; p < 0, 001). After extended questionnaire and clinical exam, fasting blood was drawn and second morning urine sample was collected (for microalbuminuria (MA) and alpha1 microglobulinuria (α1MG). Blood pressure (BP) was measured following the ESH/ESC guidelinies, metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined according to the NCEP ATP III recommendations. Subjects were classified into the CKD stages groups according to the KDOQI classification. Results: In general rural population prevalence of MS was 22, 6% (30% men, 70% women ; p = 0, 045). Prevalence of MS was significantly higher in subjects with CKD stage 3 as compared to the CKD stage 1 (χ2 = 4 ; p = 0, 045) as well as in subjects with MA compared to those with normal values (χ2 = 5, 85 ; p = 0, 016), while there was no difference between subjects with elevated and normal values of α1MG (χ2 = 0, 19 ; p = 0, 662). We observed significant difference between stages CKD 1 and 3 in BP (χ2 = 15, 6 ; p < 0, 001), waist circumference (WC) (χ2 = 26, 8 ; p < 0, 001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (χ2 = 22 ; p < 0, 001), triglycerdies (TG) (χ2 = 7, 4 ; p = 0, 024) and HDL level (χ2 = 0, 621 ; p < 0, 001). Significant differences in BP, FBG, WC and TG were observed between subjects with MA in comparison with normal values (χ2 = 8, 1 ; p = 0, 004 ; χ2 = 23, 2 ; p < 0, 001 ; χ2 = 6, 85 ; p = 0, 009 ; χ2 = 9, 0 ; p = 0, 003, respectively). Multivariate age-adjusted OR for development of MA was significant for FBG and TG (OR 2(1, 43–2, 8) ; p < 0, 001 ; OR 1, 59(1, 02–2, 5) ; p = 0, 043, respectively). Only systolic BP was significantly associated with α1MG(χ2 = 2, 59 ; p < 0, 001) with multivariate age-adjusted OR for development of α1MG of 1, 52 (1, 01–2, 28) ; p = 0, 043. Conclusions: Prevalence of MS and its components increase with CKD stage. MS, and especially FBG and TG are risk factors for MA while systolic BP is a risk factor for proximal tubule damage i.e. α1MG.

Our results may point on attenuation of enviromental factor activity in EN villages. Obtained higher frequencies of patological findings in control villages raise the questions of existence of latent, subclinical EN forms outside of established EN area.

HemoGnost® pripada Fecal Occult Blood (FOB) testovima za dokazivanje prisutnosti krvi u stolici, što je jedan od najranijih pokazatelja postojanja neoplazme debelog crijeva. Primjenjuje se u Nacionalnom programu ranog otkrivanja raka debelog crijeva. Test se sastoji od specijalno pripremljenog, stabiliziranog papira, impregniranog gvajakovom smolom i reagensom. Testiranje se provodi na tri uzorka stolice kroz tri do najviše sedam dana. Iz jedne dnevne stolice s četiri različita mjesta pacijent kartonskim štapićem uzorke nanosi na testna polja. Testiranje u laboratoriju provodi se nakapavanjem reagensa na testna polja, a ukoliko se nakon 30 sekundi do 3 minute pojavi plavo obojenje rezultat testa je pozitivan, što je indikacija za daljnji dijagnostički postupak. U periodu od tri mjeseca (prosinac 2007.- ožujak 2008. godine) na području Brodsko-posavske županije ukupno je testirano 306 osoba. Ciljana populacija su osobe rođene 1933. i 1937. godine. Od ukupno testiranih pozitivnih je 56 ili 18, 3% (21, 6% muškaraca i 16, 0% žena). Do ožujka 2008. godine izvršeno je 35 kolonoskopija, od čega je kod četiri pacijenta (11, 4%) potvrđena diojagnoza Ca debelog crijeva. Kod 22 pacijenta (62, 9%) postavljena je dijagnozaColitis chronica i/ili pseudopoliposis, a 9 pacijenata (25, 7%) je imalo uredan nalaz. HemoGnost® test je u dosadašnjem provođenju Programa zadovoljio osnovne kriterije probirnih testova: brzinu, jednostavnost i osjetljivost, zbog čega opravdava svoju primjenu u praksi.

Rad opisuje AIDS, kliničke i epidemiološke odlike.