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Purpose: The reference values for biotin intake for Germany, Austria and Switzerland lead back to a report in 2000. Following a timely update process, they were revised in 2020. Methods: For infants aged 0 to < 4 months, adequate biotin supply via human milk was assumed and in consequence the reference value reflects the amount of biotin delivered by human milk. For infants aged 4 to < 12 months, biotin intake was extrapolated from the reference value for younger infants. Due to missing data on average requirement, the reference values for biotin intake for children, adolescents and adults were derived based on observed intake levels. The reference value for lactating women considered in addition biotin losses via human milk. Results: The reference value for biotin intake for infants aged 0 to < 4 months was set at 4 µg/day and for infants aged 4 to < 12 months at 6 µg/day. In children and adolescents, the reference values for biotin intake ranged from 20 µg/day in children 1 to < 4 years to 40 µg/day in youths 15 to < 19 years. For adults including pregnant women, 40 µg/day was derived as reference value for biotin intake. For lactating women, this value was set at 45 µg/day. Conclusions: As deficiency symptoms of biotin do not occur with a usual mixed diet and the average requirement cannot be determined, reference values for an adequate biotin intake for populations from Germany, Austria and Switzerland were derived from biotin intake levels assessed in population-based nutrition surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Riboflavin is required to generate the active form of vitamin B-6 (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; PLP) in tissues, but the relevance of this metabolic interaction for nutritional status of vitamin B-6 is unclear because riboflavin biomarkers are rarely measured in human studies.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of biomarkers of vitamin B-6 and riboflavin status and to examine the relationship between these nutrients in healthy adults.Methods: Multiple linear regression was performed on observational data in 407 healthy adults aged 18-92 y who did not use B-vitamin supplements. Vitamin B-6 status was assessed by plasma PLP concentrations and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGRac) was used as a functional indicator of riboflavin status.Results: Dietary intakes of vitamin B-6 and riboflavin were below the average requirements in 10% and 29% of participants, respectively. Suboptimal status of vitamin B-6 (PLP ≤30.0 nmol/L) was more prevalent in adults aged ≥60 y than in younger participants (i.e., 14% compared with 5%), whereas a high proportion (i.e., overall 37%) of both age groups had deficient riboflavin status (EGRac ≥1.40). In multiple regression analysis, EGRac (P = 0.019) was a significant determinant of plasma PLP, along with dietary vitamin B-6 intake (P = 0.003), age (P < 0.001), BMI (kg/m2) (P = 0.031), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) genotype (P < 0.001). Significant determinants of EGRac were dietary riboflavin intake (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001) and MTHFR genotype (P = 0.020). Plasma PLP showed a stepwise decrease across riboflavin status categories from optimal (EGRac ≤1.26) to low (EGRac 1.27-1.39) to deficient status (P = 0.001), independent of dietary vitamin B-6 intake.Conclusions: The findings are consistent with the known metabolic dependency of vitamin B-6 on riboflavin status and indicate that riboflavin may be the limiting nutrient, particularly in older people, for maintaining adequate vitamin B-6 status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older people are reported to be prone to imbalances between cobalamin and folate status with possible adverse effects on health. This longitudinal study investigates dynamics and interactions of cobalamin and folate status in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults by considering possible influencing factors.Methods: In total, 332 subjects ≥ 60 years were investigated over a mean observation period of 12 years. Data collection included serum cobalamin, folate and creatinine, dietary intakes of cobalamin, folate and alcohol, use of supplements, body composition, smoking behavior, and diseases. Linear mixed-effects models with repeated measurements were used to investigate the influence of variables on serum cobalamin and folate.Results: At baseline, median cobalamin intake exceeded the dietary reference value (DRV), while median folate intake was considerably below DRV. In most subjects, serum concentrations of both vitamins were within reference ranges. For serum cobalamin, apart from supplement use (Parameter estimate [95% confidence interval]: 130.17 [53.32, 207.01]), the main positive predictor was serum folate (4.63 [2.64, 6.62]). For serum folate, serum creatinine (10.85 [4.85, 16.86]), use of supplements (7.86 [5.05, 10.67]), serum cobalamin (0.01 [< 0.01, 0.01]), and dietary folate intake (0.02 [0.01, 0.03]) were positive predictors. No main effects of age, sex, body composition, alcohol intake or smoking were found after adjusting for simultaneous inference.Conclusions: Advancing age, per se, is no risk factor for a decline in serum concentrations of cobalamin or folate in subjects ≥ 60 years. Suboptimal folate intake may limit the function of folate regarding the supply of methyl groups for methylation of cobalamin and subsequent creatine biosynthesis. The positive association of serum creatinine with folate deserves further exploration with regard to its possible relevance for maintaining energy dependent functional integrity in the course of ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Nutrition Societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as the joint editors of the "D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intake" have revised the reference values for vitamin B6 in summer 2019. Summary: For women, the average requirement (AR) for vitamin B6 intake was derived on the basis of balance studies using a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) plasma concentration of ≥30 nmol/L as a biomarker of an adequate vitamin B6 status. The recommended intake (RI) was derived considering a coefficient of variation of 10%. The RIs of vitamin B6 for men, children, and adolescents were extrapolated from the vitamin B6 requirement for women considering differences in body weight, an allometric exponent, growth factors as appropriate, and a coefficient of variation. For infants aged 0 to under 4 months, an estimated value was set based on the vitamin B6 intake via breast feeding. The reference value for infants aged 4 to under 12 months was extrapolated from the estimated value for infants under 4 months of age and the average vitamin B6 requirement for adults. The reference values for pregnant and lactating women consider the requirements for the foetus and the loss via breast milk. Key Messages: According to the combined analysis of 5 balance studies, the AR for vitamin B6 to ensure a plasma PLP concentration of ≥30 nmol/L is 1.2 mg/day for adult females and the extrapolated AR for adult males is 1.3 mg/day. The corresponding RIs of vitamin B6 are 1.4 mg/day for adult females and 1.6 mg/day for adult males, independent of age. For infants, the estimated value is 0.1 mg/day and 0.3 mg/day, depending on age. The AR of vitamin B6 for children and adolescents ranges between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/day, and the RI is between 0.6 mg/day and 1.6 mg/day. During pregnancy, the AR is 1.3 mg/day in the first trimester and 1.5 mg/day in the second and third trimesters; the RI is 1.5 mg/day in the first trimester and 1.8 mg/day in the second and third trimesters. For lactating women, the AR is 1.3 mg/day and the RI is 1.6 mg/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cross-sectional studies indicate an age-related decline in vitamin B6 status. Because longitudinal studies are lacking, the present study investigates the long-term association between age and vitamin B6 status in older adults by considering potential confounding factors.Methods: The study population consists of 249 women and 111 men aged ≥ 60 years, who had at least three follow-ups between 1996 and 2014 with complete data records on relevant parameters. Vitamin B6 status was assessed by serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the influence of age, sex, body composition, supplements, diet, lifestyle, and serum creatinine on PLP concentrations.Results: At baseline, 37% of the subjects showed PLP concentrations < 30 nmol/L and more than half failed to meet the recommended dietary intake. Longitudinal analyses revealed that age, use of supplements and protein intake were positive determinants of PLP concentrations, whereas body fat showed a negative impact. No influence of sex, dietary vitamin B6 intake, lifestyle factors or serum creatinine on PLP concentrations was found.Conclusion: The present study provides no evidence that in the course of aging PLP concentrations decline between 60 and 90 years. However, age-related changes in body composition, such as an increased ratio of fat mass to fat-free mass may negatively affect vitamin B6 status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Emerging evidence indicates that vitamin D has anti-oxidative properties. The present study investigates whether serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with biomarkers of anti-oxidative status in community-dwelling older adults using cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Methods A total of 302 subjects aged 62 to 92 years from Germany (50.6°N) were analysed via cross-sectional approach. For longitudinal analysis, data of 153 subjects were available. Fasting blood samples from 2004 and 2012 were analysed for 25(OH)D concentrations, total anti-oxidative status (TAOS) as well as anti-oxidative enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between 25(OH)D and parameters of anti-oxidative status. Results In cross-sectional analyses, 25(OH)D was a significant predictor of CAT ( β  = −0.166; P  = 0.010), lg 10 GPx ( β  = 0.136; P  = 0.037) and TAOS ( β  = 0.121; P  = 0.048) after adjusting for age, sex, percentage total body fat (TBF), month of blood sampling, smoking behaviour and use of vitamin D supplements. Longitudinal change in 25(OH)D concentration positively predicted change in TAOS ( β  = 0.224; P  = 0.006) after adjusting for sex, baseline TAOS, age, smoking behaviour, use of vitamin D supplements and change in TBF, physical activity level, current time spent outdoors and dietary vitamin D intake. Conclusion The maintenance of an adequate vitamin D status may have a beneficial impact on the anti-oxidative defence system in older adults on a long-term perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article has been corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveAlthough emerging evidence indicates an association between vitamin D and serum lipids, the data are still inconsistent. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 25(OH)D3) or intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was independently related to serum lipids in elderly women and men.DesignCross-sectional study. Fasting serum levels of 25(OH)D3, iPTH, TAG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) were assessed. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Lifestyle factors, such as nutrient intake, time spent outdoors, physical activity, smoking, supplement intake and medication, were assessed by questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine associations of 25(OH)D3 and iPTH with serum lipids.SettingGiessen, Germany.SubjectsOne hundred and ninety-three well-functioning German elderly aged 66–96 years.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, body fat, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, lipid-modifying drugs and either iPTH or 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D3 was a predictor of TAG (standardised coefficient beta (β)=–0·180), HDL-C (β=0·197), LDL-C:HDL-C (β=−0·298) and TC:HDL-C (β=−0·302) in women, whereas iPTH was a predictor of HDL-C (β=−0·297) in men. In sub-analysis, associations between 25(OH)D3 and TC (β=−0·252), HDL-C (β=0·230), LDL-C (β=−0·324), LDL-C:HDL-C (β=−0·412) and TC:HDL-C (β=−0·380) were found in women with 25(OH)D3 concentrations above or equal the median vitamin D status (62·3 nmol/l), but not in women with lower 25(OH)D3 concentrations.ConclusionsIn the elderly, associations of 25(OH)D3 and iPTH with serum lipids may differ by sex and may require a vitamin D status above 62 nmol/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the suggested link between vitamin D insufficiency and several chronic diseases, attention should be given to approaches for improving vitamin D status. Elderly subjects are regarded as a high-risk group for developing an insufficient vitamin D status. Socioeconomic, dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors are considered as influencing factors, whereupon sex differences in predictors of vitamin D status are rarely investigated. The purpose of this study is to identify the main predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] concentrations in elderly subjects by taking into account potential sex differences. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in 162 independently living German elderly aged 66 to 96 years. Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were assessed by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of 25(OH)D3 concentrations stratified by sex. Results: Median 25(OH)D3 concentration was 64 nmol/L and none of the subjects had 25(OH)D3 concentrations < 25 nmol/L. In women, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (β = -0.323), % total body fat (β = -0.208), time spent outdoors (β = 0.328), month of blood sampling (β = 0.229) and intake of vitamin D supplements (β = 0.172) were the predominant predictors of 25(OH)D3, whereas in men, iPTH (β = -0.254), smoking (β = -0.282), physical activity (β = 0.336) and monthly household net income (β = 0.302) predicted 25 (OH)D3 concentrations. The final regression models accounted for 30% and 32% of the variance in 25(OH)D3 concentrations in women and men, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that 25(OH)D3 concentrations are influenced by body composition, month of blood sampling, economic factors, lifestyle, supplement intake and iPTH, but may not be associated with age, sex, dietary factors, kidney function and presence of selected chronic diseases in community-dwelling elderly. Furthermore, our results provide evidence for sex-specific determinants of the vitamin D status, which ought to be considered for preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the suggested link between vitamin D insufficiency and several chronic diseases, attention should be given to approaches for improving vitamin D status. Elderly subjects are regarded as a high-risk group for developing an insufficient vitamin D status. Socioeconomic, dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors are considered as influencing factors, whereupon sex differences in predictors of vitamin D status are rarely investigated. The purpose of this study is to identify the main predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] concentrations in elderly subjects by taking into account potential sex differences. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in 162 independently living German elderly aged 66 to 96 years. Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were assessed by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of 25(OH)D3 concentrations stratified by sex. Results: Median 25(OH)D3 concentration was 64 nmol/L and none of the subjects had 25(OH)D3 concentrations < 25 nmol/L. In women, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (β = −0.323), % total body fat (β = −0.208), time spent outdoors (β = 0.328), month of blood sampling (β = 0.229) and intake of vitamin D supplements (β = 0.172) were the predominant predictors of 25(OH)D3, whereas in men, iPTH (β = −0.254), smoking (β = −0.282), physical activity (β = 0.336) and monthly household net income (β = 0.302) predicted 25 (OH)D3 concentrations. The final regression models accounted for 30% and 32% of the variance in 25(OH)D3 concentrations in women and men, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that 25(OH)D3 concentrations are influenced by body composition, month of blood sampling, economic factors, lifestyle, supplement intake and iPTH, but may not be associated with age, sex, dietary factors, kidney function and presence of selected chronic diseases in community-dwelling elderly. Furthermore, our results provide evidence for sex-specific determinants of the vitamin D status, which ought to be considered for preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the suggested link between vitamin D insufficiency and several chronic diseases, attention should be given to approaches for improving vitamin D status. Elderly subjects areregarded as a high-risk group for developing an insufficient vitamin D status. Socioeconomic, dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors are considered as influencing factors, whereuponsex differences in predictors of vitamin D status are rarely investigated. The purpose of thisstudy is to identify the main predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]concentrations in elderly subjects by taking into account potential sex differences. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in 162 independently living German elderly aged 66 to 96 years. Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were assessed by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of 25(OH)D3 concentrations stratified by sex. Results: Median 25(OH)D3 concentration was 64 nmol/L and none of the subjects had 25(OH)D3 concentrations < 25 nmol/L. In women, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (β = -0.323), % total body fat (β = -0.208), time spent outdoors (β = 0.328), month of blood sampling (β = 0.229) and intake of vitamin D supplements (β = 0.172) were the predominant predictors of 25(OH)D3, whereas in men, iPTH (β = -0.254), smoking (β = -0.282), physical activity (β = 0.336) and monthly household net income (β = 0.302) predicted 25(OH)D3 concentrations. The final regression models accounted for 30% and 32% of the variance in 25(OH)D3 concentrations in women and men, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that 25(OH)D3 concentrations are influenced by body composition, month of blood sampling, economic factors, lifestyle, supplement intake and iPTH, but may not be associated with age, sex, dietary factors, kidney function and presence of selected chronic diseases in community-dwelling elderly. Furthermore, our results provide evidence for sex-specific determinants of the vitamin D status, which ought to be considered for preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elderly subjects are at risk of insufficient vitamin D status mainly because of diminished capacity for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. In cases of insufficient endogenous production, vitamin D status depends on vitamin D intake. Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the main food sources of vitamin D in elderly subjects and to analyse whether contributing food sources differ by sex, age, vitamin D status, body mass index (BMI), or household income. In addition, we analysed the factors that influence dietary vitamin D intake in the elderly. Design and subjects: This is a cross-sectional study in 235 independently living German elderly aged 6696 years (BMI2794 kg/m2). Vitamin D intake was assessed by a 3-day estimated dietary record. Results: The main sources of dietary vitamin D were fish/fish products followed by eggs, fats/oils, bread/ bakery products, and milk/dairy products. Differences in contributing food groups by sex, age, vitamin D status, and BMI were not found. Fish contributed more to vitamin D intake in subjects with a household income of B1,500 t/month compared to subjects with higher income. In multiple regression analysis, fat intake and frequency of fish consumption were positive determinants of dietary vitamin D intake, whereas household income and percentage total body fat negatively affected vitamin D intake. Other parameters, including age, sex, physical activity, smoking, intake of energy, milk, eggs and alcohol, showed no significant association with vitamin D intake. Conclusion: Low habitual dietary vitamin D intake does not affect vitamin D status in summer, and fish is the major contributor to vitamin D intake independent of sex, age, vitamin D status, BMI, and the income of subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This cross-sectional study investigates whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) are affected by vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate intake in 140 independently living elderly subjects from Germany (99 women and 41 men; age, 66-96 years). We hypothesized that habitual dietary intakes of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate are not associated with 25(OH)D3 or iPTH and that body mass index confounds these associations. Serum 25(OH)D3 and iPTH were measured by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Dietary intake was determined using a 3-day estimated dietary record. The median dietary intake levels of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate were 3 μg/d, 999 mg/d, and 1250 mg/d, respectively. Multiple regression analyses confirmed that dietary vitamin D and calcium did not affect 25(OH)D3 or iPTH; however, supplemental intakes of vitamin D and calcium were associated with 25(OH)D3 after adjustment for age, sex, body composition, sun exposure, physical activity, and smoking. In addition, phosphate intake and the calcium-to-phosphate ratio were associated with iPTH after multiple adjustments. In a subgroup analysis, calcium and vitamin D supplements, as well as phosphate intake, were associated with 25(OH)D3 and/or iPTH in normal-weight subjects only. Our results indicate that habitual dietary vitamin D and calcium intakes have no independent effects on 25(OH)D3 or iPTH in elderly subjects without vitamin D deficiency, whereas phosphate intake and the calcium-to-phosphate ratio affect iPTH. However, vitamin D and calcium supplements may increase 25(OH)D3 and decrease iPTH, even during the summer, but the impact of supplements may depend on body mass index. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Emerging evidence indicates that there is an association between vitamin D and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] in the elderly is influenced by parameters of anthropometry and body composition independent of potential confounding lifestyle factors and the level of serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH). Methods: Cross-sectional data of 131 independently living participants (90 women, 41 men; aged 66-96 years) of the longitudinal study on nutrition and health status in senior citizens of Giessen, Germany were analysed. Concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and iPTH were ascertained by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Body composition was measured by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. We performed univariate and multiple regression analyses to examine the influence of body composition on 25(OH)D3 with adjustments for age, iPTH and lifestyle factors. Results: In univariate regression analyses, 25(OH)D3 was associated with body mass index (BMI), hip circumference and total body fat (TBF) in women, but not in men. Using multiple regression analyses, TBF was shown to be a negative predictor of 25(OH)D3 levels in women even after controlling for age, lifestyle and iPTH (β = -0.247; P = 0.016), whereas the associations between BMI, hip circumference and 25(OH)D3 lost statistical significance after adjusting for iPTH. In men, 25(OH)D3 was not affected by anthropometric or body composition variables. Conclusions: The results indicate that 25(OH)D3 levels are affected by TBF, especially in elderly women, independent of lifestyle factors and iPTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives : To investigate tooth wear in young adults, intraoral scanning was used for digital monitoring of the mandibular first molar over 12 months. A possible influence of aetiological factors obtained by a questionnaire on tooth wear was investigated. Materials and methods: A total of 109 participants (mean age at the start of the study: 21.0 ± 2.2 years) were included in this clinical study. At baseline (T0), an intraoral scan (Trios 3, 3Shape) of the study tooth (FDI # 36 or #46) was conducted. After a mean observation period of 373 ± 19 days, a second intraoral scan (T1, n = 94) of the same tooth as at T0 was performed and standard tessellation language datasets were superimposed with 3D analysis software (GOM Inspect). The occlusal surface of the study tooth was divided into 7 areas (5 cusps, 2 ridges) and maximum vertical substance loss was measured between T0 and T1 (n = 91). Three types of tooth wear were defined: cupping (C), facet (F) and combined cupping-facet (CF). Furthermore, a questionnaire on aetiological factors, such as dietary behaviour, was filled out at T0. Data were analysed with non-parametric tests (p < 0.05). Results: Only one study tooth exhibited no tooth wear at T0, whereas 3 teeth showed C, 47 teeth F and 40 teeth CF. A progression of vertical substance loss for all three types was shown. Most affected were the mesiobuccal cusps (43, 38/47 µm; median, 95%CI) followed by distobuccal (36, 33/39 µm), mesiolingual (35, 26/40 µm), distolingual (34, 27/36 µm) and distal (31, 25/34 µm). On mesial and distal ridges, only F was detected with the lowest vertical substance loss of all areas (mesial ridge: 0, 0/0 µm; distal ridge: 0, 0/0 µm). An association between aetiological factors and loss values could not be shown. Conclusions: All study teeth showed clear signs of wear, and after only 1 year, further substance loss was detectable. This result is of significance for young adults. Clinical relevance: Since data of young adults regarding tooth wear are scarce, the results give a first idea of the amount of vertical loss per year and its relation to aetiological factors such as dietary behaviour. Therefore, further studies over a longer observation period are highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]