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The structural parameters and performance evaluation metrics of 242 promising all-silica zeolites to rank and screen out the top candidates for CO2/N2 separation are obtained by using molecular simulations combined with high-throughput calculations. By setting the pore size range of the material, three top zeolites with the highest adsorption selectivity for CO2 molecules are screened to further investigate the adsorption and separation for CO2 and N2 molecules. The GCMC method was used to calculate the adsorption isotherm, heat of adsorption, adsorption selectivity and centroid distribution density under different feed ratios of CO2/N2 mixed components. The zeolite exhibits a high CO2 adsorption capacity with the maximum pore size of 4–8 Å, the surface area of 1400 m2/g and the pore volume of 0.2–0.4 cm3/g, and best adsorption selectivity for CO2 at the pore size of 4 Å and pore volume of 0.2 cm3/g in the CO2/N2 mixed systems. Zeolite has higher adsorption selectivity for CO2 with low amount of CO2, which is favorable for the removal of a small amount of CO2 molecules. The geometrical structure of the material plays an important role for the adsorption capacity and spatial distribution of the adsorbate molecules in all-silicon zeolites.

This study aimed to explore the changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels, and their correlations with clinical indicators in patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).A totally of 22 PHN patients and 21 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy scanning. The spectral data of GABA in the precuneus was obtained by Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy, whereas the spectral data of Glu, total N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid (tNAA) and total choline (tCho) were obtained by point-resolved spectroscopy. The pain intensity of PHN was assessed by numeric rating scales (NRS). The edited GABA signal was displayed as GABA+ due to overlapping macromolecules and homocarnosine signals. Total creatine (tCr) level in individual was used as an endogenous reference. The neurometabolites levels of PHN patients were compared with those of healthy individuals and the correlations with clinical variables (pain duration and intensity) were analyzed.PHN patients had higher GABA+/tCr levels in the precuneus than HCs (P = 0.009), with no significant differences in the levels of Glu/ tCr, tNAA/ tCr and tCho/ tCr (all P 0.05). The GABA+/ tCr levels were positively correlated with the NRS scores of the PHN patients (r = 0.473, P = 0.030).Increased GABA+/tCr levels in the precuneus and their association with pain intensity of PHN patients suggested a key role of the abnormalities of regional GABAergic neurons in the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain in PHN.

To describe the impact of the retracted publications on the scientific community more comprehensively, this paper introduces the impact of retracted publications on technology. It establishes a multi-dimensional observation framework for retracted publications from four dimensions, including scientific impact, technological impact, funding impact and Altmetric impact, and proposes the use of a novel multidimensional bubble diagram to illustrate the multidimensional data. This study also proposes a two-dimensional classification of retraction reasons to help sort retracted papers, the results of which show the correlated features of those papers. This paper takes all the retracted publications from two top biomedical journals as a sample, uses the observation framework to analyze them and describes the impact of these papers from multiple dimensions. The results show that compared with one-dimensional analysis, this observation framework reveals the impact characteristics of retracted publications more comprehensively.

OpenAIRE Open Access Week Panel:Equity and inclusion: open science policies A joint COAR/EIFL/OpenAIRE webinar This panel addressed equity and inclusion in recent Open Science policy developments in Asia and Europe. Moderator: Iryna Kuchma (EIFL) Panelists: Dr Mr Yuan Junpeng, National Science Library of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Head of Research Integrity and Responsible Innovation Committee of the Chinese Association for Science of Science and S&T Policy. The new research assessment reforms in China - Eradicating the 'Five Only' in S&T management Lidija Vukčević, Division for international cooperation and European integration, Ministry of Science, Government of Montenegro. Programme of Implementation of Open Science Principles in Montenegro with the action plan for the period 2020-2022

Purpose This study identifies and characterizes the nasotemporal hemifield difference of interocular suppression in subjects who have been successfully treated for strabismus. Methods Interocular suppression in the nasal and temporal hemifields were measured using two methods, namely, binocular phase combination and dichoptic motion coherence, both entailed suprathreshold stimuli. We tested 29 clinical subjects, who had strabismus (19 with exotropia and 10 with esotropia) but regained good ocular alignment (within 10 prism diopters) after surgical or refractive correction, and 10 control subjects. Results Both the hemifield binocular phase combination and the hemifield dichoptic motion coherence tests revealed similar nasotemporal asymmetry of interocular suppression. Subjects with previous exotropia showed deeper suppression in the nasal hemifield, and those with previous esotropia showed deeper suppression in the temporal hemifield. This finding was consistent with the hemifield suppression theory. Furthermore, there was deeper suppression but less imbalance of nasotemporal asymmetry in the hemifield dichoptic motion coherence test. Finally, clinical stereopsis and the nasotemporal asymmetry of suppression (P < 0.05 in both tests) were negatively correlated in subjects with previous exotropia and measurable stereopsis. Conclusions Hemifield asymmetry of interocular suppression in corrected strabismus can be measured by using static and dynamic suprathreshold stimuli. Thus, the evaluation of binocular vision in strabismus should focus on both the magnitude and the pattern of interocular suppression.

Using tropical cyclone data along with sea surface temperature data (SST) and atmospheric circulation reanalysis data during the period of 1980–2019, the seasonal variation of tropical cyclone genesis (TCG), and the related oceanic and atmospheric environments over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BOB) are compared and analyzed in detail. The results show that TCG in both the BOB and AS present bimodal seasonal variations, with two peak periods in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season, respectively. The frequencies of TCG in the BOB and AS are comparatively similar in the pre-monsoon season but significantly different in the post-monsoon season. During the post-monsoon season of October–November, the TCG frequency in the BOB is approximately 2.3 times higher than that of the AS. The vertical wind shear and relative humidity in the low- and middle-level troposphere are the two major contributing factors for TCG, and the combination of these two factors determines the bimodal seasonal cycle of TCG in both the AS and BOB. In the pre-monsoon season, an increase in the positive contribution of vertical wind shear and a decrease in the negative contribution of relative humidity are collaboratively favorable for TCG in the AS and BOB. During the monsoon season, the relative humidity factor shows a significant and positive contribution to TCG, but its positive effect is offset by the strong negative effect of vertical wind shear and potential intensity, thus resulting in very low TCG in the AS and BOB. However, the specific relative contributions of each environmental factor to the TCG variations in the AS and BOB basins are quite different, especially in the post-monsoon season. In the post-monsoon season, the primary positive contributor to TCG in the AS basin is vertical wind shear, while the combined effect of vertical wind shear and relative humidity dominates in the BOB TCG. From the analysis of environmental factors, atmospheric circulations, and genesis potential index (GPI), the BOB is found to have more favorable TCG conditions than the AS, especially in the post-monsoon season.

A predecessor rain event (PRE) is defined as organized heavy rainfall that occurs far ahead of tropical cyclone (TC), yet directly associated with the deep tropical moisture originating from the TC vicinity. The PREs occurring over China’s low-latitude highlands (CLLH) in association with Bay of Bengal TCs were investigated from 1981 to 2012. Results indicate that about 19% of Bay of Bengal TCs produces PRE. The PREs frequently occur when TCs are active in the northern Bay of Bengal with northeastward paths. The PREs are more likely to appear in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, with peaks in May and October, respectively. The median lifetime of the PREs was approximately two days. The distances between PREs and parent TCs are ranged from 745 to 1849 km, with a median distance of 1118 km. Composite results of PREs suggested that deep moisture is advected from the TC vicinity to the remote CLLH region, which is situated beneath the equatorward entrance of the upper-level East Asia subtropical jet (EASJ). The lower-level southwesterly flow, which is associated with a strong pressure gradient between the western Pacific subtropical high and a trough in Bay of Bengal, steers TCs conveying abundant moisture from the Bay of Bengal to the CLLH region. The enhancement of the ascent and frontogenesis within the equatorward entrance region of the EASJ is favorable for occurrence of PREs in CLLH. TCs may also have a dynamical role in occurrence of PREs by intensifying the upper-level EASJ.

In patients with anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia, interocular suppression can be minimized by presenting high contrast stimulus elements to the amblyopic eye and lower contrast elements to the fellow eye. This suggests a structurally intact binocular visual system that is functionally suppressed. We investigated whether suppression can also be overcome by contrast balancing in children with deprivation amblyopia due to childhood cataracts. To quantify interocular contrast balance, contrast interference thresholds were measured using an established dichoptic global motion technique for 21 children with deprivation amblyopia, 14 with anisometropic or mixed strabismic/anisometropic amblyopia and 10 visually normal children (mean age mean=9.9years, range 5-16years). We found that interocular suppression could be overcome by contrast balancing in most children with deprivation amblyopia, at least intermittently, and all children with anisometropic or mixed anisometropic/strabismic amblyopia. However, children with deprivation amblyopia due to early unilateral or bilateral cataracts could tolerate only very low contrast levels to the stronger eye indicating strong suppression. Our results suggest that treatment options reliant on contrast balanced dichoptic presentation could be attempted in a subset of children with deprivation amblyopia.

We use a case study to show that a continuous heavy rainfall process in southern China was closely related to tropical cyclone activity in the Bay of Bengal. The continuous heavy rainfall that occurred in southern China on 11&ndash, 13 May 2002 can be considered as two different processes. The first process, referred to as a predecessor rain event, occurred over southwestern China before landfall of the tropical cyclone. The second process occurred after dissipation of the tropical cyclone when its remnant caused heavy rainfall that expanded from southwestern China to the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze&ndash, Huaihe river basin. Both of the heavy rainfall processes were closely related to the transport of warm, moist air associated with a tropical cyclone originating over the Bay of Bengal, but the mechanisms in the two processes were quite different. Low-level orographic forcing was the main contributor to the predecessor rain event, whereas baroclinic frontogenesis induced by thermal advection was the main contributor to the tropical cyclone remnant event. Both heavy rainfall events occurred beneath the equatorial entrance of the upper level East Asian subtropical jet.

AIM: To delineate the characteristics of the dynamic stereopsis test and analyze related parameters in intermittent exotropia [X(T)] patients. METHODS: Fifty-seven X(T) patients and 55 normal subjects were enrolled in this study. The normal and X(T) groups were used to test the reproducibility and reliability of the dynamic stereopsis test, and Bangerter filters with densities of 0.2 were then used to simulate suppression to test for traditional and dynamic stereopsis. In the X(T) group, the measurements included 1) dynamic stereopsis test comprising three parts: motion+disparity, motion only and disparity only; 2) ocular deviation angle; 3) Bagolini striated lens test; 4) disease course; and 5) Titmus stereopsis test. RESULTS: The test-retest reliability of the dynamic stereopsis method was 0.901 in the normal and X(T) groups, and none of the X(T) patients were able to pass the static and dynamic stereopsis tests after using the 0.2 Bangerter filter. The accuracy rate was greater than 80% in the normal group and 31.81%, 36.36%, and 45.45% for the motion+disparity, motion-only and disparity-only components of the traditional test for X(T) patients diagnosed with stereoblindness via traditional tests, respectively. Patients with a long disease course (>1y) had worse dynamic stereopsis than those with a short disease course (0.05, Chi-square test). CONCLUSION: Dynamic stereopsis is preserved in certain X(T) patients diagnosed with stereoblindness via traditional tests. A long disease course was shown to be a negative factor for dynamic stereopsis in X(T) patients which might be associated with worse progression, and provide good references clinically.

The adsorption isotherms of two types of hybrid ultra-microporous materials SIFSIX-3-M (M = Fe, Cu, Zn) and M′FSIX-2-Cu-i (M′ = Si, Ti, Ge) for H2, CH4, CO2 and N2 are comparatively studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation (GCMC), and their differences are explained from pore structure and isosteric heat of adsorption. Natural gas and biogas upgrading (CO2/CH4), synthesis gas separation (CO2/H2), flue gas separation (CO2/N2), and steam methane reforming hydrogen production (CH4/H2) are simulated equimolar binary mixture system. The related separation factors are elucidated from the adsorption selectivity and the difference of isosteric heat of adsorption. The microscopic adsorption mechanism of the material is further analyzed by the preferential adsorption sites of the gas on the framework. Our works provide new insights into the adsorption and separation mechanism of HUMs for the energy-related gas, as well as in industrial application.

BACKGROUND: To investigate dynamic stereopsis in intermittent exotropia [X(T)] patients using a novel dynamic random-dot stereopsis assessment method. METHODS: A novel dynamic random-dot stereopsis test was performed using novel self-programmed software, which consisted of red and green dots and four blocks on the screen. The test included motion + disparity (MD), motion (M), and disparity (D), where the D cues ranged from 200 to 1,200 arc-seconds. The characteristics of preoperative dynamic stereopsis in 83 X(T) patients and associations with clinical features were analysed, and the prognosis was followed up on the 1(st) day and at the 2(nd), 6(th) and 12(th) months postoperatively. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the mean reciprocal values of near and far stereopsis were 0.013±0.0016 and 0.0011±0.0005 arc-seconds in static stereopsis patients, respectively, and the MD, M, and D values were 0.002±0.0002, 0.0018±0.0001, and 0.0012±0.0002 arc-seconds in dynamic stereopsis, respectively. The MD value was negatively correlated with the Newcastle control score, disease course, and prism deviations (P

Purpose Optical treatment can improve visual function in anisometropic amblyopia, but there is no electrophysiological evidence, and the underlying change in visual pathway remains unknown. Our aims were to characterize the functional loss in magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathways in anisometropic amblyopia at baseline and to investigate the effect of optical treatment on the 2 visual pathways. Methods Using isolated-check visual-evoked potential, we measured the magnocellular- and parvocellular-biased contrast response functions in 15 normal controls (20.13 ± 3.93 years; mean ± standard deviation), 16 patients with anisometropic amblyopia (18.00 ± 6.04 years) who were fully refractive corrected before and 29 (19.41 ± 7.41 years) who had never been corrected. Twelve previously uncorrected amblyopes received optical treatment for more than 2 months and finished the follow-up measurement. Results Both the magnocellular- and parvocellular-biased contrast response functions in the amblyopic eye exhibited significantly reduced response and weaker contrast gains. We also found that the uncorrected amblyopes showed a more severe response reduction in magnocellular-biased, but not parvocellular-biased condition when compared with those corrected, with a weaker initial contrast gain and lower maximal response. After optical treatment, 12 uncorrected amblyopes demonstrated improved visual acuity of the amblyopic eye and a significant response gain to magnocellular-biased but not parvocellular-biased stimuli. Conclusions We demonstrated deficits to both magnocellular- and parvocellular-biased stimuli in subjects with anisometropic amblyopia. Optical treatment could produce neurophysiological changes in visual pathways even in older children and adults, which may be mediated through the magnocellular pathway.

Purpose To demonstrate an aniseikonia test for anisometropic amblyopia (ATAA) that uses variable viewing luminance at different interocular contrast levels. Methods The test consists of a direct size comparison task based on a computer. The subject is asked to adjust the size of a dichoptically dissociated paired square target. One square was always presented at 100% contrast to the amblyopic eye/nondominant eye, whereas its counterpart was presented to the fellow eye at six contrast levels. Measurements were performed at two luminance backgrounds: (1) a white square on a black background (WoB) and (2) a black square on a white background (BoW). To test the feasibility of this approach, 16 patients with anisometropic amblyopia and 23 normal controls were recruited. Results The Aniseikonia Index (AI) calculated from the ATAA increased when the difference in the interocular contrast increased in both the patients with anisometropic amblyopia and controls under BoW and WoB conditions. The mean AI differed dramatically between the BoW and WoB conditions in patients with amblyopia but not in normal subjects. Conclusions Our model predicted interocular differences in contrast to the measurement of aniseikonia. Execution of the AI in individuals with amblyopia should consider that their responses to different luminance viewing conditions could be asymmetric. Translational relevance The ATAA has the potential to optimize optical correction for the management of aniseikonia in individuals with anisometropic amblyopia.

Using the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method, the adsorption properties of ethanol and water on the four ZIFs (ZIF-1, -3, -7 and -9) have been investigated with different conditions. Their storage capacities of pure ethanol and water at different temperatures and pressures have been compared. And the mixture adsorption of ethanol and water and the adsorption selectivity of ethanol over water in these ZIFs have also been investigated. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) the order of the adsorbed amounts of ethanol is ZIF-9>-7>-3>-1 at the same condition. And there are the same trend for water adsorption. (2) ZIF-1 and -3 have preferable selectivity of ethanol over water than ZIF-7 and ZIF-9 owing to the hydrophobic structure of the former.

The adsorption mechanism of ethanol and water in five zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) has been investigated using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method. The single adsorption isotherm and the selectivity of mixture adsorption of ethanol and water in ZIFs have been obtained. The results show that, at lower pressures (-10>-6≈-8≈-4. However, when the pressure is higher than 10kPa, the uptakes order is ZIF-10>-2>-6>-8>-4. And the water uptake decrease with the order of ZIF-10>-2>-4>-6>-8. However, the water uptakes for all the ZIFs is very small. The mixture adsorption of ethanol and water shows that, at a given lower pressure, the selectivity decreases as ZIF-2>-8>-10>-6>-4. However, at a given higher pressure, the selectivity is in the order of ZIF-10>-2≈-6≈8>-4. It can be concluded that ZIF-2 and -10 are suitable for the adsorption and separation of biofuel of ethanol. The total interaction energy distribution of ZIFs with ethanol/water has also been analyzed to interpret the adsorption mechanism of ethanol and water in ZIFs.

Background Children with deprivation amblyopia due to childhood cataract have been excluded from much of the emerging research into amblyopia treatment. An investigation was conducted to determine whether contrast-balanced binocular treatment - a strategy currently being explored for children with anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia - may be effective in children with deprivation amblyopia. Methods An unmasked, case-series design intended to assess proof of principle was employed. Eighteen children with deprivation amblyopia due to childhood cataracts (early bilateral n = 7, early unilateral n = 7, developmental n = 4), as well as 10 children with anisometropic (n = 8) or mixed anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia (n = 2) were prescribed one hour a day of treatment over a six-week period. Supervised treatment was available. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, global motion perception and interocular suppression were measured pre- and post-treatment. Results Visual acuity improvements occurred in the anisometropic/strabismic group (0.15 ± 0.05 logMAR, p = 0.014), but contrast sensitivity did not change. As a group, children with deprivation amblyopia had a smaller but statistically significant improvement in weaker eye visual acuity (0.09 ± 0.03 logMAR, p = 0.004), as well a significant improvement in weaker eye contrast sensitivity (p = 0.004). Subgroup analysis suggested that the children with early bilateral deprivation had the largest improvements, while children with early unilateral cataract did not improve. Interestingly, binocular contrast sensitivity also improved in children with early bilateral deprivation. Global motion perception improved for both subgroups with early visual deprivation, as well as children with anisometropic or mixed anisometropic/strabismic amblyopia. Interocular suppression improved for all subgroups except children with early unilateral deprivation. Conclusion These data suggest that supervised contrast-balanced binocular treatment should be further investigated as a treatment option for children with deprivation amblyopia. However, for children with more severe deprivation amblyopia due to early unilateral cataracts, supplementary or alternative options should also be explored.

Purpose We assessed whether partial occlusion of the nonamblyopic eye with Bangerter filters can immediately reduce suppression and promote binocular summation of contrast in observers with amblyopia. Methods In Experiment 1, suppression was measured for 22 observers (mean age, 20 years; range, 14-32 years; 10 females) with strabismic or anisometropic amblyopia and 10 controls using our previously established "balance point" protocol. Measurements were made at baseline and with 0.6-, 0.4-, and 0.2-strength Bangerter filters placed over the nonamblyopic/dominant eye. In Experiment 2, psychophysical measurements of contrast sensitivity were made under binocular and monocular viewing conditions for 25 observers with anisometropic amblyopia (mean age, 17 years; range, 11-28 years; 14 females) and 22 controls (mean age, 24 years; range, 22-27; 12 female). Measurements were made at baseline, and with 0.4- and 0.2-strength Bangerter filters placed over the nonamblyopic/dominant eye. Binocular summation ratios (BSRs) were calculated at baseline and with Bangerter filters in place. Results Experiment 1: Bangerter filters reduced suppression in observers with amblyopia and induced suppression in controls (P = 0.025). The 0.2-strength filter eliminated suppression in observers with amblyopia and this was not a visual acuity effect. Experiment 2: Bangerter filters were able to induce normal levels of binocular contrast summation in the group of observers with anisometropic amblyopia for a stimulus with a spatial frequency of 3 cycles per degree (cpd, P = 0.006). The filters reduced binocular summation in controls. Conclusions Bangerter filters can immediately reduce suppression and promote binocular summation for mid/low spatial frequencies in observers with amblyopia.

Using Joint Typhoon Warning Center tropical cyclone (TC) track data over the North Indian Ocean (NIO), National Centers for Environmental Prediction monthly reanalysis wind and outgoing long-wave radiation data, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sea surface temperature data from 1981 to 2010, spatiotemporal distributions of NIO TC activity and relationships with local sea surface temperature (SST) were studied with statistical diagnosis methods. Results of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of NIO TC occurrence frequency show that the EOF1 mode, which accounts for 16% of total variance, consistently represents variations of TC occurrence frequency over the whole NIO basin. However, spatial distributions of EOF1 mode are not uniform, mainly indicating variations of westward-moving TCs in the Bay of Bengal. The prevailing TC activity variation mode oscillates significantly on a quasi-5 year interannual time scale. NIO TC activity is notably influenced by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. When the Indian Ocean is in a positive (negative) phase of the IOD, NIO SST anomalies are warm in the west (east) and cold in the east (west), which can weaken (strengthen) convection over the Bay of Bengal and eastern Arabian Sea, and cause anticyclonic (cyclonic) atmospheric circulation anomalies at low levels. This results in less (more) TC genesis and reduced (increased) opportunities for TC occurrence in the NIO. In addition, positive (negative) IOD events may strengthen (weaken) westerly steering flow over the Bay of Bengal, which further leads to fewer (more) westward-moving TCs which appear in regions west of 90°E in that bay.

Perceptual learning in contrast detection improves monocular visual function in adults with anisometropic amblyopia; however, its effect on binocular combination remains unknown. Given that the amblyopic visual system suffers from pronounced binocular functional loss, it is important to address how the amblyopic visual system responds to such training strategies under binocular viewing conditions. Anisometropic amblyopes (n = 13) were asked to complete two psychophysical supra-threshold binocular summation tasks: (1) binocular phase combination and (2) dichoptic global motion coherence before and after monocular training to investigate this question. We showed that these participants benefited from monocular training in terms of binocular combination. More importantly, the improvements observed with the area under log CSF (AULCSF) were found to be correlated with the improvements in binocular phase combination.

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision that occurs when the visual cortex receives decorrelated inputs from the two eyes during an early critical period of development. Amblyopic eyes are subject to suppression from the fellow eye, generate weaker visual evoked potentials (VEPs) than fellow eyes and have multiple visual deficits including impairments in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Primate models and human psychophysics indicate that stronger suppression is associated with greater deficits in amblyopic eye contrast sensitivity and visual acuity. We tested whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the visual cortex would modulate VEP amplitude and contrast sensitivity in adults with amblyopia. tDCS can transiently alter cortical excitability and may influence suppressive neural interactions. Twenty-one patients with amblyopia and twenty-seven controls completed separate sessions of anodal (a-), cathodal (c-) and sham (s-) visual cortex tDCS. A-tDCS transiently and significantly increased VEP amplitudes for amblyopic, fellow and control eyes and contrast sensitivity for amblyopic and control eyes. C-tDCS decreased VEP amplitude and contrast sensitivity and s-tDCS had no effect. These results suggest that tDCS can modulate visual cortex responses to information from adult amblyopic eyes and provide a foundation for future clinical studies of tDCS in adults with amblyopia.

On the basis of the present development of the book evaluation research, the article develop an informative and comprehensive evaluation system by combining with the feature of real data, such as the traditional paper books, e-books and network book reviews, so as to evaluate the academic influence of the books in the medical field. The empirical analysis showed that Sci-Tech books present the long-tailed distribution, and that foreign language translated books are highly influential. The results also showed the effectiveness of evaluation system.

In this paper, we analyzed data relating to the language of papers written by winners of Nobel Prizes in physics before they won the prize and their journals of publication, and we identified the change in scientific language corresponding with shifts of the center of the scientific world. Using the science citation index as the main data source, we also collected information on the distribution of prize-winning scientists by country, by each scientist’s number of published papers, and by language. We then analyzed their papers in terms of the different journals based in different countries. The results are presented in three parts: (1) the main languages used in the papers are English and German. The proportion of papers in English is gradually increasing, while that of papers in German is decreasing. (2) The prize winning scientists’ papers have been published mainly in journals in their own nation and in the United States. (3) Journals based in their own countries are very helpful to these scientists early in their careers.