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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death among people living with HIV (PLHIV). TB preventive treatment (TPT) can prevent active TB infection in PLHIV for several years after it is completed. During 2019-2021, the six-month course of TPT (using isoniazid) was the most readily available in Uganda; however, program data indicated a TPT program loss to follow-up (LTFU) rate of 12 % during this period. We evaluated factors associated with TPT LTFU among PLHIV in four regional referral hospitals (RRHs) in Uganda from 2019 to 2021., Methods: We abstracted program data from TPT registers on patient LTFU at Masaka, Mbale, Mubende, and Jinja RRHs. Additional data collected included client demographics, duration on HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART), year of TPT initiation, adherence, and point of entry. LTFU was defined as the failure to finish six consecutive months of isoniazid without stopping for more than two months at a time. We conducted bivariate analysis using the chi-square test for independence. Variables with p  < 0.05 in bivariate analysis were included in a logistic regression model to establish independent factors associated with LTFU., Results: Overall, 24,206 clients were started on TPT in the four RRHs. Their median age was 40 years (range, 1-90 years), and 15,962 (66 %) were female. A total of 22,260 (92 %) had TPT adherence >95 %. Independent factors associated with LTFU included being on ART for <3 months (AOR: 3.1, 95 % CI: 2.1-4.5) and 20-24 years (AOR: 4.7, 95 % CI: 1.9-12) or 25-29 years (AOR: 3.3, 95 % CI: 1.3-8.2) compared to 15-19 years., Conclusions: PLHIV just starting ART and young adults had higher odds of being LTFU from TPT during 2019-2021 in the four RRHs. Close follow-up of PLHIV aged 20-29 years and those newly initiated on ART could improve TPT completion., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Background: Diarrheal diseases, are major concerns for Ugandan children; persistent in Obongi District despite high rotavirus vaccination rates (2019-2021). The district recorded the country's highest annual acute watery diarrhea (AWD) incidence from 2017 to 2021. Our study, conducted in April 2022, assessed AWD risk factors among 0-59-month-old children in Obongi., Methods: We conducted a 1:2 (193:386) unmatched case-control study. A case was a child (0-59 months) with ≥ 3 loose/liquid stools/day, negative malaria/pneumonia tests, residing in Itula/Parolinya subcounty from 1 to 30 April 2022. Medical records from 10 facilities were reviewed. Simple random sampling identified cases, who were interviewed, and controls were randomly chosen from non-AWD neighboring households. Child health cards provided vaccination details. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with AWD., Results: Among 193 cases and 386 controls, 104 (54 %) cases and 183 (47 %) controls were male, 58 (30 %) cases and 127 (33 %) controls were aged 12-23 months, 187 (97 %) cases and 369 (96 %) controls had received at least one dose of rotavirus vaccine, 58 (30 %) cases and 120 (34 %) controls treated drinking water. Comorbidity presence (undernutrition, diabetes, HIV) (AOR = 12; CI: 2.5-53), caregiver's unwashed hands post-toilet (AOR = 3.9; CI: 1.2-13), and borehole vs. piped water (AOR = 4.0; CI: 1.7-9.6) linked to AWD., Conclusion: Modifiable factors, including failure of caregivers to wash their hands with soap after visiting toilets and use of borehole water were associated with AWD, suggesting that community sensitization on handwashing at critical times, using clean water and soap, and expanded use of piped water could reduce AWD incidence in this area., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death in persons living with HIV (PLHIV). PLHIV carry a disproportionate burden of TB infection with risks 20-37 times greater than HIV-negative populations. While isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) is regarded as a crucial component of HIV care to prevent active TB, the uptake among PLHIV remains very poor. Studies on the factors associated with IPT interruption and completion among PLHIV in Uganda are scarce. Thus, in Gombe Hospital in Uganda, this study assessed the factors associated with IPT interruption and completion among PLHIV., Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection from January 3rd, 2020 to February 28th, 2020. We reviewed the medical records of 686 PLHIV who received IPT at Gombe Hospital from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2019. Binary logistic and modified Poisson regression were used to analyze factors associated with IPT completion and interruption. We conducted 7 key informant interviews and 14 in-depth interviews., Results: Second-line antiretroviral therapy (AOR = 46, p  < 0.001) and age ≥ 45 years (AOR = 0.2, p  = 0.040) were significantly associated with IPT interruption, while attending routine ART counseling sessions (APR = 1.5, p  < 0.001) and prescription for ≥ 2 months at the start of IPT (APR = 1.1, p  = 0.010) were associated with IPT completion. Barriers to IPT completion included pill burden, forgetfulness, poor integration of IPT in HIV healthcare services, and lack of awareness of IPT, while facilitators were easy accessibility of IPT and support from implementing partners., Conclusions: Side effects and pill burden were the major barriers to the long-term completion of IPT. Supplying ≥ 2 months IPT drugs, using IPT drugs with fewer side effects, and counseling during IPT could improve IPT completion and reduce IPT interruption., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)