Search

[ES]: Las sociedades en las que se llevan a cabo intercambios de mercancías, como es el caso del mundo romano, desarrollan instrumentos de medida. En este artículo se presentan dos elementos de medida de cronología romana encontrados en un yacimiento rural de la provincia de Salamanca, Los Villares (Fresno Alhándiga). El hallazgo de este tipo de materiales en la provincia de Salamanca es significativamente escaso, no existen hasta el momento materiales comparables, de ahí la relevancia de los mismos. El lanx y el aequipodium de este trabajo estarían indicando unos contactos y la pervivencia de las vías de aprovisionamiento en la provincia de Salamanca por lo menos hasta la Tardoantigüedad., [EN]: Those societies where goods are exchanged, as it was the case of the Roman world, tend to develop measure devices. In this ar ticle, we introduce two measure elements from Roman chronology which were discovered in a rural site called, Los Villares (Fresno Alhándiga), in the province of Salamanca. The discovery of this type of material is highly relevant as it is remakably scarce in this province and there are no similar pieces up to now. Both the lanx and the aequipodium presented in this work point to quotidian market contacts and the survival of the provision routes in the province of Salamanca as far as the late–ancient times.

El Proyecto CPDEx es una nueva estrategia para mejora la respuesta educativa que los Centros extremeños ofrecen a su alumnado. Se trata de mejorar la educación fortaleciendo la profesión, a partir de la integración de las competencias personales del profesorado, las competencias institucionales de los Centros, y el modo en que los Centros gestionan el conocimiento profesional y la cultura escolar.

The aim of this paper is to contextualise recent efforts to characterise Roman rural life in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, more specifically in the present-day region of Extremadura (Spain). Firstly, we offer a critical review of how this subject has been addressed in the research agenda of the last 30 years, highlighting the main contributions and theoretical and methodological approaches. From this point, we attempt to offer new directions and launch new challenges through a specific study case, the hinterland of the Roman town of Contributa Iulia (Medina de las Torres, Badajoz). We can offer this experience as a reference for assessing the potential of an intensive surface survey strategy as the primary source for studying of the way in which the agrarian landscapes of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula were formed. We describe a multi-stage working process for the high-resolution exploration of a large area. Spatial analysis of these data allows the detection of both areas of concentrated activity and more general patterns of land exploitation from Prehistory to the most recent past. On the one hand, we evaluate how this study case can provide us greater in-depth knowledge of the interpretative limits and methodological refinement of the surface survey; and on the other, we analyse the transformations undergone by this type of landscape to enhance our understanding of its present day configuration and identity., This research has been funded through the following projects: “Revaluation of archaeological sites through the application of non-destructive methods”,within the Cross-border Research Network of Extremadura, Centro and Alentejo (RITECA II).; “Métodos no invasivos en Arqueología y Agricultura de Precisión para la revalorización del Patrimonio y el desarrollo de una actividad agraria productiva y sostenible” (IAM-CSIC, CICYTEX y Universidad de Évora); Proyecto I+D del Plan Nacional de Investigación: “Análisis Arqueológico y Valorización Patrimonial de tres Paisajes de la Conquista Romana de Hispania (Siglos II-I BC.). Subproyecto:Suroeste de la Hispania Ulterior”.Referencia: HAR2015–64601-C3–3-R.Italso receivesfinancial support through Research Group grants from the Autonomous Government of Extremadura.

[ES] En este trabajo ofrecemos una valoración global de los resultados de las investigaciones desarrolladas hasta la fecha en el yacimiento romano de Contributa Iulia Ugultunia (Medina de las Torres, Badajoz). Los datos aportados por la revisión historiográfica, junto con las excavaciones arqueológicas y las prospecciones geofísicas y de superficie, han permitido caracterizar esta zona arqueológica como un ejemplo representativo del fenómeno de las denominadas “small towns” en el ámbito de la Baeturia Céltica, dentro de los límites de la Betica Romana. Se presentan de manera muy sintética los principales elementos de este paisaje urbano que nos permiten definir el papel de Contributa en la estructuración del territorio. Finalmente se apuntan algunas líneas en el desarrollo futuro de las investigaciones, que pasa por insistir en la fórmula exitosa de combinar de manera racional el uso de las excavaciones con el recurso a métodos no invasivos., [EN] In this paper we offer a global assessment of the results of the research carried out to date at the Roman site of Contributa Iulia Ugultunia (Medina de las Torres, Badajoz). The data provided by the historiographic review, together with the archaeological excavations and the geophysical and surface surveys, have made it possible to characterize this archaeological zone as a representative example of the phenomenon of the so-called «small towns» in the area of the Baeturia Céltica, within the limits of Roman Betica. The main elements of this urban landscape are presented in a very synthetic way that allow us to define the role of Contributa in the structuring of the territory. Finally, some lines are pointed out in the future development of the research, which goes through insisting on the successful formula of rationally combining the use of excavations with the use of non-invasive methods., Esta publicación ha sido posible gracias a la financiación de la subvención global de la Junta de Extremadura, a través de la Consejería de Ciencia, Economía y Agenda Digital al Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida (Referencia 20164499).

This paper addresses an experimental approach to the archaeological study of Roman camps in NW Iberia using ground-penetrating radar (henceforth GPR). The main goal is to explore the capabilities of GPR to extract datasets from ephemeral features, such as temporary camps or siege works, among others. This information aims to maximise the data available before excavation, orienting it to areas that could provide good results in terms of feature detection and contrast between soil matrix and archaeological deposits. This paper explores the potential of the GPR approach and volumetric data visualisation to improve our understanding of four ephemeral sites: Alto da Raia (Montalegre, Portugal–Calvos de Randín, Spain), Sueros de Cepeda (Villamejil, Spain), Los Andinales (Villsandino, Spain), and Villa María (Sasamón, Spain). Despite the focus of this paper, other survey techniques (namely LiDAR, aerial photography, and magnetometry) were used in combination with GPR. Further excavation of the sites provided ground truthing for all data remotely gathered., The Alto da Raia archaeological survey in 2021 was funded by the Montalegre and Calvos de Randín municipalities and done in collaboration with Era-Arqueologia (PIPA 201633). The survey in Sasamón and Villasandino has been funded by the Junta de Castilla y León (Contract 2021/00352/001) and Diputación de Burgos (Bopbur 5 de Agosto de 2021, P0937500G), together with the municipalities of Sasamón and Villasandino. Archaeological works at the Sueros de Cepeda camp were developed thanks to a contract established between the Villamejil City Council and the INCIPIT-CSIC (221294 CSIC ID contract, under the supervision of DGA). JGS is a postdoctoral researcher from the Instituto de Arqueología, Mérida-Junta de Extremadura, whose work is produced within an Atracción del Talento postdoctoral contract (Ref. TA18060). JMCG research was facilitated by a postdoctoral research contract funded by the Galician Autonomous Government in 2019 (Ref. ED481D 2019/006). JF research was funded by the European Commission through a Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant (agreement ID 794048). Part of JF research was also funded by FEDER through the COMPETE 2020 Programme, Lisboa Regional Programme and European Regional Development Fund (FEEI), and National Funds through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) under the scope of the Iberian Tin project (PTDC/HAR-ARQ/32290/2017). DGA research was facilitated by a 2019 Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación postdoctoral contract (Ref. IJC2019-040603-I) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).

Aim of study: To investigate the effects of three early leaf removal treatments on the phenolic compounds of cv. ‘Tempranillo’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grape skins. Area of study: The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in Requena, Valencia (South-eastern Spain) over two consecutive seasons. Material and methods: Four treatments were investigated over two seasons in drip-irrigated vines: Control (C), non-defoliated and three defoliation treatment, applied at different phenological stages and intensities where all leaves from the first 6 nodes were eliminated just before flowering (ED) and at fruitset (LD). The fourth defoliation treatment was performed at the same time of ED but only the leaves facing east of the eight first nodes were removed (EED). At harvest, thirty-eight phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC in the grape skins, including anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids and their tartaric derivatives. Main results: A general increase of the skin phenolic compounds concentration was found in response to the defoliation treatments. The largest and more significant effects were observed for LD in 2009 with relative increases with respect to the un-defoliated vines of 14.8, 86.0, 119.0, and 75.9% for anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and hydroxycinnamates, respectively. On the other hand, EED did not clearly modify any polyphenolic compound. In addition, the response of phenolic families analyzed to defoliation treatments was different. Malvidine derivatives were not altered by any of the treatments, while the contents of quercetin and kaempferol derivatives and ferulic and coumaric acids, increased in both years when LD was applied. Research highlights: The defoliation effects on specific phenolic substances were dependent on timing, severity, and the season. Skin phenolic compounds increase in response to defoliation treatments and flavonols and hydroxycinnamates were the most affected families., Funding agencies/institutionsProject / GrantINIA-FEDER RTA2008-0037GOBEX GR10006AEI-FEDERAGL2014-54201-C4-4-R; AGL2017-83738-C3-3- RJunta de Extremadura and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)Grant to D. Moreno contract in CICYTEX

Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is a major public health issue caused by excessive alcohol consumption. ARLD encompasses a wide range of chronic liver lesions, alcohol-related liver cirrhosis being the most severe and harmful state. Variations in the genes encoding the enzymes, which play an active role in ethanol metabolism, might influence alcohol exposure and hence be considered as risk factors of developing cirrhosis. We conducted a case-control study in which 164 alcohol-related liver cirrhosis patients and 272 healthy controls were genotyped for the following functional single nucleotide variations (SNVs): ADH1B gene, rs1229984, rs1041969, rs6413413, and rs2066702, ADH1C gene, rs35385902, rs283413, rs34195308, rs1693482, and rs35719513, CYP2E1 gene, rs3813867. Furthermore, copy number variations (CNVs) for ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, and CYP2E1 genes were analyzed. A significant protective association with the risk of developing alcohol-related liver cirrhosis was observed between the mutant alleles of SNVs ADH1B&nbsp, rs1229984 (Pcvalue = 0.037) and ADH1C rs283413 (Pc value = 0.037). We identified CNVs in all genes studied, ADH1A gene deletions being more common in alcohol-related liver cirrhosis patients than in control subjects, although the association lost statistical significance after multivariate analyses. Our findings support that susceptibility to alcohol-related liver cirrhosis is related to variations in alcohol metabolism genes.

Melatonin has been reported to induce effective reduction in growth and development in a variety of tumors, including breast cancer. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, melatonin attenuates a variety of cancer features, such as tumor growth and apoptosis resistance, through a number of still poorly characterized mechanisms. One biological process that is important for TNBC cells is store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which is modulated by TRPC6 expression and function. We wondered whether melatonin might intersect with this pathway as part of its anticancer activity. We show that melatonin, in the nanomolar range, significantly attenuates TNBC MDA-MB-231 cell viability, proliferation, and migration in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, without having any effect on nontumoral breast epithelial MCF10A cells. Pretreatment with different concentrations of melatonin significantly reduced SOCE in MDA-MB-231 cells without altering Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores. By contrast, SOCE in MCF10A cells was unaffected by melatonin. In the TNBC MDA-MB-468 cell line, melatonin not only attenuated viability, migration, and SOCE, but also reduced TRPC6 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, without altering expression or function of the Ca2+ channel Orai1. The expression of exogenous TRPC6 overcame the effect of melatonin on SOCE and cell proliferation, and silencing or inhibition of TRPC6 impaired the inhibitory effect of melatonin on SOCE. These findings indicate that TRPC6 downregulation might be involved in melatonin's inhibitory effects on Ca2+ influx and the maintenance of cancer hallmarks and point toward a novel antitumoral mechanism of melatonin in TNBC cells., Supported by MICINN (Grants BFU2016-74932-C2-1-P, BFU2016-74932-C2-2-P, PID2019-104084GB-C21 and PID2019-104084GB-C22) and Junta de Extremadura-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Grants IB16046 and GR18061). S. A., R. D.-B., and I. J. (contract TA18054) are supported by contracts from Junta de Extremadura-FEDER. D. F. is supported by Jordi Soler grant from CIBERCV (ISCIII, Madrid).

Presentación del libro Actas del Congreso Internacional la Arqueología Urbana en las Ciudades de la Hispania Romana: Proyectos Integrales de Investigación, Conservación y Difusión., Con motivo de la celebración del XX aniversario de la creación del Consorcio de la Ciudad Monumental de Mérida, llevamos a cabo en el mes de marzo de 2017 un Congreso Internacional denominado La Arqueología Urbana en las Ciudades de la Hispania Romana. Proyectos Integrales de Investigación, Conservación y Difusión. El Encuentro estaba organizado por el Consorcio de Mérida y contó con la colaboración del Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida (CSIC-Junta de Extremadura) y la Fundación Extremeña de la Cultura., A todas las instituciones que apoyaron la realización del Congreso (Junta de Extremadura, Ayuntamiento de Mérida, Fundación Extremeña de la Cultura e Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida).

Trabajo presentado al Ciclo de Conferencias Actualidad de la Investigación Arqueológica en España, celebrada en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional el 28 de enero de 2020., Con esta charla queremos presentar los primeros resultados de un proyecto, joven en su recorrido, dedicado a analizar el fenómeno de los grandes poblados fortificados de la Meseta a través del caso de estudio de Villasviejas del Tamuja (Cáceres, Botija). Uno de los mayores retos que representa investigar ese tipo de asentamientos es el de conocer su organización interna, urbanismo, arquitectura doméstica, estructuras defensivas etc. Hasta la fecha son contadas las experiencias en las que ha sido posible responder a estas preguntas dado el elevado coste y los problemas de conservación planteados por las grandes excavaciones. Mediante el uso integrado de una amplia batería de métodos de detección remota, estamos consiguiendo clarificar muchas de estas cuestiones. Al mismo tiempo, se apuesta por la combinación de estos métodos no destructivos con una excavación selectiva, como una fórmula sostenible para la gestión, protección y presentación al público de estos grandes yacimientos. No menos importante, la utilización de Villasviejas como un gran laboratorio abierto abre oportunidades para la experimentación y la formación en el empleo de esta arqueología no invasiva., Proyecto MINARQ: Instituto de Arqueología-Mérida (IAM-CSIC) y la Junta de Extremadura.

10 Pág., Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirus that has caused an increasing number of animal and human cases in Europe in recent years. Understanding the vector species and avian hosts involved in the USUV enzootic cycle in an area of active circulation is vital to anticipate potential outbreaks. Mosquitoes were captured in 2020, while wild birds were sampled in both 2020 and 2021 in Extremadura, southwestern Spain. The presence of USUV in the mosquito vectors was assessed by a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay and confirmed by sequencing amplicons from two generic RT-PCR sets for flaviviruses. Sequences were analysed phylogenetically. Bird sera were screened for flavivirus antibodies with a blocking ELISA kit and subsequently tested for virus-specific antibodies with a micro-virus-neutralization test. Overall, 6,004 mosquitoes belonging to 13 species were captured, including some well-known flavivirus vectors (Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, and Cx. univittatus). Of the 438 pools tested, USUV was detected in two pools of Cx. pipiens. Phylogenetic analysis using a fragment of the NS5 gene assigned the USUV detected the Africa 3 lineage. Out of 1,413 wild birds tested, USUV-specific antibodies were detected in 17 birds (1.2%, 10 males and 7 females) from eight species. The first detection of USUV Africa 3 lineage in mosquitoes from Spain, together with serologically positive resident wild birds in urban and rural areas, indicates active circulation and a possible risk of exposure for the human population, with necessity to establish specific surveillance plans., This study was funded from Ayudas Fundación BBVA a Equipos de Investigación Científica 2019 (PR (19_ECO_0070)), Research State Agency Project (PID2020-116768RR-C21/C22), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19CIII_00014), Consejería de Economía e Infraestructura of the Junta de Extremadura, and the European Regional Development Fund, a Way to Make Europe, through the research project under grant numbers IB20089, GR21122, and GR21084. MF was supported by a Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formación contract (FJCI-2017-34394) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and she is currently funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 844285, “EpiEcoMod.” CMR was funded by a FPU grant from the Ministry of Universities of Spain (reference: FPU20/01039). FGC was supported by “Ayudas a la Formación Investigador Predoctoral 2018” Formative contract (PD18056) from the Extremadura Regional Government.

A powder metallurgy route combining high-energy ball-milling (HEBM) of elemental powders and reactive spark-plasma sintering (SPS) is proposed for the controlled fabrication of novel composites based on a Zr-Al intermetallic matrix hardened with a ceramic second-phase. As proof-of-concept, its suitability is demonstrated on ZrB2-hardened Zr3Al2. Specifically, commercially available powders of ZrH2, Al, and B were first combined in molar ratios of 2:1:1 to give an intermetallic-ceramic composite nominally formed by ∼76.8 vol.% Zr3Al2 plus 23.2 vol.% ZrB2, and were intimately mixed and mechanically activated by HEBM in the form of dry shaker milling for 30 min, next identifying by a dilatometric SPS test at 50 MPa pressure that the densification window of these composites is ∼975-1275 °C. Subsequent densification SPS tests at 50 MPa pressure in that temperature interval, and also at 1350 °C, plus the microstructural and mechanical characterisations of the resulting materials, established 1175 °C as the optimal SPS temperature. It was also identified that densification takes place by transient liquid-phase sintering with molten Al, and that it occurs gradually, not abruptly, because most molten Al disappears in a flash by reacting with Zr to form in situ the intermetallic. It is also shown that the combination of HEBM plus reactive SPS yields Zr3Al2+ZrB2 composites with fine-grained microstructures formed essentially by multitudinous ZrB2 nanograins dispersed within a matrix of submicrometre, or nearly submicrometre, Zr3Al2 grains. Importantly, these intermetallic-ceramic composites were found to be very hard (i.e., ∼11.5 GPa), attributable to the hardening provided by the ZrB2 nanograins, and fairly tough (i.e., ∼4.5 MPa·m1/2), and therefore potential candidate materials for a multitude of structural-tribological applications. Finally, implications for future study are discussed. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PID2019-103847RJ-I00 Junta de Andalucía P18-RTJ-197 Junta de Extremadura IB20017

In the present study, livers, kidneys and adipose tissue of Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis) were collected. Samples were used to determine relationships between heavy metals/metalloids in liver and kidneys (Hg, Cd, Pb, Se and As) or persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue (7 PCBs and 11 organochlorine pesticides) with biomarkers of oxidative stress (CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, GST, MDA) analysed in both internal organs. Three possible influencing variables have been studied: age, sex and sampling area. As a result, statistically significant differences (P, The work was funded by the Consejería de Economía e Infraestructuras of Junta de Extremadura (Convocatoria de Proyectos de investigación en los centros públicos de I + D + i de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura, 2016; Ref. IB16112); project code: 2017/00206/001.

In this paper, I reflect on the artefactual field survey of the hinterland of Roman Segisamo, present-day Sasamón, Burgos, focusing on the methodological aspect and recording off-site material evidence. The field survey data is compared to other proxies, such as satellite (Google Earth, Yahoo Bing), airborne, and UAV aerial photography, to gain knowledge about Roman landscapes and diverse dwelling types. New archaeological evidence from the hinterland of two Roman cities, Segisamo (Sasamón) and Deobrigula (Tardajos) is presented to pursue the interpretation of the landscape and territory exploitation in Roman times. The aerial images were compared to other field survey data, such as site catalogues or official regional gazetteers., This work has been carried out during the development of the ReRom project, funded by the Talent Attraction programme of the Junta de Extremadura, reference number TA18060.

[EN]: El articulo trata de los alcances obtenidos recientemente en los estudios de arquitectura romana y, concretamente, en el análisis de los procesos de construcción, gestión y organización de una obra. Se presenta un resumen de los contenidos y los primeros resultados conseguidos en los Seminarios de Arqueología de la Construcción organizados por el Instituto de Arqueología-Mérida, la Università di Siena y la École Normale Superieure de Paris. A raíz de estos seminarios se extraen una serie de problemáticas y de objetivos específicos que evidencian la peculiaridad de las temáticas relativas al reconocimiento de las dinámicas constructivas. Entre los principales aspectos tratados se documentan los elementos materiales relativos al proyecto arquitectónico, a las distintas etapas de la construcción, a las distintas técnicas constructivas y soluciones tecnológicas empleadas., [EN]: This paper deals with the results recently obtained within the studies of roman architecture and, mainly, within the analysis of building, management and organization processes. A summary of the contents and primary results presented to the Seminary of Archaeology of Construction organized by the Instituto de Arqueología of Mérida, the Università of Siena and the Ecole Normale Superieure of Paris is here exposed. Some issues and aims are obtained from these seminaries, showing the peculiarity of some themes related to the knowledge of building dynamics. Among the mains aspects, material elements linked with building project, different building phases, building techniques and technological solutions are highlighted., Contrato posdoctoral financiado por la Junta de Extremadura, adscrito a la Università di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartamento RADAAR.

Throughout this paper, we show on one hand, that there are nilpotent and solvable Lie superalgebras with infinitely many local superderivations which are not standard superderivations. On the other hand, we show that every local superderivation is a superderivation on the maximal-dimensional solvable Lie superalgebras with model filiform or model nilpotent nilradical. Moreover, we extend the latter result for Leibniz superalgebras by showing that every local superderivation is a superderivation on the maximal-dimensional solvable Leibniz superalgebras with model filiform or model nilpotent non-Lie nilradical. Agencia Estatal de Investigación PID2020- 115155GB-I00 Junta de Andalucía FEDER-UCA18-107643 Junta de Extremadura GR18001 Junta de Extremadura IB18032

The unlubricated wear behaviour of a very recently developed ZrB2–hardened Zr3Al2 intermetallic–ceramic composite was investigated for the first time. In particular, tribological tests of scratch, fretting, and sliding were performed with no external lubrication under varied loads against diamond counterparts to thus account for different types and conditions of frictional contacts, and the worn surfaces were characterised in detail to identify the corresponding wear modes and mechanisms. It was found that under scratch wear the Zr3Al2–ZrB2 composite undergoes a ductile-to-brittle transition with increasing applied load, with an increasing plastic damage from low loads and eventually also with macro-chipping at intermediate loads and massive meso-/macro-chipping at high loads. It was also found that the Zr3Al2–ZrB2 composite is resistant to both fretting wear and sliding wear, exhibiting low specific wear rates. Thus, under fretting wear it underwent mild damage first by fretting fatigue in the form of slight surface abrasion and then by fretting oxidation with formation of a self-lubricating oxide tribolayer. The severities of the fretting fatigue and fretting oxidation increased with increasing applied load, with the former dominating over the latter for low and intermediate loads and the opposite being the case for high loads. Similarly, under sliding wear it also underwent only mild damage, now first by mechanical sliding wear and then by oxidative sliding wear, both of increasing severity with increasing applied load, but with the abrasion dominating over the oxidation. Given the promising wear behaviour observed in this first tribological study against diamond, it is proposed that these Zr3Al2–ZrB2 composites merit further investigation under an ample set of possible engineeringly-relevant wear conditions. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PID2019-103847RJ-I00 Junta de Andalucía P18-RTJ-1972 Junta de Extremadura IB20017, GR21170

El presente artículo recoge una investigación sobre el proceso de autoinclusión digital de mujeres de zonas rurales extremeñas. El objetivo central es identificar los facilitadores de inclusión de las mujeres rurales en las tecnologías digitales, abordando la autodefinición sobre el nivel de autonomía en el manejo de estos medios, y la existencia de diferencias en la percepción sobre estos facilitadores en función de la edad. Para ello, se parte de un enfoque cuantitativo y una metodología descriptiva, mediante la aplicación del Cuestionario SIRWOP a una muestra aleatoria de 400 mujeres (entre 15 y 75 años) de entornos rurales situados en la provincia de Cáceres. Los resultados obtenidos, revelan diferentes niveles de autonomía, donde las mujeres jóvenes con más estudios e ingresos presentan un mejor desempeño tecnológico. También, se observan diferencias en la valoración de los posibilitadores para el uso de las tecnologías, así las mujeres jóvenes cuentan con un mayor apoyo del entorno. En general, existe una percepción positiva sobre los aspectos facilitadores de inclusión digital, destacando el apoyo de familiares, y un mejor acceso a las tecnologías. Para concluir, se ofrecen orientaciones dirigidas a la promoción de medidas enfocadas al desarrollo de habilidades digitales avanzadas y usos rutinarios. This article includes an investigation on the process of digital self-inclusion of women from rural areas of Extremadura. The main objective is to identify the facilitators of inclusion of rural women in digital technologies, addressing the self-definition of the level of autonomy in the management of these media and the existence of differences in the perception of these facilitators based on age. To do this, we start from a quantitative approach and a descriptive methodology by applying the SIRWOP Questionnaire to a random sample of 400 women (between 15 and 75 years old) from rural settings located in the province of Cáceres. The results obtained reveal different levels of autonomy where young women with more education and income present better technological performance. Also, differences are observed in the assessment of enablers for the use of technologies, so young women have greater support from the environment. In general, there is a positive perception about the facilitating aspects of digital inclusion, highlighting the support of family members and better access to technologies. To conclude, guidelines are offered aimed at promoting measures focused on the development of advanced digital skills and routine uses. Consejería de Economía, Ciencia y Agenda Digital de la Junta de Extremadura y por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional de la Unión Europea GR21137

7 páginas.- 4 figuras.- 32 referencias.- Supplementary materials: science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq4062 Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S19 Tables S1 to S28 References (33–269) MDAR Reproducibility Checklist Movie S1.- Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and speciespoor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure. Copyright © 2022 the authors, Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and species-poor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure. Copyright © 2022 the authors, Funding: This research was funded by the European Research Council [ERC grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT)] and Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/ 041). F.T.M. acknowledges support from a Rei Jaume I Award, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and the Synthesis Center (sDiv) of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle–Jena–Leipzig (iDiv). C.A.G., S.C., and N.E. acknowledge support from iDiv and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG– FZT 118, 202548816; Flexpool proposal 34600850). Y.L.B.-P. was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF) within the European Program Horizon 2020 (DRYFUN Project 656035). N.G. was supported by CAP 20-25 (16-IDEX-0001) and the AgreenSkills+ fellowship program, which has received funding from the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement N° FP7-609398 (AgreenSkills+ contract). B.B. and B.E. were supported by the Taylor Family–Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology. J.D., A.Ro., and H.C. acknowledge support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (IF/00950/ 2014 and 2020.03670.CEECIND, SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, and in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4-6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, July 19, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE, and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2020) research unit financed by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC). C.P. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ref. AGL201675762-R, AEI/FEDER, UE, and PID2020-116578RB-I00, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 101000224. E.V. was funded by the 2017 program for attracting and retaining talent of Comunidad de Madrid (no. 2017‐T2/ AMB‐5406). M.A.B. acknowledges support from the School of Forestry and College of the Environment, Forestry and Natural Sciences of Northern Arizona University. E.H.-S. acknowledges support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SEP-CB-2015-01-251388, PN 2017-5036 and PRONAII 319059). F.M.H. acknowledges support from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - PCI/INMA) of the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI, processes number 302381/2020-1). H.L.T. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) (DEB 0953864). A.N. and M.K. acknowledge support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/130274/2017, CEECIND/02453/2018/CP1534/CT0001, PTDC/ASP-SIL/7743/2020 and UIDB/00329/2020). A.A.C. acknowledges support from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. J.E.K. and T.P.M. acknowledge the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant no. 114412). F.J. and N.B. acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the SPACES projects OPTIMASS (FKZ: 01LL1302A) and ORYCS (FKZ:01LL1804A). A.Li. and A.S.K.F. acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the SPACES projects Limpopo Living Landscapes (FKZ: 01LL1304D) and SALLnet (FKZ: 01LL1802C). L.W. acknowledges support from the US NSF (EAR 1554894). L.H.F. acknowledges support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Chair Program in Ecosystem Reclamation. S.C.R. acknowledges support from the US Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area and the US Bureau of Land Management. G.M.W. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council. L.v.d.B. and K.T. acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (TI 338/14-1). M.D.-B. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I+D+i project PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M.D.-B. is also supported by a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático “01 - Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación”) associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). P.J.R. and A.J.M. acknowledge support from Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional through the FEDER Andalucía operative program, FEDER-UJA 1261180 project. A.F. thanks ANID PIA/BASAL FB210006 and Millennium Science Initiative Program NCN2021-050. A.J. acknowledges support from the Bavarian Research Alliance Germany (BayIntAn_UBT_2017_61). C.B. acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41971131). Biodiversity and ecosystem function research in the B.K.S. laboratory is funded by the Australian Research Council (DP210102081). Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this paper is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. H.S. is supported by a María Zambrano fellowship funded by the Ministry of Universities and European Union-Next Generation plan. G.P. and C.V.L. acknowledge support from Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (PI 40-C-873 and 654). V.R. acknowledges support from the Regional Government of Extremadura (Spain) through a “Talento” fellowship (TA18022). M.F. acknowledges support from the Department of Range and Watershed Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Participation of recent graduates in collecting field data at four sites in Namibia was supported by a capacity building grant to Gobabeb–Namib Research Institute by the Environmental Investment Fund in Namibia.

[EN] The genus Cerambyx (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) includes 13 species with a western Palaearctic distribution, seven present in Europe and four in the Iberian Peninsula, all of them also recorded in Extremadura: C. cerdo Linnaeus, 1758, C. welensii (Küster, 1845), C. miles Bonelli, 1812 and C. scopolii Fuessly, 1775. Larvae are primary xylophagous, tunnelling the living wood of healthy or decayed trees. Like other cerambycids, they are included in the diverse assemblage of saproxylic insects, a functional group essential in wood degradation and biodiversity enhancement. They have also been reported as pests, being able to cause significant physiological, mechanical and structural damages. The impact of xylophagous on oaks in Extremadura has increased alarmingly in recent decades. Damages have usually been attributed to C. welensii, but accumulated evidence shows that this statu quo is unrealistic, and that C. cerdo is also involved in oak decline. The scarce chorological information available prevents risk analysis of the potential impact of these species, being necessary a detailed knowledge of their regional distribution. Thus, 1826 feeding traps (Regional Sampling Network) were placed throughout Extremadura over five years (2017-2021) during May-August in holm oak, cork oak and pyrenean oak woodlands. Traps covered 437 10 × 10 km UTM squares representing an equivalent sampled area of 40,430 km2 (97% of Extremadura). Trap records were completed with other unpublished and bibliographic records. The data showed: 1) that records prior to 1980s were occasional, 2) that C. miles and C. scopolii are rare and localized species,3) that C. welensii is a ubiquitous species, consistent with its pest status, 4 ) that C. cerdo exhibits a widespread and often abundant distribution, and 5) that distribution and population sizes depended on host tree, highlighting that C. welensii was almost 5 times more abundant than C. cerdo in cork oak, and that C. cerdo was 3-4 times more abundant in holm oak than in cork oak or pyrenean oak. Results indicate that damage by large xylophagous in Extremadura oak open woodlands is caused by both C. welensii and C. cerdo, refute that C. cerdo is a rare and threatened species in the region, and suggest that the Habitats Directive requires an urgent reappraisal in order to eliminate or mitigate the conflict of interests between the protection of C. cerdo and that of the dehesa ecosystem in Extremadura., [ES] El género Cerambyx (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) incluye 13 especies con distribución paleártica occidental, siete presentes en Europa y cuatro en la Península Ibérica, todas ellas también registradas en Extremadura: C. cerdo Linnaeus, 1758, C. welensii (Küster, 1845), C. miles Bonelli, 1812 y C. scopolii Fuessly, 1775. Las larvas son xilófagas primarias, perforando la madera viva de árboles sanos o decaídos. Como otros cerambícidos, se incluyen en el diverso ensamble de insectos saproxílicos, un grupo funcional esencial en la degradación de la madera y la potenciación de la biodiversidad. También se han descrito como plagas, pudiendo provocar importantes daños fisiológicos, mecánicos y estructurales. El impacto de los xilófagos en las quercíneas extremeñas ha aumentado alarmantemente en las últimas décadas. Los daños se han atribuido usualmente a C. welensii, pero la evidencia acumulada muestra que este statu quo no es realista, y que C. cerdo contribuye igualmente al decaimiento del arbolado. La escasa información corológica disponible impide efectuar análisis de riesgos del impacto potencial de dichas especies, siendo necesario un conocimiento detallado de su distribución regional. Así, se dispusieron 1826 trampas alimenticias (Red Regional de Muestreo) por toda Extremadura a lo largo de cinco años (2017-2021) durante mayo-agosto en dehesas de encina, alcornoque y melojo. Las trampas cubrieron 437 cuadrículas UTM de 10 × 10 km con una superficie equivalente muestreada de 40.430 km2 (97% de Extremadura). Los registros de las trampas se completaron con otros registros inéditos y bibliográficos. Los datos mostraron: 1) que los registros anteriores a 1980s fueron ocasionales, 2) que C. miles y C. scopolii son especies escasas y localizadas, 3) que C. welensii es una especie ubicua, consistente con su estatus de plaga, 4) que C. cerdo exhibe una distribución generalizada y a menudo abundante, y 5) que la distribución y efectivos poblacionales dependieron del árbol hospedador, destacando que C. welensii fue casi 5 veces más abundante que C. cerdo en alcornoque, y que C. cerdo fue 3-4 veces más abundante en encina que en alcornoque o melojo. Los resultados indican que los daños por grandes xilófagos en las dehesas extremeñas tienen como agente causal tanto a C. welensii como a C. cerdo, refutan que C. cerdo es una especie rara y amenazada en la región, y sugieren que la Directiva Hábitats requiere una revisión urgente con el objetivo de eliminar o mitigar el conflicto de intereses entre la protección de C. cerdo y la del ecosistema de dehesa en Extremadura., Esta investigación fue auspiciada por la Dirección General de Agricultura y Ganadería, Consejería de Agricultura DRPyT de la Junta de Extremadura.

Editorial on the Research Topic., This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MCIU), State Research Agency (AEI) and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER); PGC2018-098229-B-100 and by Séneca Foundation (19904/GERM/15) to JF; by Junta de Extremadura, Grant/Award No. GR21167 (MH-S); Junta de Extremadura, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Una manera de hacer Europa, Grant/Award No. IB18046 to MH-S and by the MINECO/AEI/FEDER (BFU2013-48230) to EP, and the Institute of Neurosciences is a Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa (SEV-2017-0723).

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a comprehensive questioning-based teaching program about decision-making on passing and throwing abilities in a Primary Education teaching unit focused on basketball. Thirty-seven students aged 11-12 participated in the study. The independent variable was the intervention program based on the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). The decision-making variable was assessed by systematic observation. The results obtained showed that, after the intervention, the students who received the questioning when developing training activities improved their decision-making compared to those who did not. These results show the need to include this pedagogical model in teaching programs at the higher levels of Primary Education., El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de enseñanza comprensiva, basado en el cuestionamiento, sobre la toma de decisiones en las habilidades del pase y del lanzamiento, en una unidad didáctica de baloncesto en Educación Primaria. Participaron 37 alumnos de 6º de Primaria con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 12 años. La variable independiente fue el programa de intervención, basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). La variable de toma de decisiones fue evaluada a través de la observación sistemática. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, tras la intervención, los alumnos que recibieron el cuestionamiento durante el desarrollo de las actividades formativas mejoraron su toma de decisiones en comparación con los alumnos que no lo recibieron. Estos resultados manifiestan la necesidad de incluir este modelo pedagógico en las programaciones docentes en los niveles superiores de la etapa de Primaria., O principal objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de um programa de ensino centrado na compreensão, baseado no questionamento, na tomada de decisões nas ações de passe e do lançamento, numa unidade didática de basquetebol no ensino fundamental. Participaram 37 alunos com idades compreendidas entre 11 e 12 anos. A variável independente foi o programa de intervenção baseado no modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). A variável dependente de tomada de decisão foi avaliada através da observação sistemática. Os resultados mostraram que, após a intervenção, os alunos que receberam o questionamento durante o desenvolvimento das atividades de treino melhoraram sua tomada de decisão em relação aos alunos que não o receberam. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de incluir esse modelo pedagógico nos programas de ensino nos níveis superiores do ensino fundamental.

This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Real-Time On-Site Sensing Technologies in Food and Environment Analysis., The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of an experimental electronic nose (E-nose) as a predictive tool for detecting the formation of chemical process contaminants in roasted almonds. Whole and ground almonds were subjected to different thermal treatments, and the levels of acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural were analysed. Subsequently, the aromas were detected by using the electronic device. Roasted almonds were classified as positive or negative sensory attributes by a tasting panel. Positive aromas were related to the intensity of the almond odour and the roasted aroma, whereas negative ones were linked to a burnt smell resulting from high-intensity thermal treatments. The electronic signals obtained by the E-nose were correlated with the content of acrylamide, HMF, and furfural (R2CV > 0.83; R2P > 0.76 in whole roasted almonds; R2CV > 0.88; R2P > 0.95 in ground roasted almonds). This suggest that the E-nose can predict the presence of these contaminants in roasted almonds. In conclusion, the E-nose may be a useful device to evaluate the quality of roasted foods based on their sensory characteristics but also their safety in terms of the content of harmful compounds, making it a useful predictive chemometric tool for assessing the formation of contaminants during almond processing., This research work was supported by the Community of Madrid and European funding from FSE and FEDER programs (project S2018/BAA-4393, AVANSECAL-II-CM) and by GR21121 and GR21045 Projects, co-funded by FEDER and Junta de Extremadura.

In this paper we discuss the consensus view on the use of qualifying biomarkers in drug safety, raised within the frame of the XXIV meeting of the Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology held in Málaga (Spain) in October, 2011. The widespread use of biomarkers as surrogate endpoints is a goal that scientists have long been pursuing. Thirty years ago, when molecular pharmacogenomics evolved, we anticipated that these genetic biomarkers would soon obviate the routine use of drug therapies in a way that patients should adapt to the therapy rather than the opposite. This expected revolution in routine clinical practice never took place as quickly nor with the intensity as initially expected. The concerted action of operating multicenter networks holds great promise for future studies to identify biomarkers related to drug toxicity and to provide better insight into the underlying pathogenesis. Today some pharmacogenomic advances are already widely accepted, but pharmacogenomics still needs further development to elaborate more precise algorithms and many barriers to implementing individualized medicine exist. We briefly discuss our view about these barriers and we provide suggestions and areas of focus to advance in the field., The work in the author’s laboratory is financed by Grants PS09/00943, PS09/00469, PS09/01384, FIS-FEDER-PI081913, RETICS RIRAAF RD07/0064/0016, REDINSCOR RD06/0003/0015, TERCEL RD06/010/0017, RTA RD06/0001/1009, CIBERehD and CIBERobn from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, and by Grants SAF10/16549 from Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, CTS-6470 from Consejeria de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Spain, and GR10068 from Junta de Extremadura, Spain. Financed in part with FEDER funds from the European Union. IMI-JU is partly funding the research activities under the SAFE-T project (Grant Agreement No 115003).

Proceeding of the First Postgraduate Conference on Studies of Antiquity and Middle Ages Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 26-28th October 2010., [ES]: El presente estudio muestra un bosquejo de la información existente sobre la arquitectura privada urbana de época romana en Mérida. Nuestra finalidad es conocer los aspectos fundamentales sobre las construcciones domésticas emeritenses en la literatura histórico-arqueológica, a fin de conocer el paisaje doméstico de la ciudad romana. La crítica historiográfica permitirá apreciar el concepto de casa romana en diferentes momentos, pasando del análisis meramente estilístico a una visión que integra los restos arquitectónicos, decorativos y la cultura material. Actualmente el uso de las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas a la arqueología posibilita el acercamiento a las técnicas constructivas, los materiales de construcción o la distribución de las construcciones privadas en su contexto urbano. Por otra parte abordaremos las premisas para el desarrollo de nuestro proyecto de tesis doctoral, refiriéndonos así a los planteamientos de base, las cuestiones metodológicas, la problemática intrínseca al estudio de estas construcciones, los primeros resultados y nuestras perspectivas de futuro., [EN]: This study shows an outline of the information on the Roman urban private architecture in Mérida. The aim of this paper is to define the fundamental aspects of the domestic constructions in the historical and archaeological literature in order to present the domestic landscape of the Roman town. The historiographic review will enable appreciating the different housing concepts throughout the time course, from art analysis to a global view which includes architectural, decorative and material culture remains of these buildings. Currently, the use of new technologies applied to archaeology facilitates the approach to the construction techniques, building material or the distribution of private buildings in their urban context. Moreover, the premises of the doctoral thesis will be stated: namely, the initial approaches, methodological questions, the intrinsic problems within the study of these constructions, the first results and future perspectives., El autor es becario F.P.I. financiado por la Junta de Extremadura, Consejería de Comercio, Ciencia e Innovación y Fondo Social Europeo en el Instituto de Arqueología -Mérida (C.S.I.C.- Junta de Extremadura- Consorcio Mérida).

Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide known to elicit neurotoxicity via an interaction with ionotropic receptors, namely GABA and glutamate receptors. Recently, we showed that fipronil and other phenylpyrazole compounds trigger cell death in Caco-2 cells. In this study, we investigated the mode of action and the type of cell death induced by fipronil in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Flow cytometric and western blot analyses demonstrated that fipronil induces cellular events belonging to the apoptosis process, such as mitochondrial potential collapse, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, nuclear condensation and phosphatidylserine externalization. In addition, fipronil induces a rapid ATP depletion with concomitant activation of anaerobic glycolysis. This cellular response is characteristic of mitochondrial injury associated with a defect of the respiration process. Therefore, we also investigated the effect of fipronil on the oxygen consumption in isolated mitochondria. Interestingly, we show for the first time that fipronil is a strong uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation at relative low concentrations. Thus in this study, we report a new mode of action by which the insecticide fipronil could triggers apoptosis.

El movimiento maker ha causado gran interés en el ámbito educativo, dando lugar a la educación maker. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura con el objetivo de realizar un estudio sobre cómo la educación maker contribuye a la inclusión social y educativa de los colectivos más vulnerables y concretamente, las personas con discapacidad. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en diversas bases de datos atendiendo a la combinación de varios descriptores y filtros de búsqueda. Finalmente, tras ser sometidos a un cribado y tomando en consideración los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos, se evalúan un total de 11 artículos. Los resultados muestran que la educación maker tiene lugar principalmente, en el ámbito no formal, llevando a la práctica actividades enriquecedoras, mediante el uso de recursos y espacios maker. Igualmente, los hallazgos apuntan a que el movimiento maker con una finalidad educativa, facilita el desarrollo de capacidades en estas personas, así como la mejora de la autoestima y la autopercepción de sí mismas. Además, la formación especializada en educación maker de las y los responsables de ponerlas en práctica, facilita la inclusión de estos colectivos, ofreciéndoles grandes beneficios tanto académicos como sociales. The Maker Movement has generated great interest in the educational field, resulting in Maker Education. This work consists of a literature review to study how Maker Education contributes to social and educational inclusion of the most vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities. For this purpose, a search was carried out in several databases based on the combination of different descriptors and search filters. Finally, after being subjected to a screening and taking into consideration the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 11 articles were evaluated. The results show that Maker Education has been mainly developed, in the non-formal sphere, putting into practice rewarding activities, through the use of Maker Resources and Spaces. In the same way, the findings point out that the Maker Movement, in an educational context, promotes skill development among these individuals as well as improved self-esteem and self-perception. Moreover, the specialised training in Maker Education of those responsible for putting them into practice facilitates the inclusion of these groups, giving them great academic and social benefits. Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) de la Unión Europea GR21141 Junta de Extremadura (Consejería de Economía, Ciencia y Agenda Digital GR21141

15 páginas, 4 figuras, The identification of Parkinson's disease (PD) biomarkers has become a main goal for the diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disorder. PD has not only been intrinsically related to neurological problems, but also to a series of alterations in peripheral metabolism. The purpose of this study was to identify metabolic changes in the liver in mouse models of PD with the scope of finding new peripheral biomarkers for PD diagnosis. To achieve this goal, we used mass spectrometry technology to determine the complete metabolomic profile of liver and striatal tissue samples from WT mice, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice (idiopathic model) and mice affected by the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation in LRRK2/PARK8 gene (genetic model). This analysis revealed that the metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and nucleosides was similarly altered in the liver from the two PD mouse models. However, long-chain fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine and other related lipid metabolites were only altered in hepatocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 mice. In summary, these results reveal specific differences, mainly in lipid metabolism, between idiopathic and genetic PD models in peripheral tissues and open up new possibilities to better understand the etiology of this neurological disorder., This research was supported by “Instituto de Salud Carlos III”, “Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias” (PI15/0034), “CIBERNED-ISCIII” (CB06/05/0041 and 2015/03), and partially supported by “European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)” from the European Union. J.M.B.-S.P. is funded by “Ramon y Cajal Program” (RYC-2018-025099-I) and supported by Spain’s Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-108827RA-I00). Y.C.N. and L.M.G. are funded by Community of Madrid (CT5/21/PEJ-2020-TL/BMD-17685 and CT36/22-41-UCM-INV respectively). S.M.S.Y.-D. was supported by CIBERNED-ISCIII. P.M.-C. is funded by the MINECO Spanish Ministry (FPI grant, PRE2020-092668). M.N.-S. was funded by “Ramon y Cajal Program” (RYC-2016-20883). E.U.-C. and S.C.-C. were supported by an FPU predoctoral fellowship (FPU16/00684) and FPU19/04435), respectively, from “Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte”. M.P-B was funded by a University of Extremadura fellowship. E.A-C was supported by a Grant (IB18048) from Junta de Extremadura, Spain. J.M.F. received research support from the “Instituto de Salud Carlos III”; “Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias” (PI15/0034) and CIBERNED-ISCIII (CB06/05/0041 and 2015/03). A.P.-C. was supported by MINECO (SAF2014-52940-R and SAF2017-85199-P). J.P.-T. received funding from CIBERNED-ISCIII (CB06/05/1123 and 2015/03). G.K. is supported by the Ligue contre le Cancer (équipe labellisée); Agence National de la Recherche (ANR)—Projets blancs; ANR under the frame of E-Rare-2, the ERANet for Research on Rare Diseases; AMMICa US/CNRS UMS3655; Association pour la recherche sur le cancer (ARC); Association “Le Cancer du Sein, Parlons-en!”; Cancéropôle Ile de-France; Chancelerie des universités de Paris (Legs Poix), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM); a donation by Elior; European Research Area Network on Cardiovascular Diseases (ERA-CVD, MINOTAUR); Gustave Roussy Odyssea, the European Union Horizon 2020 Project Oncobiome; Fondation Carrefour; High-end Foreign Expert Program in China (GDW20171100085), Institut National du Cancer (INCa); Inserm (HTE); Institut Universitaire de France; LeDucq Foundation; the LabEx Immuno-Oncology (ANR-18-IDEX-0001); the RHU Torino Lumière; the Seerave Foundation; the SIRIC Stratified Oncology Cell DNA Repair and Tumor Immune Elimination (SOCRATE); and the SIRIC Cancer Research and Personalized Medicine (CARPEM).

The identification of two variants of the canonical pore-forming subunit of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel Orai1, Orai1α and Orai1β, in mammalian cells arises the question whether they exhibit different functional characteristics. Orai1α and Orai1β differ in the N-terminal 63 amino acids, exclusive of Orai1α, and show different sensitivities to Ca2+-dependent inactivation, as well as distinct ability to form arachidonate-regulated channels. We have evaluated the role of both Orai1 variants in the activation of TRPC1 in HeLa cells. We found that Orai1α and Orai1β are required for the maintenance of regenerative Ca2+ oscillations, while TRPC1 plays a role in agonist-induced Ca2+ influx but is not essential for Ca2+ oscillations. Using APEX2 proximity labeling, co-immunoprecipitation and the fluorescence of G-GECO1.2 fused to Orai1α our results indicate that agonist stimulation and Ca2+ store depletion enhance Orai1α–TRPC1 interaction. Orai1α is essential for TRPC1 plasma membrane location and activation. Thus, TRPC1 function in HeLa cells depends on Ca2+ influx through Orai1α exclusively., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Grants PID2019-104084 GB-C21 and PID2019-104084 GB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/ https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF A way of making Europe, and Junta de Extremadura-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER; Grants IB20007, IB18025, GR21008 and GR18061) to JAR and TS. JJL and IJ are supported by a contract from Junta de Extremadura (TA18011 and TA18054, respectively). JS-C is supported by a contract from Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, Spain. CC is supported by a Predoctoral fellowship of the Junta de Extremadura (PD16072). AB-E is supported by Junta de Extremadura (DPCI0643).

El Final de Tarteso: Arqueología Protohistórica en el valle medio del Guadiana nace con una finalidad: contribuir en el afianzamiento de la hipótesis que defiende la existencia de una etapa en la que se enmarca uno de los períodos más florecientes de Tarteso, aquel que tuvo lugar entre los siglos VII y V a.C. en las tierras bañadas por el río Guadiana., Esta publicación se ha beneficiado de las siguientes ayudas para su financiación: Proyecto de Investigación del Plan Nacional I+D+i: "Construyendo Tarteso 2.0: análisis constructivo, espacial y territorial de un modelo arquitectónico en el valle medio del Guadiana" (PID2019-108180GB-I00), financiado por MCIN(AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Ayuda Juan de la Cierva Incorporación IJC2019-040888-I financiada por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Ayuda para la realización de actividades de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico, de divulgación y de transferencia de conocimiento por los grupos de investigación de Extremadura. Secretaría General de Ciencia, Tecnología, Innovación y Universidad. GR21175.

The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) poses a number of fascinating scientific questions, including the taxonomic status of postulated subspecies. Here, we obtained and assessed the sequence variation of 411 complete mitogenomes, mainly from the European H. r. rustica, but other subspecies as well. In almost every case, we observed subspecies-specific haplogroups, which we employed together with estimated radiation times to postulate a model for the geographical and temporal worldwide spread of the species. The female barn swallow carrying the Hirundo rustica ancestral mitogenome left Africa (or its vicinity) around 280 thousand years ago (kya), and her descendants expanded first into Eurasia and then, at least 51 kya, into the Americas, from where a relatively recent (

Presentamos una síntesis de los últimos trabajos realizados en la ciudad de Segisamo y su territorio con el objetivo de esclarecer la génesis de la ciudad y su desarrollo en los inicios de nuestra era. En esta ocasión, el estudio de las estructuras arqueológicas y el urbanismo mediante métodos no invasivos se acompaña de la presentación de elementos de cultura material relevantes procedentes de la colección de materiales de la Iglesia de Santa María la Mayor., Esta publicación ha sido posible gracias a la financiación de la subvención global de la Junta de Extremadura, a través de la Consejería de Ciencia, Economía y Agenda Digital al Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida (Referencia 20164499).

[Background] To control the transmission of relevant shared diseases, such as animal tuberculosis (TB) and African swine fever (ASF), it is essential to reduce the risk of interaction between livestock and wild ungulates. In Eastern and Central Europe, the current spread of ASF virus affecting wild boar and domestic pigs (especially those raised outdoors and/or in backyards) has devastated the pig sector in affected regions and is seriously threatening other exporting countries. Here, we evaluated the risk of wildlife-livestock interactions on 45 outdoor pig farms in Spain, the second largest pork producer in the EU and then proposed biosecurity-related actions. An integrated, systematic wildlife risk mitigation protocol based on interviews, questionnaires and field audits was developed and applied on each farm., [Results] Most of the interaction risk points were associated with water sources (84.2%; 701/832), mainly springs and ponds, which accounted for almost all the specific points with high or very high risk scores. The risk of interaction at feeding points (6.9%; 57/832) and those associated with facilities for livestock and/or game management (8.9%; 74/832) were rated as low and very low risk, respectively. Wild boar were present and hunted on 69% of the farms. Supplementary feeding for wild ungulate species (mainly wild boar) was provided on almost half (48.9%; 22/45) the surveyed farms. Risk mitigation actions were categorised to target water access, waterers, food, other livestock species, grazing, wildlife, and offal disposal. Of the total number of actions (n = 2016), 82.7% were identified as priority actions while 17.3% represented alternative options which were identified less cost-effective. On average, 37.1 (median: 32; range 14–113) action proposals per study farm were made and 2.0 (median: 1; range 0–4) per risk point. The mean estimated cost of implementing the proposed priority actions was 14,780 €/farm (25.7 €/hectare and 799.4 €/risk point)., [Conclusions] This study expands the knowledge of interaction risks between domestic pigs and wild ungulates in outdoor pig farming systems and highlights the importance of considering local risks and management practices when designing and prioritising adapted wildlife risk mitigation and biosecurity actions. This practical and feasible protocol developed for Mediterranean ecosystems is easily transferable to professionals and can be adapted to extensive (outdoor) production or epidemiological systems in other European regions., Funding was provided by projects AGL2016-76358-R (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the National Government of Spain), AA-17-0031-1 (Ministry of Economy and Infrastructures of the Regional Government of Extremadura) and A1122062E0_AGROMIS (Ministry of Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities of the Regional Government of Andalusia) and Submodalidad 1.2 "UCO-ACTIVA", Plan Propio de Investigación 2020 (University of Córdoba). SJR holds a PhD contract from the UCLM co-supported by the European Social Fund (2018/12504). EL holds a PhD grant from the JCCM, also co-supported by the European Social Fund (SBPLY/16/180501/000269). JMG received support from a MINECO FPI pre-doctoral scholarship (BES-2015-072206).

Throughout this paper we show that the method for describing finite-dimensional solvable Leibniz superalgebras with a given nilradical can be extended to infinite-dimensional ones, or so-called residually solvable Leibniz superalgebras. Prior to that, we improve the solvable extension method for the finite-dimensional case obtaining new and important results. Additionally, we fully determine the residually solvable Lie and Leibniz superalgebras with maximal codimension of pro-nilpotent ideals the model filiform Lie and null filiform Leibniz superalgebras, respectively. Moreover, we prove that the residually solvable superalgebras obtained are complete. Agencia Estatal de Investigación PID2020-115155GB-I00 Junta de Andalucía FEDER-UCA18-107643 Junta de Extremadura GR18001 Junta de Extremadura IB18032

Caveolin-2 is a protein suitable for the study of interactions of caveolins with other proteins and lipids present in caveolar lipid rafts. Caveolin-2 has a lower tendency to associate with high molecular weight oligomers than caveolin-1, facilitating the study of its structural modulation upon association with other proteins or lipids. In this paper, we have successfully expressed and purified recombinant human caveolin-2 using E. coli. The structural changes of caveolin-2 upon interaction with a lipid bilayer of liposomes were characterized using bioinformatic prediction models, circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and fluorescence techniques. Our data support that caveolin-2 binds and alters cholesterol-rich domains in the membranes through a CARC domain, a type of cholesterol-interacting domain in its sequence. The far UV-CD spectra support that the purified protein keeps its folding properties but undergoes a change in its secondary structure in the presence of lipids that correlates with the acquisition of a more stable conformation, as shown by differential scanning calorimetry experiments. Fluorescence experiments using egg yolk lecithin large unilamellar vesicles loaded with 1,6-diphenylhexatriene confirmed that caveolin-2 adsorbs to the membrane but only penetrates the core of the phospholipid bilayer if vesicles are supplemented with 30% of cholesterol. Our study sheds light on the caveolin-2 interaction with lipids. In addition, we propose that purified recombinant caveolin-2 can provide a new tool to study protein–lipid interactions within caveolae., This work was supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry—LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/QUI/50006/2020) and co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER—007265). Experimental work was also supported by funding from Ayuda a Grupos de la Junta de Extremadura (Group BBB008-GR21051), co-financed by the European Funds for Structural Development (FEDER). AKSA thanks FCT/MCTES for the post-doctoral fellowship grants (SFRH/BPD/100069/2014), financed by national funds and co-financed by FSE. The BioLab is supported by the Applied Molecular Biosciences Research Unit—UCIBIO and the Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry Research Unit—LAQV, which are financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/04378/2020 and UIDB/50006/2020, respectively) and co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145- FEDER-007728 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER—007265, respectively).

Knowledge of animal dispersal patterns is of great importance for the conservation and maintenance of natural populations. We here analyze juvenile dispersal of the poorly studied Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) monitored in southwestern Spain in an ongoing long-term study initiated in 2003. The European population of Black-shouldered kites is thought to be a recent one funded by colonizing African birds, as no kites have been found in the European fossil record, and the breeding population has progressively expanded to the North in the late 20th and 21st centuries. We obtained information on movements behavior during dispersal from 47 juveniles Kites after marking 384 nestlings with wing tags and three nestlings with radio transmitter. We have tested two competing hypotheses (i.e., the Resources Competition Hypothesis and the Wandering Hypothesis (WH)) that may explain the leptokurtic distribution of the natal dispersal distance in Elanus. After independence, juvenile females dispersed farther from the natal areas than males, as is common in birds. On average, males and females dispersed from their natal areas over 9 (i.e., 26.15 km) and 15 (i.e., 43.79 km) breeding territories, respectively. A male and two females dispersed further than 100 km from their natal nest. Our results indicated some evidence supporting the competition-for-resources hypotheses since nestlings hatched from high quality territories stayed closer from natal areas than nestlings hatched from low quality territories and also nestlings hatched first within the brood also tend to recruit closer to their natal area than later hatched nestlings which tend to disperse further away from their natal area. The information provided by these crucial demographic parameters will be used for the elaboration of future conservation plans for the management of this colonizing species in Europe., This research was partially funded by Autonomous Government of Extremadura (Consejería de Medio Ambiente) as a technical assistance.

6 páginas, 5 figuras, This paper describes a prototype of artificial olfactory system or electro-optical nose (NEONOSE) containing commercially available MOX and optical (NDIR) gas sensors, forming an array of a total of 13 sensors (six MOX and seven NDIR sensors). The advantage of this configuration is to combine non-specific (MOX) and specific (NDIR) sensors to obtain an orthogonal array of sensors with a wider spectrum of responses. All the electronic circuits have been designed for this application. The prototype consists of two boards (containing different type of sensors) with two microcontrollers that communicates each other by using a digital interface. The Main Board is responsible for collecting the measurements from all the sensors and transmitting them via Bluetooth to a Smartphone. All the sensors that transmit data via IC bus, which are all the MOX sensors and one of the optical sensors, are located on this board (main). The Secondary Board contains other NDIR sensors and is responsible for processing and sending this data to the Main Board via SPI communication. All the sensors of the Secondary Board are NDIR type. Some of them return the values in analog format, requiring the use of operational amplifiers for signal processing and analog-to-digital converters for data generation. The pre-processed data of all the sensors are sent via Bluetooth to an Android smartphone, where they are collected and stored using an own-developed application. Some measurements with different industrial gases have been done for testing the device., Authors want to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for supporting the NEOGAS project (PID2019-107697RB) and Junta de Extremadura and FEDER for supporting the grant GR21045.

13 Pág. Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne emerging virus in Europe with capacity to cause neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in humans, birds or equids. In Spain, WNV is actively circulating in mosquitoes, birds and horses in different regions, but never has been deeply studied in Extremadura. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of WNV in equids of those areas and to analyse the risk factors associated with exposure to the virus. A total of 199 out of 725 equids presented antibodies against WNV by competition ELISA (27.45%), while 22 were doubtful (3.03%). Anti-WNV IgM antibodies were detected in 16 equids (2.21%), and 3 animals were doubtful (0.41%). All ELISA-reactive positive/doubtful sera (N = 226) were further tested by micro-virus neutralization test (VNT), and a total of 143 horses were confirmed as positive for WNV, obtaining a seroprevalence of 19.72% in equids of western Spain. In addition, specific antibodies against USUV were confirmed in 11 equids. In 24 equids, a specific flavivirus species (detected by ELISA test) could not be determined. The generalized linear mixed-effects models showed that the significant risk factors associated with individual WNV infection in equids were the age (adults) and hair coat colour (light), whereas in USUV infections, it was the breed (pure). Data demonstrated that WNV and USUV are circulating in regions of western Spain. Given the high WNV seroprevalence found in equids from the studied areas, it is important to improve the surveillance programmes of public health to detect undiagnosed human cases and to establish a vaccination programme in equid herds in these regions., This research was supported financially by grant IB16135 funded by the Regional Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure, Extremadura Government and the European Regional Development Fund ‘A way to make Europe’ and grant E-RTA2015-00002-C02-00 funded by INIA. FG is supported by Ayudas a la Formación Investigador Predoctoral 2018 Formation contract (PD18056) from the Extremadura Government. PAS is funded by a FPI predoctoral fellowship from INIA. MF is currently funded by a Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formación contract (FJCI-2017-34394) from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.

DNA barcoding identification needs a good characterization of intraspecific genetic divergence to establish the limits between species. Yet, the number of barcodes per species is many times low and geographically restricted. A poor coverage of the species distribution range may hamper identification, especially when undersampled areas host genetically distinct lineages. If so, the genetic distance between some query sequences and reference barcodes may exceed the maximum intraspecific threshold for unequivocal species assignation. Taking a group of Quercus herbivores (moths) in Europe as model system, we found that the number of DNA barcodes from southern Europe is proportionally very low in the Barcoding of Life Data Systems. This geographical bias complicates the identification of southern query sequences, due to their high intraspecific genetic distance with respect to barcodes from higher latitudes. Pairwise intraspecific genetic divergence increased along with spatial distance, but was higher when at least one of the sampling sites was in southern Europe. Accordingly, GMYC (General Mixed Yule Coalescent) single‐threshold model retrieved clusters constituted exclusively by Iberian haplotypes, some of which could correspond to cryptic species. The number of putative species retrieved was more reliable than that of multiple‐threshold GMYC but very similar to results from ABGD and jMOTU. Our results support GMYC as a key resource for species delimitation within poorly inventoried biogeographic regions in Europe, where historical factors (e.g., glaciations) have promoted genetic diversity and singularity. Future European DNA barcoding initiatives should be preferentially performed along latitudinal gradients, with special focus on southern peninsulas., RB was supported by a contract of the Atracción de Talento Investigador Programme (Gobierno de Extremadura TA13032). This work was financed by the projects PPII‐2014‐01‐P from Junta de Comunidades de Castilla‐La Mancha/European Social Fund and AGL2014‐54739‐R from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Social Fund.

Social information use has well-known fitness benefits. However, causes underlying the apparent inter-individual variability in the propensity to use social information are poorly studied. Melanins are pigments responsible for most of intra-specific color variation in vertebrates and their variation is often associated with changes in behaviour. Here, we explored whether melanism is related to individual propensity to use social information in the color polymorphic scops owl Otus scops. We manipulated social information on predation risk at nests by broadcasting calls of the sympatric little owl Athene noctua and found that owlets of brownish females exposed to alarm calls had lower levels of natural antibodies than those of greyish females. In parallel, we found changes in parental behaviour contingent on coloration because when exposed to the risky treatment brownish females returned earlier to nests than greyish females and owlets raised by brownish females were fed with smaller prey than those raised by greyish ones. These results provide support for a previous ignored role of melanins on the propensity to use social information, which may help to explain the maintenance of melaninbased color polymorphisms wherever social environments are variable, The study was funded by the Spanish Ministries of Education and Science/FEDER and of Economy and Competitiveness, respectively, through the projects CGL2011-27561/BOS, CGL2014-56769-P and CGL2017-83503-P and by the Government of Extremadura through the contract TA13002 to D.P.

The explosive growth of the mobile application market in recent years has led to a large concomitant mobile software industry whose components are, in many cases, startups and small-size software providers. The success of these applications and the firms behind them depends on a subtle balance between different dimensions mainly affected by their architectural design, such as user satisfaction, resource consumption, operating costs, and timing. The present communication describes a framework with a specific set of practices for identifying the boundaries of different architectural designs —in this article we apply it to estimate both the smartphone’s resource consumption and the operating costs in the cloud— and thus help in the architectural decision-making process. This will enable mobile software developers to predict at early stages which architectural design best suits their business model in accordance with the number of users and the expected use of the application and even provide an advance alert of when architectural choices will need to be reviewed, obviating the need for costly architectural re-design in further phases Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades RTI2018-094591-B-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades PGC2018-094905-B-I00 Junta de Andalucía APOLO (US-1264651) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación HORATIO (RTI2018-101204–B–C21) Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades RED2018-102654-T Interreg V-A España-Portugal (POCTEP) 0499-4IE-PLUS-4-E Junta de Andalucía UMA18-FEDERJA-180 Junta de Extremadura GR18112 Junta de Extremadura IB18030

Blending supplementary cementitiousmaterialswith portland cement is one of the current strategies for producingmore eco-efficient binders by lowering the energy consumption and CO2 emissions intrinsic to OPCmanufacture. The effect of such additions on heat of hydration and energy performance is a subject of particular interest, for higher heatmay reduce the service life of a concrete structure,whilst energy consumption per tonne of binder or megapascal may prove not to be energy-efficient. This paper explores the energy performance of granite sludge (GS) as an active addition to clinker and the effect of this by-product on heat of hydration and ecoefficiency. The findings show that maximum heating and total heat released are lower in the additioned than in the conventional material, with the difference widening at higher replacement ratios. At 35% GS, maximum heating was 36% lower than in OPC and total heat released 24% lower. Optimal energy performance is observed at ratios of 15% to 30% (both inclusive), with the experimental materials requiring less energy (−1.6 kW·h·t−1/MPa – 0.8 kW·h·t−1/MPa) than ordinary cement per megapascal (MPa) of strength. Cements with 15% to 30% granite sludge are consequently eco-efficient. With 15% GS they can be classified as ordinary (N270 J/g at 41 h),with 20% to 30% as lowheat cements (b270 J/g at 41 h) andwith 35% as very lowheat cements (b220 J/g at 41 h)., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIA2016-76643-C3-1-R) (MINECO/ERDF), as well as by the Government of Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under grant GR 18122 awarded to the MATERIA research group.

A crucial event during the development of the central nervous system (CNS) is the early subdivision of the neural tube along its anterior-to-posterior axis to form neuromeres, morphogenetic units separated by transversal constrictions and programed for particular genetic cascades. The narrower portions observed in the developing neural tube are responsible for relevant cellular and molecular processes, such as clonal restrictions, expression of specific regulatory genes, and differential fate specification, as well as inductive activities. In this developmental context, the gradual formation of the midbrain-hindbrain (MH) constriction has been an excellent model to study the specification of two major subdivisions of the CNS containing the mesencephalic and isthmo-cerebellar primordia. This MH boundary is coincident with the common Otx2-(midbrain)/Gbx2-(hindbrain) expressing border. The early interactions between these two pre-specified areas confer positional identities and induce the generation of specific diffusible morphogenes at this interface, in particular FGF8 and WNT1. These signaling pathways are responsible for the gradual histogenetic specifications and cellular identity acquisitions with in the MH domain. This review is focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the specification of the midbrain/hindbrain territory and the formation of the isthmic organizer. Emphasis will be placed on the chick/quail chimeric experiments leading to the acquisition of the first fate mapping and experimental data to, in this way, better understand pioneering morphological studies and innovative gain/loss-of-function analysis., This work was supported by Junta de Extremadura, Grant/Award numbers: GR18114 (MH-S and SV-C); Junta de Extremadura, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, “Una manera de hacer Europa”, Grant/Award Number: IB18046 (MH-S and SV-C). MINECO/AEI/FEDER (SAF2017-83702-R and PID2020-118171RB-I00), GVA (PROMETEO/2018/041), TerCel ISCIII (RD16/001/0010; DE and AA-C). Co-funded by the ERDF/ESF, “Investing in your future,” and FTPGB (FTPGB18/SMP and The Institute of Neurosciences “Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa”; SEV-2017-0723; DE and AA-C).

© 2021 The Authors., Skin integrity requires constant maintenance of a quiescent, yet responsive, population of stem cells. While interfollicular epidermal progenitors control normal homeostasis, hair follicle stem cells residing within the bulge provide regenerative potential during hair cycle and in response to wounding. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) modulates cell plasticity and differentiation and its overactivation results in severe skin lesions in humans. However, its physiological role in skin homeostasis and hair growth is unknown. Reconstitution assays grafting primary keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts into nude mice and 3-D epidermal equivalents revealed a positive role for AhR in skin regeneration, epidermal differentiation, and stem cell maintenance. Furthermore, lack of receptor expression in AhR−/− mice delayed morphogenesis and impaired hair regrowth with a phenotype closely correlating with a reduction in suprabasal bulge stem cells (α6lowCD34+). Moreover, RNA-microarray and RT-qPCR analyses of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-isolated bulge stem cells revealed that AhR depletion impaired transcriptional signatures typical of both epidermal progenitors and bulge stem cells but upregulated differentiation markers likely compromising their undifferentiated phenotype. Altogether, our findings support that AhR controls skin regeneration and homeostasis by ensuring epidermal stem cell identity and highlights this receptor as potential target for the treatment of cutaneous pathologies., This work was supported by grants to P.M.F.S. from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2017-82597-R and PID2020-114846RB-I00) and from the Junta de Extremadura (GR18006, IB160210, and IB20014). E.M.R.L. was supported by the RTICC and the Junta de Extremadura. All Spanish funding is cosponsored by the European Union FEDER program.

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide. It is a small and highly polar pesticide whose physicochemical properties makes its analytical determination difficult. Here, a procedure based on liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) was developed for glyphosate determination in samples of gastric content from wildlife. Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis), a herbivorous mammal species, strongly associated to agrosystems was selected as model species. The procedure involves direct analysis of sample without derivatization or instead of neither further cleaning steps. The procedure was validated by inter-day accuracy and precision studies with gastric content of hare spiked with glyphosate at ecologically relevant concentrations for the species (0.1–6 μg/g), and with 1 μg/g of isotopically labelled internal standard (glyphosate-2-13C,15N). Finally, glyphosate residues in hunted animals from pesticide-treated and pesticide-free areas (n = 75 and 28, respectively), as well as from hares found dead in the field (n = 11) were analysed. The linearity of both standards in extraction solutions and procedural calibration curves with spiked samples was similar, both with determination coefficients (r2) higher than 0.99. Satisfactory recoveries in spiked samples were achieved within the range of 95% to 118% (CV ≤ 20%). The limit of detection of glyphosate in hare gastric content was 0.03 μg/g. Prevalence of glyphosate in hunted animals from pesticide-treated areas ranged between 9 and 22%, increasing to 45% in animals found dead. The glyphosate concentrations detected in the gastric content of hares ranged from 0.11 to 16 μg/g. No residues were detected in animals from pesticide-free areas. In practice, the developed methodology may be particularly useful in the context of research and other work on the exposure in wildlife of one of the most used pesticides nowadays., MMH is currently supported by a research project (I-FEDEXCAZA202013) funded by the Extremadura Hunting Federation. This work was supported by the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and the European Regional Development Fund (SBPLY/17/180501/00051), by Labiana Life Sciences S.A. and the Spanish Federation of Greyhounds.