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Understanding how street spatial patterns are related to street vitality is conducive to enhancing effective urban and street design. Such analysis is facilitated by big data technology as it enables more accurate methods. This study cites data from street view imagery (SVI) and points of interest (POI) to assess street vitality strength after the classification of street spatial and vitality types to explore the relationship between street spatial patterns and street vitality with a further discussion on the layout features of street vitality and its strength in various street spatial patterns. First, street spatial patterns are quantified based on SVI, which are further classified using principal component analysis and cluster analysis; POI data are then introduced to identify street vitality patterns and layout, and the strength of street vitality is evaluated using spatial overlay analysis. Finally, relevance analysis is explored to cast light on the relationship between street vitality layout and street spatial patterns by overlaying street spatial pattern, street vitality types, and street vitality strength in the grid cells. This paper takes the urban area of Guiyang, China, as an example and the analysis shows that a pattern is discovered in Guiyang regarding the layout of street vitality types and vitality strengths across different street spatial patterns; compact street spaces should be prioritized in designing street space renovation; and cultural leisure vitality is most adaptive to street spatial patterns. Based on big data and using grids to understand the intrinsic relationship between street spatial patterns and the type and strength of street vitality, this paper brings more options to urban street studies in terms of perspective and methodology.

Hilly cities in China have gone through an extensive expansion, and urban fringe morphology has experienced a massive change. As a result, green habitats have been occupied or disturbed, and such landscape changes can impact biodiversity. Understanding how urbanization impacts green habitats is essential for urban sustainable development. However, such understanding is lacking for hilly city. This study has two objectives: (1) to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of green habitats in hilly city fringe during 2000-2020; (2) to identify the differentiated impacts of different hilly city expansion shapes on green habitat. By using landscape indexes to characterize green habitat patterns, the green habitats impact analysis was processed in two scales, at urban scale and local scale. Information Entropy Model and Classification and Green Habitat Quality Evaluation were used to reveal the relationships of urban expansion shapes and green habitat quality in mountainous city. The results showed that, at urban scale, (1) the more complex the city fringe morphology is, the more negative impacts there are on green habitats, (2) and when Guiyang urban fringe green space declined, the green habitats type pattern was refactored. At the local scale, we classified urban fringe expansion into four shape styles; we then discussed the changes of green habitats from the perspective of shape style and stage of urbanization. The results showed that, (1) dispersed type and strip type of urban fringe expansion led to the largest green habitat lost, besides, spreading type and strip type resulted in the largest loss of green habitats core areas. (2) Moreover, at a different stage of urban fringe expansion, the challenge of green habitats persistence was varied, the legacy type has been eager for special species habitats. However, the new type has been facing the risks of guaranteeing habitats stock and quality.

Due to the mountainous terrain in the urban areas of southwest China, there are a large number of barren slopes in the community unsuitable for construction. These areas, alongside other unusable space which is often cultivated by residents to create informal community vegetable gardens and fruit growing areas, have become a “gray area” for urban management. This paper attempts to study the characteristics of informal community growing, the composition of growers, the motivation for growing, and the satisfaction of residents in urban areas in mountainous southwest China to explore its relative value. The sample area for the study was Yongchuan, Chongqing, Southwest China. Through a field survey, a semantic differential questionnaire, and data analysis, we found that: (1) growers use traditional cultivation methods to grow diverse fruits and vegetables according to the size of the slope, and the scale is so large that it serves as a local food supply; (2) growers are mainly vulnerable groups who use the land for economic gain and green food acquisition; and (3) growers and non-growers are more satisfied with the food supply and economic benefits generated by cultivation, while they are dissatisfied with the environmental and social benefits and the planting process. Satisfaction also varies with age, occupation, income, education, household registration, and farming experience. Based on the findings, this paper presents recommendations for the future transformation and development of informal community cultivation in mountainous areas. The study has implications for the construction of community gardens and urban agriculture in the mountains.

Highlights • Higher step count is inversely associated with the risk of premature death and cardiovascular events. • As measured by accelerometers, 8959 steps/day (Q3) had a 40.36% lower risk of all-cause mortality than 4183 steps/day (Q1). • As measured by accelerometers, 9500 steps/day (Q3) had a 35.05% lower risk of cardiovascular events than 3500 steps/day(Q1). • These associations were in nonlinear dose–response patterns., Background A goal of 10,000 steps per day is widely advocated, but there is little evidence to support that goal. Our purpose was to examine the dose–response relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease risk. Methods Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, OVID, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies published before July 9, 2021, that evaluated the association between daily steps and at least 1 outcome. Results Sixteen publications (12 related to all-cause mortality, 5 related to cardiovascular disease; and 1 article contained 2 outcomes: both all-cause death and cardiovascular events) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. There was evidence of a nonlinear dose–response relationship between step count and risk of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular disease (p = 0.002 and p = 0.014 for nonlinearity, respectively). When we restricted the analyses to accelerometer-based studies, the third quartile had a 40.36% lower risk of all-cause mortality and a 35.05% lower risk of cardiovascular event than the first quartile (all-cause mortality: Q1 = 4183 steps/day, Q3 = 8959 steps/day; cardiovascular event: Q1 = 3500 steps/day, Q3 = 9500 steps/day; respectively). Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests inverse associations between higher step count and risk of premature death and cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older adults, with nonlinear dose–response patterns., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

Aiming at the problems that the coaxial magnetic gear (CMG) has lower torque density and higher eddy current loss, a relation model between the effective components of the modulation magnetic field and the original field is deduced based on the calculation method of the air gap flux density of the permanent magnetic motor and its unilateral grooved air gap permeance. According to this model, the modulation effect of the modulating ring is the best when the original magnetic air gap field of the permanent magnetic ring in CMG is close to sinusoid. Hereby a new topology is proposed where the traditional yoke magnetic conductive structure is replaced by the structure of the permanent magnet itself, thus the permanent magnet of the permanent magnetic ring in CMG would be of a higher utility rate of space and form a more ideal air gap magnetic field. Using control variable method (CVM), 2D finite element method (2D FEM) and fast Fourier transform (FFT), the simulated analysis between the old and the new structures proves that when without a modulating ring, the original air gap magnetic field formed by the traditional yoke magnetic conductive structure is square wave, whose magnetic field modulated by the modulating ring is mainly composed of harmful fundamental wave. Meanwhile, however, the new topology presented is of an original air gap magnetic field closer to the ideal sinusoid, and the modulated magnetic field of which is mainly composed of harmonic wave coupling with the permanent magnet on the permanent magnetic ring of the other side. Taking advantage of CVM and 2D FEM, the performance differences of the old and the new structures are analyzed on the aspects such as torque density and eddy current loss, and the results show that with the same inner and outer rotor volume, as more permanent magnets could be placed, the new topology is of a higher torque density. Moreover, the increase of the torque density lessens the volume of the outer magnetic ring, thus lessening its change of flux. As a result, with identical speed and maximum torque, the eddy current loss of the new structure is also lower.