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To promote and raise the awareness of accurate knowledge on pesticide residues, the symposium program on risk communication on pesticide residues was held by the broadcasted online style. The risk communication program was statistically evaluated using a pre- and post-program online questionnaire survey. We had the questionnaire answers of the 105 valid participants. The analysis of post-program questionnaires shows that the risk communication program was effective in terms of levels of understanding and interest. Pre-program risk perception or awareness of safety assessments was significantly and positively correlated with awareness for establishing standard values of pesticide residues by the analysis of pre-program questionnaires. Risk perception after the program was significantly higher than before the program, suggesting that risk perception increased due to the program by analysis the same question between pre- and post-program questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis suggests that the participants with higher pre-program awareness of safety assessments or pre-program awareness for establishing standard values appeared to have higher levels of understanding and post-program risk perception.

Background. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the “persuasion game” in changing environmental attitudes and behaviors in different cultural contexts. Personal communication has been identified as a key facilitator of environmental behaviors, but environmental communication in our daily lives is infrequent. Intervention. This study tested the effects of the persuasion game in Germany, Hong Kong, and Japan. The game divides participants into two groups: persuaders and persuadees. The persuaders were given 10 minutes to persuade as many persuadees as they could to adopt energy-saving behaviors. Further, after 10 minutes, these participants were asked to switch their roles. Method. The study employed a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design to examine changes in attitudes and behavioral intentions of the participants toward energy-saving before and after their participation in the persuasion game. Participants were university students in Germany (N = 116), Hong Kong (N = 65), and Japan (N = 92). Results. In all three countries, playing the game was associated with increased intention to adopt energy-saving behaviors, perceived seriousness of environmental problems, descriptive norm, and subjective norm. The increase in subjective norm was especially high in Japan, where the increase in intention to adopt energy-saving behavior was particularly pronounced among those who had less environmental communication. Discussion. The results indicate that this game can not only facilitate communication on environmental issues in different cultural contexts but also change how people perceive others’ interest in environmental issues. Conclusion. This study showed that persuasion game can be played in countries other than Japan as well. Moreover, it provides an opportunity to communicate with others on environmental issues, which may contribute to promoting future environmental behaviors.

In this study, we investigated the effects of debriefing on 196 Japanese University students as part of an international collaboration between Austria and Japan. Based on the results of our previous studies [19, 20, 21], we showed that debriefing can bolster learning from the perspective of attitude changes and performance in games. However, there were weaknesses to previous studies in the sense that there were no facilitators to conduct the debriefings. In the experiments, all types of debriefing were carried out by students, i.e. self-guided. However, debriefing is usually conducted by a facilitator and carried out in a group. To address this weakness, we introduced facilitator-guided debriefing for the experimental conditions. Therefore, there were two experimental conditions: facilitator-guided debriefing and self-guided debriefing. After debriefing, groups of four participants played the Highway Planning game, which deals with co-operation and conflict. According to the results, the participants under facilitator-guided debriefing conditions showed more cooperative attitudes than did those under self-guided debriefing conditions, while participants in the self-guided debriefing group showed more competitive attitudes.

The present study examined the effects of debriefing on 132 Austrian university students as part of an international collaboration between Austria and Japan. There were eight experimental conditions. After pre-treatment, groups of four participants played the Highway Planning Game, which deals with cooperation and conflict. In addition to the analyses of the effects of the different debriefing methods on Austrian students, an intercultural comparison with Japanese students’ data (Kikkawa et al. 2018) was also done. The Austrian students showed the same pattern of results as the Japanese students in the previous study: task performance in the groups that played a game and then received a debriefing was better than that in the groups that either did not play the game or played the game but did not receive a debriefing. Austrian students showed significantly better performance under all conditions and higher scores on the leadership and own interests dimension compared with Japanese students.

The present study examined the effects of debriefing on 171 Japanese university students as part of an international collaboration between Austria and Japan. There were eight experimental conditions, as follows: control group without treatment, fun game with no debriefing, Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game with no debriefing, PD game with self-completed debriefing, PD game with guided written debriefing, PD game with guided written debriefing and a conceptual frame, no game but reading of a text, and no game but study of a picture. Following completion of these activities, groups of four participants then played the Highway Planning Game [1], which deals with cooperation and conflict. Although performance during the Highway Planning Game did not significantly differ among the groups (probably because of the small number of groups), there were interesting differences in terms of performance and attitudes that will stimulate further research.

循環型社会フォーラム「市民会議」は，選挙人名簿を元に20歳以上の名古屋市民から無作為抽出した2000名に対して会議案内を送付し，参加意図を示した市民を参加者として実施した．機会の平等性という参加手続きの公正さを保証するために無作為抽出という選出方法をとった．市民参加モデルにおいて特に参加者が少ない場合に，代表性が問題にされることが多い．実際に無作為抽出を基礎とした手続きによって集められた本会議の参加者が母集団と比較して偏りが見られるといえるかどうか，検討した．

This study examined why people accepted a demanding rule in a recycling system that was newly introduced in Nagoya City. We focused on two social psychological topics: social dilemmas and fairness. While the new system succeeded in reducing waste, it imposed a burden on citizens without providing incentives and sanctions. In a research survey, 1442 responses from a sample of 3000 (48% response rate) were obtained using a stratified sampling method. The results showed that the new recycling system was approved despite the demands placed on citizens, with a preference for more strict rules such as penalties and surveillance for noncompliance. The main determinants of approval of the new recycling system were social benefit and procedural fairness, whereas the main determinant of preference for strict rules was outcome fairness. We argue that (a) social benefit should be emphasized to facilitate cooperative behavior in a social dilemma situation and (b) the government should ensure sufficient discussion with citizens and acknowledgment of their opinions.

本研究は, 新しい分別収集制度に対する社会的受容を, 類似した自発的システムの有った地域と無かった地域とを比較することで, 制度評価の規定因としての自発的システムの効果を検討した。まず制度評価を, 効果の評価である社会的便益と個人的コストと, 公正さの評価である手続きの公正さと結果の公正さに分類した。名古屋市の自発的システム有地域と無地域とで住民の制度に対する評価を比較するため, 社会調査を行った。結果は以下の通りである。1) 不公平感以外はシステム有地域で高く評価され, 新制度を肯定的に評価していた。2) 自発的システム有地域はよりリサイクル行動に従事し, 周囲の期待をより強く感じ, 説明会により参加していた。3) コミットメントと周囲からの期待, 説明会参加は効果と公正さの評価に肯定的な効果をもたらした。最後に新制度の導入に既存システムを生かすことで効果的な定着が図れる可能性を示唆した。

The purposes of this study were to develop the Industrial Waste Game and to examine the validity of this game as a tool for environmental education. The aim of this game is to enable players to understand the social dilemma between individual interest of hazardous dumping and the social cost of purifying pollution, and to find a solution to the social dilemma by providing the monitoring and sanction system for illegal dumping or other efficient systems. The game was played by 213 undergraduate students who were divided into 40 groups of 5 to 6 people. One of 4 combinations of monitoring and penalty conditions was assigned to each group. The players were asked to answer questionnaires concerning their interests and understanding of the industrial waste issue before and after the game to evaluate educational effects. The results indicated that the players increased their awareness of industrial waste problems and came to understand that these problems were caused not by psychological factors such as immorality of the illegal dumper but mainly by social structural factors like the social dilemma. Through playing the game and participating in post-game discussion, players were able to obtain interesting experience and gain motivation to learn more.

本稿では, 科学技術振興機構の社会技術研究プログラム「循環型社会」において採択された「市民参加による循環型社会の創生に関する研究 (2002～05年) 」として2002～03年度に実施した「ステークホルダー会議」を報告し, その結果の評価を試みる. 本研究では, 市民参加プロセスとして参加型会議「ハイブリッド型会議」を採用した. ハイブリッド型会議はステークホルダー会議と市民パネル会議から構成される. ステークホルダー会議では, 名古屋のごみ減量化取組に係わった多くのセクターの代表者の参加の下, 目指すべき循環型社会を考えるための多様な論点を検討し, それを評価軸に用いて名古屋のごみ減量化取組の評価を行うとともに, 更に名古屋が目指すべき循環型社会を具体的に検討するための要件を抽出した.

本研究では, ごみを可燃・不燃の2分別でいつでも出せる旧方式から, 資源化を含む26種類に分別し, 月2回の回収日には住民が交代で立ち当番をするという新制度を導入した自治体の事例を取上げた。市内全域に順次導入される一時期において, 制度導入前, 導入直後, 制度導入後1年の3地区について, 各210世帯を対象とする社会調査を実施し, 新しい分別回収制度の社会的利益・個人的コストの個別評価, 新制度の総合評価を比較した。その結果, 新制度の総合評価は, 導入前の地区よりも, 導入からの時間が経過した地区ほど, 肯定的に変化していた。ごみ処理に関する個別評価では, 行政による情報への接触により社会的利益の側面による新制度支持が肯定的に変化した。一方, 制度導入から一定期間が経過することで, 行動実行のコミットメントおよび行動の習慣化により, 社会的利益の側面に加え, 個人的コストの側面からも新制度を支持するように変化した。

This study researched the effects of cognitive variables on recycling behavior, as well as effects of various media of influence on the cognition and behavior. According to Hirose (1994), the decision making process for recycling consists of two steps. The first leads to goal intention of an ecological lifestyle. The second is related to behavior intention of recycling in line with the goal intention. Mass media, such as newspaper and TV, are thought to influence beliefs about environmental problems, including three determinants of goal intention: perception of seriousness, responsibility, and effectiveness. Personal media, such as personal contacts with pro-environmental activists, are thought to influence evaluation of behavior, including three determinants of behavior intention: evaluation of feasibility, cost and benefits, and social norms. Local media, such as municipal announcement and circular, are hypothesized to have a mixed effect of the two. Path analysis indicated that goal intention affected recycling behavior through behavior intention. Effects of the three media of influence on the cognitive variables were also consistent with the hypothesis.