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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Athletic motivation is actively studied in the sports psychology. The study of the juniors' motivation is crucial for exploring the reasons to quit the sport, the fac-tors that reduce an athlete's productivity, the principles of building support pro-grams for young athletes. The purpose of the study was to study the basic needs satisfaction and the hierarchy of young athlete conscious motives. The study involved juniors, in the amount of 133 people aged 13-16 years (M=15.1; SD=1.6; 59.4% men). The following methods were used: the essay "Why I came into sports", "Method of paired comparisons" by V.V. Skvortsov (modified by I.A. Akindinova), as well as statistical methods (descriptive statistics, W - Kendall, Chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis H - test). Personal, professional and status conscious motives were found out to form a complex motivation for sports activities. Conscious motives for sports activities differ among juniors in various sports. The least satisfied needs are those for acceptance needs and self-expression. The type of sport does not determine the satisfaction of the junior needs. The prospect of the study is to create a model of motivation for a young athlete. The results can be used in the activities of sports institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby is a popular sport and requires participants to have commensurate physical attributes for effective participation. One physical fitness test battery which enjoys extensive use contextually is the European Test of Physical Fitness (Eurofit). However, the psychometric properties of the test battery have not been explored and documented in the local context. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the test-retest reliability of the Eurofit test battery items among elite schoolboy rugby players in Harare, Zimbabwe. Thirty-two (32) players with the mean age of 17.2 (SD = 1.03) years completed all the tests during the in-season period. Anthropometric and Eurofit test measurements were obtained twice with seven days separating the assessments. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) estimated the reliability of the test items. The global ICCs for the Eurofit test items ranged from 0.59 to 0.98. The Sit-and-Reach test yielded the highest temporal reliability (ICC = 0.98). The Plate Tapping test, Flamingo Balance test and 10 × 5m Shuttle Run test showed ICCs < 0.7. Cognisant of the study limitations, some component test items of Eurofit test battery can be recommended for reliably evaluating aspects of physical fitness in junior rugby players in Zimbabwe whilst others still need consideration and test modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a dynamic team sport, basketball emphasizes the need for customized training programs for junior players, given its unique demands characterized by varied movement patterns. While existing research predominantly addresses injury prevention and performance enhancement in other sports, there is a discernible gap in similar studies focusing on Asian junior basketball athletes. Recognizing basketball's intermittent and dynamic nature, this study investigates the efficacy of an eight-week plyometric training program on agility, sprint performance, and explosive leg power in junior players. Sixty-four participants, meeting specific inclusion criteria, voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either the regular activity group (RAG, N = 32) or the plyometric training group (PTG, N = 32) via randomized controlled trial. The plyometric training program, spanning eight weeks with three sessions per week, featured a carefully designed program to enhance power, speed, and explosiveness. Ethical clearance was obtained, and the study was registered under the Clinical Trial Registry (CTRI/2023/04/052010). Assessments, including the "T" test for agility, the 30-m sprint test for speed, and the Sargent jump test for jump height and leg power, were conducted at pre-, mid-, and post-training stages. Statistical analyses, including independent samples t-test and repeated measures ANOVA, were employed to examine the statistical significance of observed variances. The results consistently demonstrated the PTG's superior performance in agility, sprint speed, and jump height over the RAG. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing the athletic performance of junior basketball players through a well-structured plyometric training program. The study underscores the reliability and robustness of observed effects while acknowledging the modest practical significance of small effect sizes in terms of statistical significance. These results provide a foundation for further exploration and improvement of training protocols in sports science, offering practical recommendations to coaches, trainers, and sports professionals to enhance the functional performance of junior basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the mental health correlates of athletic shame and guilt among elite-level youth athletes and provided psychometric data on the Turkish version of the Athletic Perceptions of Performance Scale. Cross-sectional. An online survey was sent to 645 Turkish elite-level youth athletes incorporating standardized scales assessing athletic shame, guilt, and symptoms of high prevalence mental disorders. A subset of participants (n = 45) provided test–retest data at 30 days. A total of 301 elite youth athletes participated (M = 16.42 ± 0.49 years; 48.7 % response rate) equally representing team and individual sports. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the Turkish version of the Athletic Perceptions of Performance Scale and test–retest data supported temporal stability. Female athletes (compared to male athletes) and athletes participating in an individual sport (compared to participating in a team sport) reported higher athletic shame-proneness scores (p < 0.01 and p = 0.04; respectively). The Turkish version of the Athletic Perceptions of Performance Scale shame-proneness and no-concern scores were associated with athlete-specific stress, anxiety, and depression scores. The Turkish version of the Athletic Perceptions of Performance Scale guilt-proneness was associated with athlete-specific stress and anxiety scores. Findings provide cross-cultural validation of the Athletic Perceptions of Performance Scale assessing athletic shame and guilt, demonstrating that female athletes and athletes participating in an individual sport were more likely to experience athletic shame-proneness. Results suggest that athletes experiencing shame-proneness and performance concerns may benefit from supportive coaching and/or mental health supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Understanding the physical qualities of male, adolescent rugby league players across age groups is essential for practitioners to manage long-term player development. However, there are many testing options available to assess these qualities, and differences in tests and testing protocols can profoundly influence the data obtained. Objectives The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the most frequently used tests to assess key physical qualities in male, adolescent rugby league players (12–19 years of age); (2) examine the testing protocols adopted in studies using these tests; and (3) synthesise the available data from studies using the most frequently used tests according to age group. Methods A systematic search of five databases was conducted. For inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research that contained original data published in a peer-reviewed journal; (2) report data specifically for male, adolescent rugby league players; (3) report the age for the recruited participants to be between 12 and 19 years; (4) report data for any anthropometric quality and one other physical quality and identify the test(s) used to assess these qualities; and (5) be published in English with full-text availability. Weighted means and standard deviations were calculated for each physical quality for each age group arranged in 1-year intervals (i.e., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 years) across studies. Results 37 studies were included in this systematic review. The most frequently used tests to assess anthropometric qualities were body mass, standing height, and sum of four skinfold sites. The most frequently used tests to assess other physical qualities were the 10-m sprint (linear speed), 505 Agility Test (change-of-direction speed), Multistage Fitness Test (aerobic capacity), bench press and back squat one-repetition maximum tests (muscular strength), and medicine ball throw (muscular power). Weighted means calculated across studies generally demonstrated improvements in player qualities across subsequent age groups, except for skinfold thickness and aerobic capacity. However, weighted means could not be calculated for the countermovement jump. Conclusion Our review identifies the most frequently used tests, but highlights variability in the testing protocols adopted. If these tests are used in future practice, we provide recommended protocols in accordance with industry standards for most tests. Finally, we provide age-specific references for frequently used tests that were implemented with consistent protocols. Clinical Trial Registration This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021267795).

Numerous studies have consistently underlined the significance of personality characteristics in rugby, emphasizing how these traits influence an athlete's performance, interactions within the team, and overall success in the sport. Rugby, being a physically demanding and mentally challenging team sport, requires a diverse set of personality characteristics to excel. The aim of this paper is to assess the agreeableness, the main factor of personality, and its facets, among rugby male and female players, junior and senior. Thus, we consider that between junior and senior rugby players there are some statistically significant differences, depending on their gender, in terms of agreeableness and its facets. In this regard, 99 rugby players were investigated, 51 senior players (male=28, female=23), with an average age of 24 and 22 years, competing in the National Rugby 7's Championship and 48 junior players (male=23, female=25) with an average age of 15 years. To assess agreeableness, the Big Five Questionnaire©plus_short was utilized. This tool investigates all personality factors, including extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness, and it was developed and validated for the Romanian population in accordance with the Big Five model. The individual results were generated and interpreted by the PsihoProfile platform, and the values of the five meta-factors and their facets were analyzed using the Anova statistical test. The study results revealed that, overall, there are similarities in the level of agreeableness and its facets among rugby players. Nonetheless, statistically significant differences were observed in the level of agreeableness and its facets based on the athletes' gender and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the physical qualities of male, adolescent rugby league players across age groups is essential for practitioners to manage long-term player development. However, there are many testing options available to assess these qualities, and differences in tests and testing protocols can profoundly influence the data obtained. Objectives: The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the most frequently used tests to assess key physical qualities in male, adolescent rugby league players (12–19 years of age); (2) examine the testing protocols adopted in studies using these tests; and (3) synthesise the available data from studies using the most frequently used tests according to age group. Methods: A systematic search of five databases was conducted. For inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research that contained original data published in a peer-reviewed journal; (2) report data specifically for male, adolescent rugby league players; (3) report the age for the recruited participants to be between 12 and 19 years; (4) report data for any anthropometric quality and one other physical quality and identify the test(s) used to assess these qualities; and (5) be published in English with full-text availability. Weighted means and standard deviations were calculated for each physical quality for each age group arranged in 1-year intervals (i.e., 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 years) across studies. Results: 37 studies were included in this systematic review. The most frequently used tests to assess anthropometric qualities were body mass, standing height, and sum of four skinfold sites. The most frequently used tests to assess other physical qualities were the 10-m sprint (linear speed), 505 Agility Test (change-of-direction speed), Multistage Fitness Test (aerobic capacity), bench press and back squat one-repetition maximum tests (muscular strength), and medicine ball throw (muscular power). Weighted means calculated across studies generally demonstrated improvements in player qualities across subsequent age groups, except for skinfold thickness and aerobic capacity. However, weighted means could not be calculated for the countermovement jump. Conclusion: Our review identifies the most frequently used tests, but highlights variability in the testing protocols adopted. If these tests are used in future practice, we provide recommended protocols in accordance with industry standards for most tests. Finally, we provide age-specific references for frequently used tests that were implemented with consistent protocols. Clinical Trial Registration This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021267795). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletic motivation is actively studied in the sports psychology. The study of the juniors’ motivation is crucial for exploring the reasons to quit the sport, the fac-tors that reduce an athlete’s productivity, the principles of building support pro-grams for young athletes. The purpose of the study was to study the basic needs satisfaction and the hierarchy of young athlete conscious motives. The study involved juniors, in the amount of 133 people aged 13-16 years (M=15.1; SD=1.6; 59.4% men). The following methods were used: the essay “Why I came into sports”, “Method of paired comparisons” by V.V. Skvortsov (modified by I.A. Akindinova), as well as statistical methods (descriptive statistics, W - Kendall, Chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis H - test). Personal, professional and status conscious motives were found out to form a complex motivation for sports activities. Conscious motives for sports activities differ among juniors in various sports. The least satisfied needs are those for acceptance needs and self-expression. The type of sport does not determine the satisfaction of the junior needs. The prospect of the study is to create a model of motivation for a young athlete. The results can be used in the activities of sports institutions.

According to the importance of vocabulary and expanding the range of vocabulary in English learning, today it is effective and necessary to use methods and strategies to increase the amount of learning and the speed of learning. This research has used a mixed method and the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of cognitive and metacognitive strategies on the learning of English vocabulary of junior high school students. To conduct this research, 25 students aged 13 to 15 years were selected through an English proficiency level test to ensure that students were at the same level in English skills. The students were divided into two experimental and control groups, and a pre-test was done. Then vocabulary was taught to the students based on cognitive and metacognitive strategies, and finally, a post-test was taken from them and Karami's questionnaire (2002) was given to them. Finally, to investigate the performance of the two groups and the effect of training based on cognitive and metacognitive strategies, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, and paired samples t-test was used. The most important finding of this research is that cognitive and metacognitive strategies have been effective in English vocabulary learning of junior high school students, and they use cognitive strategies more than metacognitive strategies to learn English vocabulary.

Rugby is a popular sport and requires participants to have commensurate physical attributes for effective participation. One physical fitness test battery which enjoys extensive use contextually is the European Test of Physical Fitness (Eurofit). However, the psychometric properties of the test battery have not been explored and documented in the local context. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the test-retest reliability of the Eurofit test battery items among elite schoolboy rugby players in Harare, Zimbabwe. Thirty-two (32) players with the mean age of 17.2 (SD=1.03) years completed all the tests during the in- season period. Anthropometric and Eurofit test measurements were obtained twice with seven days separating the assessments. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) estimated the reliability test items. The global ICCs for the Eurofit test items ranged from 0.59 to 0.98. The Sit-and-Reach test yielded the highest temporal reliability (ICC=0.98). The Plate Tapping test, Flamingo Balance test and 10×5m Shuttle Run test showed ICCs < 0.7. Cognisant of the study limitations, some component test items of Eurofit test battery can be recommended for reliably evaluating aspects of physical fitness in junior rugby players in Zimbabwe whilst others still need consideration and test modification.

According to the importance of vocabulary and expanding the range of vocabulary in English learning, today it is effective and necessary to use methods and strategies to increase the amount of learning and the speed of learning. This research has used a mixed method and the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of cognitive and metacognitive strategies on the learning of English vocabulary of junior high school students. To conduct this research, 25 students aged 13 to 15 years were selected through an English proficiency level test to ensure that students were at the same level in English skills. The students were divided into two experimental and control groups, and a pre-test was done. Then vocabulary was taught to the students based on cognitive and metacognitive strategies, and finally, a post-test was taken from them and Karami's questionnaire (2002) was given to them. Finally, to investigate the performance of the two groups and the effect of training based on cognitive and metacognitive strategies, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, and paired samples t-test was used. The most important finding of this research is that cognitive and metacognitive strategies have been effective in English vocabulary learning of junior high school students, and they use cognitive strategies more than metacognitive strategies to learn English vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of programmed training on the changes in the explosive strength, speed, and agility in young male volleyball players. The sample of subjects in this research consists of 40 volleyball players of junior age in the volleyball clubs: OK "Topličanin" (n = 20) from Prokuplje and OK "Nis" from Nis (n = 20). Subjects were divided into two groups: experimental group 1 (E1, n = 20) and experimental group 2 (E2, n = 20). Experimental group 1 consists of volleyball players from OK "Topličanin" from Prokuplje, who, in addition to basic specific – situational training, also had plyometric training sessions twice a week for six weeks. Experimental group 2 consists of volleyball players from OK "Niš" from Niš, who had only specific – situational training sessions in that period. The research is longitudinal, comprising the initial and final measurements. The experimental treatment lasted six weeks and was realized in the preparatory period. The three tests were used to assess the explosive strength: 1) Squat jump 2) Countermovement Jump 3) Counter Movement Jump/Arm Swing. The three tests were used to estimate speed: 1) 5 meters sprint 2) 10 meters sprint 3) 15 meters sprint. The three tests were used to estimate agility 1) Agility t-test 2) 9-6-3-6-9 agility test and 3) 505 agility test. Mancova analysis was used to compare different subsamples of subjects at the initial and final measurements. The results of the research show that volleyball-specific-situational training followed by plyometric training significantly improves motor skills: explosive strength, speed, and agility. The strongest effect was noticed on explosive strength.

This report form is to be completed by junior (age 8–10) 4-H members as a record of their 4-H project completion. Project Reports should be turned in annually at the end of the 4-H year to their county 4-H agent. This 10-page major revision was compiled by the Florida 4-H Awards and Recognition Task Force; Geralyn Sachs and Laura Cash, chairs. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/4h033

Physical education (PE) is a frequent site of public health intervention to promote physical activity (PA); however, intervention research frequently overlooks the perspective of PE teachers. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore teachers' experiences with and perceptions of a PA curriculum intervention. Six findings within three categories were identified and described in detail. In-depth one-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted with nine PE teachers from eight middle schools in Los Angeles. Feeling underappreciated and having a "muddled mission" within PE were driving factors in teacher morale and practice. Teachers had positive experiences with the curriculum, but significant barriers remained and limited the potential for PA during PE classes. PE teachers are pulled in multiple directions and perceive a lack of necessary support systems to achieve student health goals. Interventions aimed at leveraging PE as a site of PA promotion must incorporate the perspectives of PE teachers.

The development of swimming as a sport constitutes one of the factors which favorized the emergence of water polo around the year 1870, as one of the oldest games in existence. England is considered to be the country of origin for water polo. Polo entered our country relatively late in comparison to other countries in Central Europe or with the West of our continent, towards the end of the third decade. The first attempts to practice the game of polo in Oradea were influenced by natural conditions and the climatic particularities of this geographical area. The first female water polo oficial game in Romania, took place in 2007, in Cluj-Napoca between the Politehnica Cluj team and CS Oradea. In the national championship at the senior level, the CS Crișul Oradea team occupied the first place on the podium for 3 consecutive years, between 2011-2014. In the years 2015-2016 it obtained the second place and in the last years it ranked last. The results obtained by the junior women's polo team CS Crișul Oradea are meritorious, having climbed between the years 2012-2019 on the podium at all editions of the National Championship with a rich track record: a gold medal, four silver medals and two bronze medals. In the Romanian Cup, the CS Crișul Oradea team performed at a high level, ranking on the podium between 2012-2016.

The research aims The research aims to shed light on the importance of bungee exercises and their impact on some of the special physical abilities of javelin throwers and the digital level by designing a training program using bungee exercises.The research community represented the javelin throwing contestants in the Qena area for athletics. The researcher chose a deliberate sample of (14) javelin throwing contestants. They were divided into (7) players, a reconnaissance sample. (7) players representing the basic research sample were subjected to the experiment, and the time period was The training program was two months (8 weeks), and the number of weekly training times was three times. The most important findings of the researcher were that bungee training has a positive effect on the level of physical capabilities and the digital level of the javelin throwers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of sport science technology is enabling more sporting teams to implement athlete monitoring practices related to performance testing and load monitoring. Despite the increased emphasis on youth athlete development, the lack of longitudinal athlete monitoring literature in youth athletes is concerning, especially for indoor sports such as basketball. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of six different athlete monitoring methods over 10 weeks of youth basketball training. Fourteen state-level youth basketball players (5 males and 9 females; 15.1 ± 1.0 years) completed this study during their pre-competition phase prior to their national basketball tournament. Daily wellness and activity surveys were completed using the OwnUrGoal mobile application, along with heart rate (HR) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) recordings at each state training session, and weekly performance testing (3x countermovement jumps [CMJs], and 3x isometric mid-thigh pulls [IMTPs]). All of the athlete monitoring methods demonstrated the coaching staff's training intent to maintain performance and avoid spikes in workload. Monitoring IMU data combined with PlayerLoad™ data analysis demonstrated more effectiveness for monitoring accumulated load (AL) compared to HR analysis. All six methods of athlete monitoring detected similar trends for all sessions despite small-trivial correlations between each method (Pearson's correlation: −0.24 < r < 0.28). The use of subjective monitoring questionnaire applications, such as OwnUrGoal, is recommended for youth sporting clubs, given its practicability and low-cost. Regular athlete education from coaches and support staff regarding the use of these questionnaires is required to gain the best data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of benefits and barriers and their relationship with physical activity (PA) among predominantly Latino middle school students. Data were collected in a cross-sectional survey of 4,773 seventh-grade students recruited from a large, urban school district in Los Angeles. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to assess determinants of benefits and barriers as well as their association with self-reported PA. Differences in benefits and barriers were observed by gender, ethnicity, and body size. Barriers were negatively correlated with all three PA outcomes while benefits were positively associated with exercising at least 60 min daily. A deeper understanding of benefits and barriers can facilitate the development of interventions and collaborative efforts among physical education teachers, school nurses, and administrators to implement comprehensive approaches that encourage students' participation in PA inside and outside of the classroom.

Research in sport and exercise psychology indicates that motivational factors contribute to exceptional achievement, both in individual and team sports. Therefore, analysing differences between junior and senior athletes in contact ball sports in terms of their motivational differences may be an important information source for the selection process and management of the development of the elite athletes. In this study data on athletes’ motivation was collected via self-assessments. Data was analysed in order to answer the questions regarding the motivational differences of athletes, which might be related to the type of collective ball sport and their competing level related to age. Sample consisted of 316 athletes at junior and 286 athletes at senior level, which were active in one of the three team sports: football, handball, and water polo. They filled in three self-report questionnaires: Self-motivation Inventory – SMI; Sport Attitudes Inventory – SAI; and Task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire - TEOSQ. Results suggest that senior athletes have higher score on self-motivation, motive to achieve power and task goal orientation scales than junior athletes. These findings were replicated in all three sports which were analysed. Besides that, football players have the highest motive to achieve success, motive to achieve power and task goal orientation; water polo players have the most pronounced self-motivation, while handball players show lowest levels of these motives.

Background: Injury prevention is a growing focus for golfers in general and for elite golfers in particular. Movement screening has been proposed as a possible cost-effective means of identifying underlying risk factors and is widely utilised by therapists, trainers and coaches. Objectives: Our study aimed to establish whether results from movement screening were associated with subsequent lower back injury in elite golfers. Methods: Our prospective longitudinal cohort study with one baseline time point included 41 injury-free young elite male golfers who underwent movement screening. After this, the golfers were monitored for 6 months for lower back pain. Results: Seventeen golfers developed lower back pain (41%). Screening tests that were able to differentiate golfers who developed and those who did not develop lower back pain, included: rotational stability test on the non-dominant side (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.27), rotational stability test on the dominant side (p = 0.03; effect size = 0.29) and plank score (p = 0.03; effect size = 0.24). There were no differences observed in any other screening tests. Conclusion: Out of 30 screening tests, only three tests were able to identify golfers not at risk of developing lower back pain. All three of these tests had weak effect sizes. Clinical implications: Movement screening was not effective in identifying elite golfers at risk of lower back pain in our study.

Background: Injury prevention is a growing focus for golfers in general and for elite golfers in particular. Movement screening has been proposed as a possible cost-effective means of identifying underlying risk factors and is widely utilised by therapists, trainers and coaches. Objectives: Our study aimed to establish whether results from movement screening were associated with subsequent lower back injury in elite golfers. Methods: Our prospective longitudinal cohort study with one baseline time point included 41 injury-free young elite male golfers who underwent movement screening. After this, the golfers were monitored for 6 months for lower back pain. Results: Seventeen golfers developed lower back pain (41%). Screening tests that were able to differentiate golfers who developed and those who did not develop lower back pain, included: rotational stability test on the non-dominant side (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.27), rotational stability test on the dominant side (p = 0.03; effect size = 0.29) and plank score (p = 0.03; effect size = 0.24). There were no differences observed in any other screening tests. Conclusion: Out of 30 screening tests, only three tests were able to identify golfers not at risk of developing lower back pain. All three of these tests had weak effect sizes. Clinical implications: Movement screening was not effective in identifying elite golfers at risk of lower back pain in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The goal-directed decision-making process of effort distribution (i.e. pacing) allows individuals to efficiently use energy resources as well as to manage the impact of fatigue on performance during exercise. Given the shared characteristics between pacing behaviour and other skilled behaviour, it was hypothesized that pacing behaviour would adhere to the same processes associated with skill acquisition and development. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases between January 1995 and January 2022 were searched for articles relating to the pacing behaviour of individuals (1) younger than 18 years of age, or (2) repeatedly performing the same exercise task, or (3) with different levels of experience. Results: The search resulted in 64 articles reporting on the effect of age (n = 33), repeated task exposure (n = 29) or differing levels of experience (n = 13) on pacing behaviour. Empirical evidence identifies the development of pacing behaviour starts during childhood (~ 10 years old) and continues throughout adolescence. This development is characterized by an increasingly better fit to the task demands, encompassing the task characteristics (e.g. duration) and environment factors (e.g. opponents). Gaining task experience leads to an increased capability to attain a predetermined pace and results in pacing behaviour that better fits task demands. Conclusions: Similar to skilled behaviour, physical maturation and cognitive development likely drive the development of pacing behaviour. Pacing behaviour follows established processes of skill acquisition, as repeated task execution improves the match between stimuli (e.g. task demands and afferent signals) and actions (i.e. continuing, increasing or decreasing the exerted effort) with the resulting exercise task performance. Furthermore, with increased task experience attentional capacity is freed for secondary tasks (e.g. incorporating opponents) and the goal selection is changed from achieving task completion to optimizing task performance. As the development and acquisition of pacing resemble that of other skills, established concepts in the literature (e.g. intervention-induced variability and augmented feedback) could enrich pacing research and be the basis for practical applications in physical education, healthcare, and sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Universal Excellence (JUE) / Revija za Univerzalno Odličnost (RUO) is the property of Fakulteta za Organizacijske Studije v Novem mestu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research in sport and exercise psychology indicates that motivational factors contribute to exceptional achievement, both in individual and team sports. Therefore, analysing differences between junior and senior athletes in contact ball sports in terms of their motivational differences may be an important information source for the selection process and management of the development of the elite athletes. In this study data on athletes' motivation was collected via self-assessments. Data was analysed in order to answer the questions regarding the motivational differences of athletes, which might be related to the type of collective ball sport and their competing level related to age. Sample consisted of 316 athletes at junior and 286 athletes at senior level, which were active in one of the three team sports: football, handball, and water polo. They filled in three self-report questionnaires: Self-motivation Inventory - SMI; Sport Attitudes Inventory - SAI; and Task and ego orientation in sport questionnaire - TEOSQ. Results suggest that senior athletes have higher score on self-motivation, motive to achieve power and task goal orientation scales than junior athletes. These findings were replicated in all three sports which were analysed. Besides that, football players have the highest motive to achieve success, motive to achieve power and task goal orientation; water polo players have the most pronounced self-motivation, while handball players show lowest levels of these motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The influence of various factors on training-load (TL) responses in basketball has received limited attention. This study aimed to examine the temporal changes and influence of cumulative training dose on TL responses and interrelationships during basketball activity. Methods: Ten state-level Australian male junior basketball players completed 4 x 10-min standardized bouts of simulated basketball activity using a circuit-based protocol. Internal TL was quantified using the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), summated heart-rate zones (SHRZ), Banister training impulse (TRIMP), and Lucia TRIMP models. External TL was assessed via measurement of mean sprint and circuit speeds. Temporal TL comparisons were performed between 10-min bouts, while Pearson correlation analyses were conducted across cumulative training doses (0-10, 0-20, 0-30, and 0-40 min). Results: sRPE TL increased (P < .05) after the first 10-min bout of basketball activity. sRPE TL was only significantly related to Lucia TRIMP (r = .66--.69; P < .05) across 0-10 and 0-20 min. Similarly, mean sprint and circuit speed were significantly correlated across 0-20 min (r = .67; P < .05). In contrast, SHRZ and Banister TRIMP were significantly related across all training doses (r = .84-.89; P < .05). Conclusions: Limited convergence exists between common TL approaches across basketball training doses lasting beyond 20 min. Thus, the interchangeability of commonly used internal and external TL approaches appears dose-dependent during basketball activity, with various psychophysiological mediators likely underpinning temporal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students' academic performance is determined by certain intrinsic and extrinsic attributes, which are shrouded in their stages of development. The focus of this study was, therefore, to analyse factors influencing students' performance in two randomly selected junior secondary schools in Maun, Botswana. Guided by McClelland's motivational theory, a multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select a sample of 124 students. Demographic/socioeconomic data were obtained from the students in the study area through the use of questionnaires. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics (including mean and standard deviation) were used to summarise the data while Cramer's V, Pearson product-moment correlation, multiple linear regression, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to determine the relationships between explanatory variables and students' academic performance. Results revealed that students' academic performance is affected by both home background (e.g. family size) as well as the school environment (e.g. class size), including their study habits. The study recommends that teachers' self-efficacy, more parental involvement, and improved government policies in educational development are critical for the attainment of high-quality education in Botswana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the contribution of physiological data collected during laboratory testing in predicting race performances of trained junior middle-distance track (TK) and cross-country (XC) athletes. Participants performed a submaximal incremental ramp test, followed by an incremental test to exhaustion in a laboratory, with the results used to predict either 800 m TK, 1500 m TK or 4000–6000 m XC race performance. Twenty-eight participants (male (M), 15; female (F), 13) were analysed (age = 17 ± 2 years, height = 1.72 ± 0.08 m, body mass = 58.9 ± 8.9 kg). Performance times (min:s) for 800 m were: M, 1:56.55 ± 0:05.55 and F, 2:14.21 ± 0:03.89; 1500 m: M, 3:51.98 ± 0:07.35 and F 4:36.71 ± 0:16.58; XC: M (4900 ± 741 m), 16:00 ± 01:53; F (4628 ± 670 m), 17:41 ± 02:09. Stepwise regression analysis indicated significant contributions of speed at ⩒O2max (s⩒O2max), and heart rate maximum (HRmax) to the prediction of 800 m TK (F(2,15) = 22.51, p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.72), s⩒O2max for 1500 m TK (F(1,13) = 36.65, p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.72) and ⩒O2max, allometrically scaled to body mass and speed at lactate threshold (sLT) for XC (F(2,17) = 25.1, p < 0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.72). Laboratory-based physiological measures can explain 72% of the variance in junior TK and XC events, although factors that explain performance alter depending on the race distance and tactics. The factors determining performance in TK and XC events are not interchangeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing a player's temperament can help the coach in the communication relationship between him and the player. First, the coach will know how to approach the subject to get a certain answer in practice or matches. Subjects were handball players born in 2005 or younger, at the category juniors III from Sporting Ghimbav Sports Club. The initial testing took place on 22nd December 2018 and 9th January 2019 and the final testing on 23rd November 2019. The method used is the application of psychological test, the Guide Belov for identifying the temperament, and interpretation of the results. The conclusions of the study have highlighted useful information on how to improve the training of the junior players.

This study considers the confidence of dental core trainees (DCTs) as they mature and progress through their first six months in an oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) training post. Trainees have different incentives for embarking on a year in OMFS: to develop additional skills before settling into general dental practice; as a step towards specialty training; and to help decide about their career direction. Traditionally, an OMFS year has been associated with creating well-rounded and confident clinicians. We surveyed 123 DCTs at three stages over a six-month period to monitor their confidence in 10 clinical domains: assessing dentofacial infection, mandibular fractures, midface fractures, intraoral/extraoral swellings, airway risks, intraoral/extraoral lesions (benign/malignant), CT/MRI scans, and performing intraoral/extraoral suturing. The study demonstrates an increase in trainee confidence across all domains over the first six months of an OMFS post, with a particularly significant increase in the assessment of dentofacial infection, mandibular/midface fracture, and both intraoral and extraoral lesions and swellings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical jumps are a defying predictor of performance in sports that require explosive action. Objectives of the present study are: 1) to evaluate anthropometric characteristics (height, body mass and BMI), explosive strength (squat jump, countermovement jump and countermovement jump with an arm-swing) and kinematic parameters (the arm swing jump contribution and the eccentric utilization ratio) in female volleyball players; and 2) to compare assessed parameters between youth and junior players. Thirty participants, players that are part of Macedonian Youth (N=15) and Junior (N=15) National Teams, aged 13-18 years, were included in the study. Anthropometric characteristics were measured according to the WorldHealth Organization manual, explosive strength was assessed with the Optojump system, and kinematic parameters were calculated as proposed by Abdel-Rahman (2013). SPSS 23 statistical package was used to perform statistical analysis. Normality of data distribution was tested by K-S test, Skewness and Kurtosis values. Appropriate statistical methods were used to calculate descriptive statistical parameters, and t-test was applied to determine the significance of the difference between youth and junior players. In addition, Cohen's d was applied to calculate the effect size. No statistically significant differences were found between youth and junior players in parameters assessed. Coaches should take in consideration anthropometric and morphological characteristics of the players during the selection process, and work more in a direction of motor abilities development and improvement of technical skills, especially in pioneer and youth categories, instead of putting the main emphasis on player specialization at early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the pandemic period, basketball competitions have undergone changes in their organisational structure, so playing games in the form of a "bubble" tournament required adequate training. Due to the rapid pace of play during the "bubble" competitions, junior basketball players need to have very good anaerobic and aerobic capacity. Intensification of the competitive effort by increasing the speed of movement and execution, making fast breaks, performing bouncing passes and throws to the basket, fighting to recover the ball and using the active defence (pressing) all over the court imposes high demands on the body at the somatic and vegetative levels. The purpose of the present study is to assess the anaerobic capacity of junior players (U16) in the pre-competitive period, given that their training was interrupted between March and September 2020 by the legislative norms on sports activity due to the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. The ascertaining study was conducted in January 2021 on the CSU Ştiința Bucharest team players aged 15-16 years. The tests applied to assess their anaerobic capacity consisted of Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and acceleration speed (5 m, 10 m and 15 m). The data were collected using the computerised Optojump and Tag Heurer - Chronoprinter 520 techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The aim of this paper was to emphasize the importance of HRV measured at rest, as a valuable cue for objectifying the training status of a young gymnast. Thus the coach can further integrate the data into the individualized sports training strategy. Material and methods. The HRV research methodology was applied in this ascertaining study focused on 13 years old male junior athlete practicing artistic gymnastics. This subject was chosen by the coach to be investigated because of his results and potential for performance. The gymnast has an experience of 8 years in sports, being awarded several times the National champion title in children and junior competitions. The HRV measurements were taken by means of BioHarness BT3 units from Zephyr Technologies©. The snapshot-type assessment took place during the competitive stage, early in the morning, before the training session. The analysis of HRV parameters included the 10 minute monitoring during rest in supine position. Results. HRV analysis demonstrates that at rest the gymnast generally fits into the normal values of other athletes emphasized in various studies. Basically the indexes calculated for the time domain, frequency domain and nonlinear analysis prove that measuring HRV during rest is a good indicator for the capability of the subject to address the autonomous nervous system. Conclusions. These results marked the good balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. This kind of research should incorporate long term periods of monitoring so that data bases for each athlete should be available and subject for analysis and further adjustments of the training contents.

Knowing the predominant sensory perception of a handball player is important for the coach and the player equally. In this paper, we aim to identify the predominant sensory perception of a junior handball team. Subjects were 16 handball players born in 2005 or younger, at the category juniors III from Sporting Ghimbav Sports Club. The initial testing took place on 22nd December 2018 and 9th January 2019 and the final testing on 23rd November 2019. The method used is the application of psychological tests and interpretation of the results received. The conclusions of the study have highlighted useful information on how to improve the training of the junior players.

The growth of sport science technology is enabling more sporting teams to implement athlete monitoring practices related to performance testing and load monitoring. Despite the increased emphasis on youth athlete development, the lack of longitudinal athlete monitoring literature in youth athletes is concerning, especially for indoor sports such as basketball. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of six different athlete monitoring methods over 10 weeks of youth basketball training. Fourteen state-level youth basketball players (5 males and 9 females; 15.1 ± 1.0 years) completed this study during their pre-competition phase prior to their national basketball tournament. Daily wellness and activity surveys were completed using the OwnUrGoal mobile application, along with heart rate (HR) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) recordings at each state training session, and weekly performance testing (3x countermovement jumps [CMJs], and 3x isometric mid-thigh pulls [IMTPs]). All of the athlete monitoring methods demonstrated the coaching staff’s training intent to maintain performance and avoid spikes in workload. Monitoring IMU data combined with PlayerLoad™ data analysis demonstrated more effectiveness for monitoring accumulated load (AL) compared to HR analysis. All six methods of athlete monitoring detected similar trends for all sessions despite small-trivial correlations between each method (Pearson’s correlation: −0.24 < r < 0.28). The use of subjective monitoring questionnaire applications, such as OwnUrGoal, is recommended for youth sporting clubs, given its practicability and low-cost. Regular athlete education from coaches and support staff regarding the use of these questionnaires is required to gain the best data.

In 2008, to create a rapid route for information transfer in relation training and recruitment for OMFS trainees, the British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (BAOMS) created a website to "Register Your Interest in OMFS" (RYIO). From 2011 a Mentoring and Support Programme (MSP) was created to provide focussed guidance for trainees aiming for specialty training. This paper reviews the effectiveness and cost of these programmes. Between 2008 and 2020, 1744 individuals used RYIO on 2715 occasions. Of these registrations, 1772 were by dentists, 193 dental students, 589 doctors and 161 medical students. 2354 were from UK and Ireland and 351 from the rest of the world. 188 registrants subsequently became UK OMFS trainees or specialists. All registrants valued the information provided. In response to RYIO trainee feedback the new 'Taste of OMFS 2020' programme was created. The MSP was originally called the Junior Trainee Programme (JTP). The MSP scheme provides a layer of mentorship/support which runs parallel to the medical/dental training post or period of study. Of 180 members of MSP, 72 have obtained specialty training posts in OMFS. There are 88 current members. Full information is available on the BAOMS website www.baoms.org.uk. Reviewing both programmes, participant feedback is excellent with tangible results whilst cost effectiveness is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sports Creativity is the property of Journal of Sports Creativity and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To examine prevalence of verbal, physical, and sexual abuses in young elite athletes, a cross sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted during the World Athletics under 20 World Championships. This questionnaire aimed at distinguishing between abuses perpetrated in the context of Athletics from those which were unrelated to Athletics. Four hundred and eighty athletes (52.3%, male) from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania took part in the electronic anonymous survey. Outside Athletics setting, no gender difference was found for the prevalence of verbal, physical, and sexual abuses. However, 45 males (18% of the male population) and 34 females (15% of the female population) athletes reported sexual abuse. Asian athletes reported a slightly higher rate of sexual abuse; three quarters of them being non-touching abuses. Inside Athletics setting, no gender difference was found for the prevalence of verbal, physical, and non-touching sexual abuses. However, 58 males (23%) and 47 females (21%) reported verbal abuses. Thirty-one males (12%) and 20 females (9%) reported physical abuses, whereas 30 males (12%) and 17 females (7%) reported sexual abuses. Physical abuses were slightly more frequent in Asia and in Africa and less frequent in South America. Sexual abuses inside Athletics also differed over regions, and were unexpectedly twice more frequent than expected in Asia and slightly less frequent than expected in Europe. Friends and partners were identified as the more frequent (>50%) abusers outside or inside the Athletics settings, whereas outside Athletics and inside Athletics, coaches were identified as sexual abuse perpetrators in 8 and 25% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of verbal, physical, or sexual abuses is high but consistent with what has been reported in United Kingdom, Norway, Canada, and Sweden at national level in recreational or elite athletes. Sexual abuse, including touching or penetrative abuses, occurred significantly more often in male athletes when compared to female athletes. This finding invites healthcare and social workers, and policymakers to also consider the risk of sexual abuse of young male athletes in Athletics. These results also call for longitudinal studies on young elite athletes.

As in many technological and industrial sectors, mining exploration and extraction rely on instruments designed to anticipate and organize future developments and their consequences. In this article, we focus on three ways of mobilizing the future in the context of these activities and their contestation. Investment is characterized by the calculation of future profits and the central place given to risks that are likely to threaten them. Anticipation combines the appraisal of extractive activity with wider considerations likely to give rise to new questions and a different definition of risks. Planning consists in organizing mining activity according to objectives to be achieved, such as territorial development. Building on fieldwork in metropolitan France, New Caledonia, and French Guiana, this article shows that an analysis of the mobilization of the future makes it possible to rethink the well-known problem of the relations between mining companies, environment and the affected populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The hypothesis of this study is formulated as follows: the experience of junior basketball players in competitions will be more valuable than that of cadet basketball players. The aim of our study was to examine the peculiarities of youth and basketball players' sport experiences. Methods. A total of 104 basketball players, 47 cadets and 57 juniors participated in the study. Survey questionnaire is used for the study. The following methodologies were used: Athlete's Personal Experience Survey (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, ACSI-28) and the Sport Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ). Results. The results of the study revealed statistically significant differences (p <.05) in personal sport experiences (athletic endurance skills) among basketball players of different age groups according to the following indicators: the coach's influence on basketball players, concentration, athletes' self-confidence and resilience. The results of the study of athletes' competitive experiences revealed that there were statistically significant differences (p <.05) between cadet and junior basketball players in competition experience. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of risk and progress parameters. Conclusions. The coach's influence was greater for the cadet basketball players. Concentration, self-confidence and resilience were better among junior basketball players. This shows that when competing, junior basketball players have higher levels of concentration compared to the cadet group, as they are more confident and can better cope with tension. In addition, it was found that the experience of junior basketball players in competitions is richer than that of cadet basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The rapidly rising rates of brain diseases due to the growing ageing population and the explosion in treatment options for many neurological conditions increase the demand for neurologists. We report trends in doctors’ career choices for neurology; investigate factors driving their choices; and compare doctors’ original choices with their specialty destinations. Methods A multi-cohort, multi-purpose nation-wide study using both online and postal questionnaires collected data on career choice, influencing factors, and career destinations. UK-trained doctors completed questionnaires at one, three, five, and ten years after qualification. They were classified into three groups: graduates of 1974–1983, graduates of 1993–2002, and graduates of 2005–2015. Results Neurology was more popular among graduates of 2005–2015 than earlier graduates; however, its attraction for graduates of 2005–2015 doctors reduced over time from graduation. A higher percentage of men than women doctors chose neurology as their first career choice. For instance, among graduates of 2005–2015, 2.2% of men and 1.1% of women preferred neurology as first choice in year 1. The most influential factor on career choice was “enthusiasm for and commitment to the specialty” in all cohorts and all years after graduation. Only 39% who chose neurology in year 1 progressed to become neurologists later. Conversely, only 28% of practicing neurologists in our study had decided to become neurologists in their first year after qualification. By year 3 this figure had risen to 65%, and by year 5 to 76%. Conclusions Career decision-making among UK medical graduates is complicated. Early choices for neurology were not highly predictive of career destinations. Some influential factors in this process were identified. Improving mentoring programmes to support medical graduates, provide career counselling, develop professionalism, and increase their interest in neurology were suggested.

Background and Study Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric characteristics and body composition of junior handball and basketball players from the Serbian National League, as well as to make a comparison between them. Material and Methods: Sixty male athletes were enrolled in the study and they were divided into three groups: fifteen handball players, thirteen basketball players and thirty-two healthy sedentary subjects. All subjects were assessed for the anthropometric measures required for calculation of body composition variables, using standardized procedures recommended by previous studies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics was expressed as a mean (SD) for each variable, while the ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect the effects of each type of sport. Results: The results showed there was no significant difference in body weight, body mass index or in bone content, while a significant difference was found in body height as well as in muscle mass and body fat. Conclusions: These findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge, and suggest to them to follow recent methods of selection techniques and to be more careful during the process of talent identification.

The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric characteristics and body composition of junior soccer and volleyball players from the Serbian National League as well as to make a comparison between them. Seventy-one male athletes were enrolled in this study, divided into three groups: twenty-five soccer players, fourteen volleyball players and thirty-two healthy sedentary subjects. All subjects were assessed for anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition variables, using standardized procedures recommended by previous studies. Data was analysed using SPSS and the descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean (SD) for each variable, while the ANOVA and the LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect effects of each type of sport. The results showed that a significant difference was found in variables height, weight, and body fat, but no significant difference was found in the remaining three variables, body mass index, muscle mass or bone content. Volleyball players were significantly taller and heavier than soccer players or subjects from the control group, while there was no significant difference between height and weight of soccer players and subjects from the control group. Subjects from the control group had significantly higher percentage of body fat than both soccer and volleyball players. Soccer players had the lowest percentage of body fat, while subjects from the control group had the highest values of the same variable. Therefore, these findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and suggest to them to follow recent selection process methods and to be more careful during the process of talent identification.

Training toward skills development and toward its components can take place in any part of the weekly cycle. Also, exercises and other means used for this purpose are found in all three parts of the training lesson, both in the first part, in the form of light exercises (especially the specific dynamic coordination), that lead, at the same time, to the training of the body for the effort, but also in the fundamental part (the theme of the lesson or exercises carried out between some main tasks) and closing (exercises performed in slow rhythm, for disconnect, relax). Skill, in all forms of manifestation, can develop along the whole year of preparation, of course with different weights, depending on the workout periods.

In the theory and methodology of handball the concept of strength capacity is highlighted as part of physical training, and references are made and adapted to the game of handball. Determining the level of strength capacity in junior handball and analysis of responses to the questionnaire of handball coaches (who actively sought Strength development in handball at the junior level) will be practical and methodological foundation for organizing and conducting experimental research based on teaching. The research purpose is to achieve a preliminary study (questionnaire) regarding the development of the ability to strength the junior handball. Instructional strategy aimed at developing specific strength capacity in handball and it should have a well-defined and specified influence in the physical training of junior handball endpoints, intermediate lesson that must be met in order to increase the performance level of the players.