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Allium stenodon (Amaryllidaceae) is reported as a returning member of the Korean flora. This species proved to be the only member of the section Sikkimensia among Korean Allium species, and it is easily distinguished by its cylindrical bulbs with fibrous to sometimes subreticulate tunics and blue to purple-blue perianth. Previously recognized A. baekdusanense is treated as an additional synonym of A. stenodon. Photographs and complete descriptions of A. stenodon are provided together with a dichotomous key to the Korean Allium species. In addition A. stenodon is newly recorded in Jilin province in China.

Aconitum carmichaelii var. truppelianum (Ulbr.) W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao [Korean name: 송이바꽃 (Song-I-ba-kkot)] is known to be distributed in China and Vietnam. However, 25 populations of this species were found along the midwestern coasts of Korean Peninsula for the first time. This species is similar to A. carmichaelii Debeaux var. carmichaelii and A. kusnezoffii Rchb. in possessing characters such as an erect stem and panicle-raceme inflorescence. Nevertheless, it can be distinguished from these species by its densely spreading pubescence on the rachis, pedicels, and carpels. The aim of this study was to provide a morphological description, photographs, illustrations, information on distribution areas, and a taxonomic key for A. carmichaelii var. truppelianum and related taxa.

Aconitum Linnaeus (1753: 532) (Ranunculaceae) consists of about 400 species and is widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Tamura 1993, Brink & Woods 1997, Li & Kadota 2001, Luo et al. 2005). This genus has been usually divided into three subgenera: A. subg. Aconitum, A. subg. Lycoctonum (Candolle 1817: 367) Petermann (1846: 15), and A. subg. Gymnaconitum (Stapf 1905: 178) Rapaics (1907: 139) (Bisset 1981, Kadota 1987, Li & Kadota 2001, Lim & Park 2001, Wang et al. 2009). Among them, A. subg. Lycoctonum is perennial and rhizomatous and consists of about 40 species (Tamura 1995, Hong et al. 2017). In the Korean Peninsula, eight species and one variety have been reported in this subgenus (Lim et al. 2017, Korea National Arboretum 2017), of which four species, namely A. pseudolaeve Nakai (1935: 139), A. pteropus Nakai (1937: 400), A. puchonroenicum Uyeki & Sakata (1938: 14), and A. quelpaertense Nakai (1935: 145), are endemic to the Korean Peninsula.

Sparganium coreanum, a barely recognized species in Korea, was rediscovered during a field survey by the authors, who conducted a re-examination of specimens deposited in the Herbarium of the Korea National Arboretum (KH). This species was described initially by H. Leveille from a specimen collected by F. Taquet from Jeju-do (Taquet 2150). Subsequently, however, it was overlooked and unrecognized among South Korean flora. Several populations of S. coreanum were found in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and on Jeju-do, although it has long been recognized as S. erectum owing to certain vegetative morphological characteristics shared between the two species, such as robust stems, a similar plant height, and globose rhizomes. However, it is distinct from S. erectum by the number of female heads on the lowest inflorescence branch and the size and shape of the fruit. In this study, we provide a detailed description, illustrations, and photographs with a revised taxonomic key for identification of Sparganium species in Korea.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Liparis yongnoana was determined and analyzed in this study. The chloroplast genome size is 153,165 bp in length with 36.9% GC content. It comprises a large single-copy region (LSC) of 83,690 bp, a small single copy region (SSC) of 17,661 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 25,907 bp separated by the SSC. The genome contains 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding, eight ribosomal RNA, and 38 transfer RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from 16 Orchidaceae chloroplast genomes suggested that L. yongnoana was closely related to L. loeselii.

A new variety of Adonis amurensis from East Asia, A. amurensis var. pilosissima, is described and illustrated. The new variety is morphologically related to A. amurensis var. amurensis and Adonis pseudoamurensis, but differs from the former by its densely pilose stem and leaves with abundant short hairs not becoming glabrate in fruiting season, and from the latter by its unbranched stem, precocious leaves, and sepals longer than petals. The conservation status of A. amurensis var. pilosissima was assessed according to the IUCN Red List criteria. A distribution map for the species and identification key for all 14 Adonis taxa from East Asia are also provided.

A continuum-based approach for describing the plastic hardening behavior of magnesium alloy sheets subjected to non-proportional strain path changes at room temperature is presented. The constitutive model is based on an anisotropic distortional yield function that combines a stable component and a fluctuating component. The stable component initiates the yield criterion that characterizes the typical strength differential (SD) effect between tension and compression in magnesium alloys at room temperature. The evolution of the fluctuating component is reformulated based on its cubic metal counterpart to represent the deformation behavior of magnesium alloys, which consists of slip- and twinning-dominant deformation modes. To validate the proposed model, a predictor–corrector numerical algorithm was implemented in a finite element (FE) program by using a user material subroutine, and its numerical accuracy was evaluated by iso-error map analysis. Comparison of the experimental and simulated results obtained for various loading path changes showed that, although the model was not formulated using the kinematic hardening concept, the model could reproduce complex features of the stress–strain responses of an AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet under non-proportional loading paths, i.e., asymmetric hardening behavior under tension and compression, the sigmoidal nature of the hardening curve during monotonic compression and compression followed by tension.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Liparis yongnoana was determined and analyzed in this study. The chloroplast genome size is 153,165 bp in length with 36.9% GC content. It comprises a la...

A new species, Viola breviflora Jungsim Lee & M. Kim is named and described from Mt. Seogbyeo-ngsan, Gangwondo Province, Korea. The Viola breviflora shares several characteristics (acaulescent leaves, whiteflowers, pubescent leaf blades and petioles, etc.) with its related species V. keiskei Miq., but is distinct from V. keiskeiwhich has cordate leaf shapes, deep-cordate leaf bases, long pedicels, few flowers, shapeless rhizomes, green fruits,and low altitude habitats by having ovate leaf shapes, shallow-cordate leaf bases, short pedicels, many flowers, L-shape rhizomes, purplish green fruits, and high altitude habitats. Keywords: Viola breviflora, V. keiskei, Violaceae 적 요: 강원도석병산에서제비꽃속의신종인방울제비꽃(Viola breviflora Jungsim Lee & M. Kim)을 새로이발견하여 기재하였다. 방울제비꽃은 무경종이고 꽃이 흰색이며 엽신과 엽병에 털이 있어 잔털제비꽃과 유사하다. 그러나방울제비꽃은 잎이 장란형이고 엽저는 얕은 심장저이며 화경이 짧고 꽃이 많이 달리며 지하경은 L형이고 열매는보라색이며 고산지대에서 자라는 반면에, 잔털제비꽃은 잎이 심장형이고 엽저는 깊은 심장저이며 화경이 길고 꽃이 적게 달리며 지하경은 무정형이고 열매는 녹색이며 주로 저지대에서 자라 두 종이 뚜렷하게 차이가 난다.

A new species, Daphne jejudoensis M. Kim, has been named and described from Seonheul, Jejudo Province, Korea. Daphne jejudoensis shares several characteristics (white calyx colors, long calyx tube, evergreen leaves, leathery leaf textures, etc.) with its related species D. kiusiana, but it is distinct from D. kiusiana which has a hairy calyx tube and lobes, short calyx lobes, oblanceolate leaves (with acute apex), and a different distribution (coastal region in Geojedo Is.) by having a glabrous calyx tube and lobes, long calyx lobes, elliptic leaves (with acuminate apex), and by its distribution (inland region in Jejudo Is.).

A new species, Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim & J. Lee is named and described from Is. Ulleung, Gyeongsangbukdo Province, Korea. Molecular data confirmed that this new taxon was distinguished from other congeneric species. The Viola ulleungdoensis shares several characteristics (acaulescent leaves, beardless lateral petals, glabrous petioles and peduncles, etc.) with its related species V. selkirkii, but is distinct from V. selkirkii which has present adventitious buds, same leaves after flowering, small leaves, and high altitude habitats by having absent adventitious buds, larger leaves after flowering, large leaves, and low altitude habitats.

A new species, Elsholtzia byeonsanensis M. Kim is named and described from Byeonsan, Jeollabukdo Province, Korea. Molecular data confirmed that this new taxon was distinguished from other congeneric species. Elsholtzia byeonsanensis shares several characteristics (secund spikes, ovate leaves, long corolla length, etc.) with its related species E. splendens, but it is distinct from E. splendens which has a large plant, green stem color, chartaceous leaf textures, non-shiny leaf surfaces, pubescent petioles, pubescent leaf blade surfaces, pubescent bract surface, and open woodland habitats by having a small plant, purple stem color, coriaceous leaf textures, shiny leaf surfaces, glabrous petioles, glabrous leaf blade surfaces, glabrous bract surface, and marine habitats.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major international health problem. Limited information is available about the prevalence of MetS in Asia, especially in Korea. Objective: To examine the prevalence and trends of MetS in a Korean population. In addition, we investigated the risk factors associated with MetS. Design and Participants: A total of 7445 participants aged ≥20 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHNS) 1998 and 5964 participants from the KNHNS 2001 were included in this analysis. The KNHNS is a cross-sectional health survey of a nationally representative sample of the Korean population. The prevalence of MetS was determined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and the Asia-Pacific criteria for obesity based on waist circumference (APC-WC). Results: Using the ATP III criteria, the age-adjusted prevalence of MetS among Korean adults was 15.7% (13.7% male, 17.8% female) in 1998 and 14.4% (13.0% male, 16.2% female) in 2001. Using the APC-WC criteria, the prevalence was 21.6% (19.4% male, 23.9% female) in 1998 and 21.4% (20.1% male, 23.4% female) in 2001. Of the five MetS components, increasing trends were found between 1998 and 2001 in the prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and central obesity for both men and women. Age, sex, body mass index and a family history of diabetes were associated with MetS. Conclusions: These results from a representative sample show that MetS is common in Korean adults. A systemic public health programme is required to prevent future increases in diabetes and cardiovascular complications.

Androcorys pusillus (Ohwi & Fukuy.) Masam. (Orchidaceae) was first found from Mt. Baekdu of the Korean peninsular and was known to distribute from Taiwan and Japan. This species is distinguished from the related taxa by its denticulated sepal margin, petal width which is as broad as dorsal sepal, and larger bract size.