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This study presents a panoramic overview of research conducted between 2010 and 2020 on how the Personal Learning Environment (PLE) supports Self-Regulated Learning (SRL). We elaborate on why the PLE is suitable for SRL, discuss its research themes, explain how the PLE supports SRL and outline the available PLE platforms. The review method we used includes defining keywords, creating inclusion and exclusion criteria, selecting data sources, collecting relevant articles and performing content analysis and synthesis. This study categorises four main findings. The first is that there are four PLE research themes: adoption; integration; model, architecture and framework; and recommenders. The PLE is suitable to support SRL because they share similar ideas regarding personalisation and ownership, the need to integrate formal and informal learning and the need for student-centred learning environments covering flexibility and features. Furthermore, the PLE acts as a tool and a recommender for students. The final finding is that the available PLE platforms have the following characteristics: they act as a personal assistant; they support students in planning, monitoring and evaluating the learning process; they promote collaboration between students; and they act as a widget-based application. Finally, this study also proposes future research topics.

The community of inquiry (CoI) framework describes a process for creating collaborative learning through three elements or presences: social, cognitive, and teaching. Despite its popularity among researchers and practitioners, use of the CoI model is limited to mapping instructional activities, which are yet to be developed into an interaction design for online collaborative learning intended to support the CoI presences. This study was aimed at developing the interaction design of an asynchronous online discussion forum employing a user-centered design method contextualized to the learning-centered design approach. Seven scenario and user interfaces were created to facilitate one introductory activity and four phases of inquiry. The design was evaluated through contextual interviews with ten students. The interviews revealed that the prototype encouraged and supported (a) introductory activity (social presence), (b) idea exploration (cognitive presence), (c) summarizing the discussion (cognitive presence), and (d) facilitating discussion (teaching presence). Future research could be aimed at improving the proposed design based on recommendations and developing a fully functional working system to be tested in real settings.

In developing countries, rural farmers contribute significantly to food production, but their households are still vulnerable to poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, and stunting. Although quantitative studies have explored the factors that influence farmers' dietary diversity, the data can be improved by integrating farmers' experiences and perspectives on whether and how these factors affect their dietary diversity. Malnutrition and food insecurity are more prevalent in developing and underdeveloped nations like Africa and Southeast Asia. Due to increased work, this country usually sees a rise in stunting, malnutrition, and increased physical activity. Stunting has a higher prevalence than other nutritional disorders, such as malnutrition, according to Nutrition Status Monitoring (NSM) data over the last three years. The frequency of stunting in children under five has risen from 27% in 2016 to 29% in 2017. This will assist in designing and implementing interventions. Forty rural farmers in Bone Regency, Indonesia, became informants in targeted interviews as part of the qualitative study (20 male and 20 female farmers). According to the research results, both male and female informants were concerned about the availability and variety of food. They feel that household food production is essential to achieve food security. Food sales are affected by prices, household income, distance to markets, and the range of food available. Household food production, knowledge, nutrition, availability, use of information, time, and household income are significant determinants of the variety of food consumed. In farming households, gender influences and variations on the distribution and use of food collected and income are explored. Men have more time to engage in agricultural endeavors that promote dietary diversity. Based on these findings, efforts to increase dietary diversity should address current food security and production challenges, support increased farm incomes and market access, utilize designs that address gender issues, and include nutrition capacity building, diverse practices, and social behavior change strategies. Key words: rural farmers, food security, food diversity, nutrition, market access, Indonesia, INTRODUCTION Rural farmers generate 40-70% of the food consumed in developing countries [1]. They are, nonetheless, the most vulnerable to hunger, poverty, and food insecurity due to obstacles such as [...]

Online learning implementation has been growing year by year across countries, including Indonesia. Many higher education institutions use a Learning Management System (LMS) to facilitate online learning. Unfortunately, many issues arise during online learning implementation, such as a lack of student behaviour monitoring. This study adopts an educational process mining technique to conduct weekly assessments of student behaviour during one semester. The study was undertaken in the following steps: problem identification, literature review, design of study context, log data collection from LMS, log data filtering, event data grouping, conversion of LMS logs to event logs, clustering, and process model discovery. The following findings were revealed in this research: the most frequently accessed features were course material, assignments, and forums; students accessed the LMS most frequently on lecture days; the number of student activities decreased in line with fewer instructions from lecturers; students who attained the best grades most frequently accessed the LMS, and vice versa; and high-achieving students had a more complex process model than other students. Therefore, this research suggests that systematic teaching strategies have a broader impact on student engagement and performance.

Pentingnya kemampuan literasi matematika atau numerasi menyebabkan banyak penelitian dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan literasi matematika atau numerasi. Untuk memberikan hasil pemetaan tren penelitian agar menumbuhkan ide penelitian baru dalam topik literasi matematika atau numerasi, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji tren penelitian tentang literasi matematika atau numerasi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Artikel ilmiah yang dikaji merupakan artikel yang terbit pada Jurnal pendidikan matematika terakreditasi SINTA 1 dan SINTA 2 mulai Januari 2013 sampai Juni 2023. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa publikasi artikel terkait literasi matematika atau numerasi mulai Januari 2013 mengalami kenaikan mulai tahun 2018 dan tertinggi pada tahun 2022. Jenis penelitian yang paling banyak digunakan adalah kualitatif. RME adalah pendekatan pembelajaran yang sering digunakan dalam penelitian literasi matematika atau numerasi. Variabel lain yang sering dikaitkan adalah variabel budaya. Metode analisis data yang sering digunakan adalah statistika deskriptif dan instrumen penelitian yang sering digunakan adalah tes. Subjek penelitian yang paling sering diteliti adalah siswa kelas VIII. Rekomendasi penelitian yang dapat dilakukan kedepannya antara lain menggunakan penelitian tindakan kelas (CAR) atau mixed method, memperluas subjek penelitian pada tingkat SD, kelas IX, SMA, S2, S3 dan guru untuk memberikan wawasan terkait kemampuan literasi matematika atau numerasi di jenjang tersebut The importance of mathematical literacy or numeracy skills has led to a lot of research being conducted to improve mathematical literacy or numeracy skills. To provide research trend mapping results to foster new research ideas on the topic of mathematical literacy or numeracy, research was conducted to examine research trends on mathematical literacy or numeracy in Indonesia using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The scientific articles studied were articles published in the accredited mathematics education journals SINTA 1 and SINTA 2 from January 2013 to June 2023. The research results show that the publication of articles related to mathematical literacy or numeracy from January 2013 experienced an increase starting in 2018 and was highest in 2022. The most widely used type of research is qualitative. RME is a learning approach that is often used in research on mathematical literacy or numeracy. Another variable that is often linked is cultural variables. The data analysis method that is often used is descriptive statistics and the research instrument that is often used is tests. The research subjects most often studied are class VIII students. Recommendations for research that can be carried out in the future include using classroom action research (CAR) or mixed methods, expanding research subjects at the elementary, class IX, high school, master's, and doctoral levels, and teachers to provide insight into mathematical literacy or numeracy skills at these levels.

Abstract Background This study addresses the persistent global burden of road traffic fatalities, particularly in middle-income countries like Malaysia, by exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Road Traffic Accident (RTA) fatalities in Perak state, Malaysia, with a secondary focus on applying Years of Life Lost (YLL) to understand the implications of these premature deaths. Methodology The cross-sectional study retrospectively reviewed certified RTA fatalities from 2018 to 2021, individually counting fatalities in accidents and excluding cases with incomplete death profiles. Data were collected from all Forensic Departments in the government hospitals in Perak. RTA fatalities were confirmed by medical officers/physicians following established procedures during routine procedures. A total of 2517 fatal accident and victim profiles were transcribed into data collection form after reviewing death registration records and post-mortem reports. Inferential analyses were used for comparison between pre- and during COVID-19 pandemic. The standard expected YLL was calculated by comparing the age of death to the external standard life expectancy curve taking into consideration of age and gender in Malaysia. Results This study included 2207 (87.7%) of the RTA fatalities in Perak State. The analysis revealed a decreasing trend in RTA deaths from 2018 to 2021, with a remarkable Annual Percent Change (APC) of -25.1% in 2020 compared to the pre-pandemic year in 2019 and remained stable with lower APC in 2021. Comparison between pre-pandemic (2018–2019) and pandemic years (2020–2021) revealed a difference in the fatality distribution with a median age rise during the pandemic (37.7 (IQR: 22.96, 58.08) vs. 41.0 (IQR: 25.08, 61.00), p = 0.002). Vehicle profiles remained consistent, yet changes were observed in the involvement of various road users, where more motorcycle riders and pedestrian were killed during pandemic (p = 0.049). During pandemic, there was a decline in vehicle collisions, but slight increase of the non-collision accidents and incidents involving pedestrians/animals (p = 0.015). A shift in accident from noon till midnight were also notable during the pandemic (p = 0.028). YLL revealed differences by age and gender, indicating a higher YLL for females aged 30–34 during the pandemic. Conclusion The decline in RTA fatalities during COVID-19 pandemic underscores the influence of pandemic-induced restrictions and reduced traffic. However, demographic shifts, increased accident severity due to risky behaviors and gender-specific impacts on YLL, stress the necessity for improved safety interventions amidst evolving dynamics.

Nowadays, online learning has become commonplace in higher education. Various factors influence the success of online learning. Factors such as low self-regulation and co-regulation of learning skills can affect student engagement and motivation in online learning activities. Therefore, it is essential to provide external support in the online learning process. Pedagogical agents are one solution to increasing self-regulation and co-regulation learning in online learning environments. This study aims to determine the effect of integrating metacognitive and motivation scaffolding support provided through pedagogical agents on self-regulation and co-regulation learning skills. This study uses a mixed-method explanatory sequential approach. A quasi-experimental method of the nonequivalent type (pretest and posttest) control group is used for quantitative data collection, and an in-depth survey is used to analyze qualitative data. The results showed that the learning support provided by pedagogical agents who act as scaffolders using metacognitive and motivation scaffolding integration has a significant impact on increasing students' self-regulation and co-regulation learning skills. Also, the results of qualitative data analysis supported the findings obtained from quantitative data. Research limitations and suggestions for further research are presented at the end of this article.

This study aimed to investigate engineering students' learning experiences in eLearning Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework that integrates social, teaching, and cognitive presence to promote collaboration and critical thinking. Data analyzed quantitatively with descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. The research location was at a state university in Bengkulu, Indonesia. Data were collected from 187 students consists of 112 men and 75 women. The questionnaire was derived from three elements of CoI. The results showed that (1) teaching presence has a higher contribution to cognitive presence than social presence for engineering education, (2) students were ready to construct the CoI in e-learning, and (3) students have positive feedback for the CoI evaluation in engineering education. Recommendations for engineering education include lecturers should be equipped with pedagogical competence and facilitate discussions using the CoI framework. Furthermore, students should contribute more actively to the social and cognitive presence.

Background: Dengue fever is a serious health problem that burdens public health and the economy. The aims to analyzing the risk factors for dengue fever in endemic areas in Sikka Regency. Methodology: This research uses a case control study design with a ratio of 1:1. Cases are families whose members were diagnosed with dengue fever based on positive dengue NS1/IGM laboratory results (132). Controls are families whose members do not suffer from dengue fever coming from the same group as cases (132). Multivariate analysis with logistic regression in the STATA application. Results: The total number of cases was 132 cases, (51%) male, with the majority in the 5–15-year age group (39.3%). House Index (62.5%), Breteau Index (386%), Container Index (49.93%), ABJ (37.5%). Multivariate analysis of variables that were risk factors were knowledge (AOR 2.48; 95% CI, 1.128- 4.928), habit of hanging up used clothes with value (AOR 2.93; 95% CI, 1.292 - 6.688), habit of storing water. in open containers (AOR 2.53; 95% CI, 1, 257- 5.090), residential density (AOR 2.20; 95% CI, 1.153 – 4.229), and the dominant risk factor is larval density (AOR 13.97; 95% CI, 6.793 – 28.735) with a probability (96.8%) of causing dengue fever. Conclusions: Behavioral factors that influence the incidence of dengue fever are knowledge, attitude, the habit of hanging up used clothes, the habit of storing water in open containers, and the habit of not draining water containers regularly, while wearing long-sleeved clothes and the use of medication have no influence on the incidence of dengue fever.

There is a need to investigate student intention to participate in online discussion forums in the context of online collaborative learning due to the importance of student participation and the widespread student inactivity reported in some studies. Student participation in online discussion forums could be predicted by the constructs included in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This paper presents a cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) and validation of a questionnaire based on TPB for analysis using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The CCA was conducted to adapt the English items included in the questionnaire for use in an Indonesian context. This is part of our study on factors that affect student intention to participate in online discussion forums. The rationale for conducting a CCA was the need to cater to the different characteristics of the language and the cultural backgrounds of the participants of this study in comparison to the participants involved in the construction of the original measurement items. The adaptation and the validation of the questionnaire involved a literature review, back-translation, an expert review, pretesting, and a statistical validation test to ensure its reliability and validity. The result shows that the adapted instrument is valid and reliable to be used for further SEM analysis (i.e., structural model evaluation). Moreover, this paper demonstrates that expert-reviewed adaptation and the back-translation method could produce valid and reliable measurement items for SEM. Therefore, future studies that utilize SEM with cross-cultural adapted items from relevant prior studies should consider adopting expert-reviewed adaptation and back-translation methods.

BackgroundPatients with cirrhosis and subcentimeter lesions on liver ultrasound are recommended to undergo short-interval follow-up ultrasound because of the presumed low risk of primary liver cancer (PLC).AimsThe aim of this study is to characterize recall patterns and risk of PLC in patients with subcentimeter liver lesions on ultrasound.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study among patients with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B infection who had subcentimeter ultrasound lesions between January 2017 and December 2019. We excluded patients with a history of PLC or concomitant lesions ≥1 cm in diameter. We used Kaplan Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses to characterize time-to-PLC and factors associated with PLC, respectively.ResultsOf 746 eligible patients, most (66.0%) had a single observation, and the median diameter was 0.7 cm (interquartile range: 0.5-0.8 cm). Recall strategies varied, with only 27.8% of patients undergoing guideline-concordant ultrasound within 3-6 months. Over a median follow-up of 26 months, 42 patients developed PLC (39 HCC and 3 cholangiocarcinoma), yielding an incidence of 25.7 cases (95% CI, 6.2-47.0) per 1000 person-years, with 3.9% and 6.7% developing PLC at 2 and 3 years, respectively. Factors associated with time-to-PLC were baseline alpha-fetoprotein >10 ng/mL (HR: 4.01, 95% CI, 1.85-8.71), platelet count ≤150 (HR: 4.90, 95% CI, 1.95-12.28), and Child-Pugh B cirrhosis (vs. Child-Pugh A: HR: 2.54, 95% CI, 1.27-5.08).ConclusionsRecall patterns for patients with subcentimeter liver lesions on ultrasound varied widely. The low risk of PLC in these patients supports short-interval ultrasound in 3-6 months, although diagnostic CT/MRI may be warranted for high-risk subgroups such as those with elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels.

Personalised learning (PL) is learning in which the stage of learning and the instructional approach are optimised for the needs of each learner. The concept of PL allows e-learning design to shift from a 'one size fits all' approach to an adaptive and student-centred approach. This paper aims to provide a literature review of PL based on: the PL components used to analyse learner diversity, the PL features offered, the methods used in developing the PL model, the resulting model, the learning theories applied and the impact of PL implementation. Thirty-nine out of 1654 articles published between 2017 and 2021 which were found by Kitchenham method were studied and analysed. The results are derived from synthesized through qualitative synthesis using thematic analysis. The results reveal that most of the articles used knowledge level and learner characteristics to analyse learner diversity. The teaching materials and learning path were the most widely offered PL features in PL model. There is a trend in determining PL features using the knowledge graph method and the use of machine learning classification algorithms to analyse learner diversity. The results also show that PL implementation improves learning outcomes and increases learner's satisfaction, motivation, and engagement. Research analysing the impact of PL implementation on learning is limited. In addition, only a few studies explicitly referred to learning theory in relation to PL model development. Further research topics are suggested.

Rumah kancingan is a distinctive house used by residents of Merauke, Papua. The house is unique because it combines walls made of both orthotropic and isotropic materials, which is a combination of brick walls and wooden frames, built from isotropic and orthotropic materials, respectively. As a result, this study aimed to provide a better understanding of Rumah kancingan in Merauke and explore new information about its architectural design. A typology method was used through an interpretive method to analyze 100 samples. The objective was to describe and categorize them based on architectural aspects, encircling house type (floor plan), and visual features such as roof shape, entrance, ornaments, and building materials. Despite wood being the main structural and framing material, the results showed that the varied size of the houses did not necessarily limit the spaciousness of the rooms, considering the dimensional constraints of wood. The roof shape was an indicator of the construction era and the terrace served as additional space for adding aesthetic value to the house. Additionally, the presence of a terrace allowed for more diverse roof designs, contributing to a modern appearance. Ornaments were not commonly found in the place. It should be acknowledged that older houses tended to emphasize their kancingan construction, while newer ones concealed the structure for a more modern and sturdy look. Finally, the type of wood and its dimensions used in construction could help identify the era of Rumah kancingan development.

Sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera), also known as ''green caviar,'' are prized for their succulent texture and appearance resembling fish roe. However, their commercial viability faces challenges due to limited research on growth and quality enhancement. For 8 weeks, a 3 × 2 factorial indoor tank culture experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of salinity levels (27, 31, and 35) and fertilizer treatments (with and without) using a ratio of nitrate nitrogen to orthophosphate of 5:1 on sea grape growth and sensory attributes. Results showed that salinity, fertilizer, and their interaction significantly (P < 0.05) influenced sea grape growth. Salinity had a significant impact on all sensory attributes, while fertilizer and its interaction affected appearance, flavor, oceanic freshness, sweetish aftertaste, and taste. In conclusion, the study recommends sea grape cultivation at 35 salinity with fertilizer application for optimal growth and sensory qualities. These findings provide valuable insights for improving sea grape cultivation and enhancing commercial success.

Designing an online course is a complex and resource-intensive activity with a focus on pedagogical and technological aspects. One approach is the e-learning experience design (EXD) model, which combines user-experience design concepts, such as agile methodology and design thinking. This study aimed to design a website and activities for an undergraduate human–computer interaction (HCI) online course based on the EXD model and analyze the students' learning experiences. The students' experiences were captured from two online surveys opened during the first weeks (n = 94 students) and at the end of the semester (n = 93). The surveys utilized the e-Learning Usability Questionnaire (EUS) and asked for suggestions to improve the course delivery. In addition, the students rated their experience in pain points when participating in the course. The findings show that adopting the EXD model for an online course design and implementing some design best practices can promote students’ positive attitudes toward the course. The contributions of this study include an example of how an online course can be designed using the EXD model and a description of its effects on student attitudes.

The COVID-19 pandemic that occurred in early 2020 around the world has implications for Indonesia's education sector. This pandemic led to the Indonesian government policy to study from home at all academic levels using a distance learning approach. Studies on e-learning preparedness in Indonesia involving more comprehensive samples of universities during the pandemic are still limited. This study extended samples from several public and private universities in Indonesia to get a broader picture of e-learning readiness in various faculties with diverse university online learning cultures. This study used Rasch analysis to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis to identify responses based on students' demographic profiles. The results show that most students were ready to study online, but a few were not ready. Moreover, the results show significant differences in students' e-learning readiness based on the academic year at university, the field of study, the level of organizational e-learning culture of the university, gender, and region. This work provides an insight into student readiness to study online, especially in higher education in Indonesia. The article presents the implications of online learning practices in universities and recommendations for future e-learning research.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most educational institutions across the world have shifted their teaching and learning processes and put efforts into preparing online distance education to ensure education continues uninterrupted. Some did not face difficult tasks or challenges during this process because they were already implementing online or blended learning before the pandemic. However, some institutions, lecturers and students were not ready to adapt to the conditions, and it is therefore important to examine to what extent lecturers are ready to teach online. This research aims to evaluate the readiness of lecturers during a pandemic that arises unexpectedly. It also aims to investigate the weaknesses and obstacles that lecturers must overcome in order to teach an online class. This research applies a mixed-method approach. Lecturers were surveyed through online preparedness questionnaires, and several themes were constructed from the gathered qualitative data. The results show that lecturers have strong baseline technical skills to use e-learning platforms for online courses; they have quickly adapted to using a Learning Management System (LMS), and most have a tactical solution for most online classes with insufficient feasibility, but they do not have a strategic solution. Their sufficiency for teaching online courses was not optimised since they did not fully believe the learning goals could be achieved. This paper elaborates on the theoretical and practical implications.

Abstract Improvement of prenatal identification of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants could lower the risk for adverse outcomes. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the association of a combination of maternal waist circumference (WC) and abdominal fat depths with infant birth size. A cohort study including 1240 women was performed between 2015 and 2018 at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. Maternal WC was measured at the first antenatal visit, and visceral (VF) and subcutaneous (SCF) fat depths by ultrasound at the second-trimester anomaly scan. Waist circumference, VF, and SCF were categorized as low or high (cut-offs WC ≥ 88 cm, VF ≥ 54 mm, SCF ≥ 21 mm). Outcomes were birth weight standard deviation score (BWSDS) and LGA (BWSDS > 90th and > 97th percentile). Secondary outcome was small-for-gestational-age (SGA, BWSDS

Latar Belakang: Salah satu kelompok sasaran yang berisiko mengalami overweight dan obese adalah remaja. Di Kalimantan Timur salah satunya provinsi terbesar di Indonesia dengan prevalensi overweight dan obese pada anak usia 13-15 tahun dengan indikator indeks masa tubuh menurut umur (IMT/U) sebesar 19,1% pada tahun 2018 yang dari overweight sebesar 12,0% dan obese sebesar 7,1%. Tujuan: Menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi status gizi pada remaja overweight dan obese usia 11-15 tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada SMP Negeri di Kota Samarinda selama bulan Januari-Maret 2021 dengan besar sampel sebanyak 290 orang dengan menggunakan rumus Lemeshow dan David, dipilih dengan menggunakan simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data meliputi karakteristik subjek dan orang tuanya, pengukuran berat badan dan tinggi badan, konsumsi makanan, perilaku gizi, aktivitas fisik, dan kebiasaan berolahraga dengan cara wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan uji Regresi Logistik. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan status gizi anak laki-laki dan perempuan (p=0,006), pendidikan dan pekerjaan ibu (p=0,007; p=0,007), status gizi ayah dan ibu (p=0,001; p=0,014), kebiasaan olahraga (p=0,009), tingkat kecukupan protein (p=0,000), dan tingkat kecukupan lemak (p=0,016). Kesimpulan: Jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, pendidikan, status gizi, kebiasaan makan, kebiasaan olahraga, tingkat kecukupan protein, dan tingkat kecukupan lemak merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya overweight dan obese pada remaja. Perlunya peningkatkan aktivitas olahraga yang harus dilakukan minimal 3-5 kali seminggu selama 30 menit secara intensif dan membiasakan konsumsi sayur dan buah 3-4 porsi setiap hari, serta memperhatikan porsi makan sesuai kebutuhan remaja.

Presently, learning is more flexible, personal and has richer learning resources. In the digital era, students use digital tools in almost all aspects of learning, such as seeking information, note-taking, discussion and communication, which is in line with personal learning environments. Therefore, this study proposes a conceptual model of the personal learning environment. The design science research framework is applied as a research guide to guarantee that the proposed model is relevant to our research statement, and the model design is rigorously grounded in relevant theory and methodology. The researcher conducted a systematic literature review and content analysis of relevant articles to identify the components of the personal learning environment and then proposed an initial ontology-driven conceptual model. Activity theory is used as a qualitative framework for preliminary evaluations of the resulting artefacts. The proposed conceptual model comprises four dimensions, including personal, technological, organisational and social, as well as teaching and learning. The implications of the proposed model are to equip teachers, developers, researchers and policymakers in understanding the design and promoting personal learning environments.

This paper presents to develop and validate the Early Childhood Care and Pre-Service Lecturer Instrument constructed to determine their level of competencies toward the quality of early childhood carers-educators' professionalism in Malaysia. Components which affect the early childhood quality were characterized through inclusive literature reviews alongside interviews conducted with experts and experienced lecturers. In this study, two experts were elected to review this instrument so as to enhance its validity while 70 more lecturers in Malaysia were involved. There are four scales in principal component analysis pertaining the quality of early childhood professionalism, namely: (1) disposition, (2) knowledge, (3) skills, and (4) practices. The component loading range or respective instrument item were between 0.56 and 0.79, while the range for respective scales the alpha reliability coefficient were between 0.90 and 0.94. Concisely, the findings from this study corroborated the weight and consistency of the ECCE Pre-Service Lecturer Instrument.

In recent years, the use of asynchronous discussion forums in online learning has increased rapidly. In earlier studies, content analysis is the most-used research method in exploring the discussion transcripts. However, conventional content analysis is a time-consuming task and requires experienced coders. There is a need for an automated approach to analyse the online discussion transcripts to help instructors optimise the learners' learning experiences. This article presents a systematic literature review of the automated content analysis approach in online discussion transcripts. Fifty-four relevant peer-reviewed conference and journal papers were found between January 2016 and October 2021, using the PRISMA and snowball methods. Eight measurement dimensions were studied from online learning transcripts: cognitive, social, relevance/importance, summary, pattern, behaviour, topic, and learning resources. Six theoretical frameworks were used in the selected studies, namely the Community of Inquiry, Stump's Post Classification, Arguello's Speech Acts, ICAP, Wise's Speaking Behaviour, and Bloom's Taxonomy. All selected studies are experimental, with 93% using machine learning to analyse discussion transcripts. English is the most-used language dataset, used in 78% of studies. These studies reported promising results in accuracy and precision. However, this research area still has room for improvement, especially in the reliability and generalisability of cross-domain context.

The purpose of this research is to describe the level of validity of learning devices that use problem-based learning models with the STEAM approach to improve student learning outcomes in thermodynamics material. This research is a type of research and development (R&D). This research was conducted in class XI IPA I SMA Negeri 1 Limboto Barat, Kec. Limboto Barat, Kab. Gorontalo for the 2022/2023 academic year. This study uses the ADDIE development model: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results of this study indicate that learning tools that use the problem-based learning model with the STEAM approach are declared valid and suitable for use in the learning process. It can be seen from the validation results which show that the average validation of the developed learning tools obtains very valid criteria.

The food filling system in raising chickens is still relying on human power. Breeders must regularly check on everything in the cage. In addition, if the farmer forgets to check it will be fatal and will affect chicken production. The research method will be carried out by monitoring feeding, drinking, vitamins and cleaning cages when ammonia gas is detected which increases above 50. Where in previous studies it was still done manually. Automatic control will be carried out using a microcontroller as the command brain and processing sensor data on the system. Where the trigger for cleaning is based on the ammonia level, while for feed it is based on the volume of the place to feed and drink. The weight sensor has an accuracy rate of 99.9% while the range is 99.13%. For the measurement of chicken manure ammonia gas can be done with a reading accuracy level of 99.69%. After using this system, the value of weight and gas content of Ammonia decreases from the first day to the third day. From the 3-day test, the highest value of ammonia gas content was obtained at a value of 197.56 ppm with a weight of 9.8 grams. The lowest was obtained on the third day with ammonia gas content of 18.37 ppm with a weight of 2.1 grams. For network quality, the system has an average delay of 0.07580 seconds and the packet loss obtained when testing is 6.11% (Very Good).

The two invasive mosquito species in Indonesia are Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. These mosquitoes are a serious nuisance to humans and are also the primary vectors of several foreign pathogens, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Efforts must be made to reduce the possibility of mosquito bites and the potential for disease transmission. Given the invasion of these two Aedes species, this approach should be considered as part of an integrated strategy to manage them. This review discusses existing and developing control techniques for invasive Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, with an emphasis on those that have been and are being used in Indonesia. Environmental, mechanical, biological (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis and Wolbachia), and chemical (e.g., insect growth regulators and pyrethroids) approaches are discussed in this review, considering their effectiveness, sustainability, and control methods.