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Background and objective This study was conducted on Forsythia velutina, a special plant, in Gyeongsangnam-do Arboretum under the Gyeongsangnam-do Forest Environment Research Institute, which is located in the southern part of Korea. Methods The research aimed to analyze the flowering characteristics of the plant by calculating the optimal temperature and humidity according to the flowering time and flowering period for 8 years from 2010 to 2017 in order to provide basic data for bioclimate studies of endemic plants. Results It was observed that the Forsythia velutina showed a life cycle from mid-March and to mid-November. Average growth period was 243 (± 6.5) days. In testing the reliability of a single variable according to the meteorological factors, the Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.701, which indicates that the findings were relatively reliable. The average date of flowering was March 16 (SD = 5.8) and the average date on which blossoms fall was March 29 (SD = 5.2). A substantial difference in flowering period was observed from year to year 11 to 23 days, with an average of 16 days (± 4.7). The temperature and humidity in February to March, which affect the flowering, were 2.9–5.5°C, and 66.5–73.0%, respectively, and showed differences every year. Conclusion The correlation between flowering time and meteorological factors was positive, and the highest daily temperature and average daily temperature had the highest significance. When establishing basic data on plant species for the conservation of endemic plants, the changes in life cycle events and weather conditions are identified. It is believed that it will be helpful in establishing a conservation strategy for the plant species in the future.

Chamaecyparis obtusa is increasing the main reforestation species in the warmer southern part of the Republic of Korea because of its resistance to climate warming and economic value for timber. In this study, we investigated the growth response of Chamaecyparis obtusa 2-0 container seedlings to combined artificial shading (full sunlight, 35%, 55%, and 75%) and fertilization (no fertilization, 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L 1.5 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 3.0 g/L) treatments. Seedlings treated with 1.0 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest height growth while seedlings treated with 0.5 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest growth of root collar diameter. Seedlings treated with 1.0 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest total dry weight while those treated with 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 1.5 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition and 0.5 g/L fertilization in 35% artificial shading showed the highest Height/Root collar diameter ratio. In addition, seedlings treated with 1.0 g/L fertilization and in full sunlight condition showed the highest seedling quality index. In general, the fertilization treatment effects on seedling growth characteristics were appreciably significantly different across the shading treatment conditions. The magnitude of the differences in the interaction effect of the fertilization treatments is higher in lower than in higher shading treatment conditions. The results suggest that 1.0 g/L seedling fertilization growing in full sunlight condition is the most appropriate nursery treatment level for producing superior quality Chamaecyparis obtusa 2-0 container seedlings. The suggested optimum artificial shading and fertilizer treatments level can be used as preliminary data for producing superior seedlings Chamaecyparis obtusa 2-0 container seedlings capable of achieving sustained reforestation and landscape restoration success in the southern part of the Republic of Korea and similar locations with warming climatic and conditions.

The aim of the research was to analyze characteristics of naturalized plants in reservoirs of Gyongsan-si to provide necessary information for future management of naturalized plants. All plants were identified and recorded by using field surveys. The results showed that 164 taxa in total (62 families, 126 genera, 148 species, 13 varieties and 2 forms) were found and the numbers of naturalized plants was 23 taxa: 9 families, 19 genera, 22 species, 1 varieties. 65%(15 taxa) of the total population were originated from North America, followed by Europe(21.7%(5 taxa)), Africa(8.7%(2 taxa)) and Asia (4.4% (1taxa)). 9 taxa in naturalized plants were invaded during the third period(1964-present). Naturalized Index(NI) and Urbanization Index(UI) were 13.9% and 7.2%, respectively. This result indicated that NI of the study area was higher than the Korean average of NI(10.3%) suggested by Ko(1995). Finally, the research found 14 taxa (Rumex crispus L., Lepidium virginicum L., Trifolium repens L., Oenothera biennis L., Taraxacum officinale Weber, Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., Ambrosia artemisii folia L., Aster pilosus Willd., Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis A. G. Jones, Bidens frondosa L., Lactuca scariola L., Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.) that would have a negative impact on reservoir ecosystems. Therefore, the proper management and

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants in the construction site of the National DMZ Native Botanic Garden. The period of survey was from May 2012 to November 2013. Vascular plants based on voucher specimen were summarized as 313 taxa including 79 families, 211 genera, 272 species, 4 subspecies, 32 varieties, 4 forms and 1 hybrids. The rare plant species designated by Korea Forest Service were 8 taxa including Galium boreale L., Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., Eranthis stellata Maxim. and Lloydia triflora (Ledeb.) Baker, etc. Endemic plant species were 4 taxa including Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Clematis trichotoma Nakai, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr. and Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai. Furthermore, 51 taxa were listed as specific plant species based on phytogeographical in the investigated area. The naturalized plants were recorded as 11 taxa, and their Naturalization Ratio and Urbanization Index were recorded as 3.51%, and 3.43%, respectively.

The populations of Pinus densiflora in South Korea were grouped into 4 types; Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica, Community of Pinus densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana & Rhus javanica & Quercus mongolica and Community of Pinus densiflora-Prunus sargentii & Rhododendron mucronulatum. The Shannon diversity index was varied between 0.9171 and 1.5016, while the Similarity index was varied between 43.18 and 72.16. The species of Pinus densiflora are correlated positively significant with Carex humilis var. nana, Quercus serrata and Atractylodes ovata and negatively significant with Aster scaber and Sorbus alnifolia in order. According to the Correlation analysis, the relationship between the distribution of Pinus densiflora populations and the environment factors are closely related with the character of forest soil. Thus types for Pinus densiflora are differed. pH, Ex. K and Ex. Ca of Pinus densiflora populations effect No. of species and H’(shannon index). Canopy open effects No. of Individuals of Pinus densiflora community.Key Words: community of Pinus densiflora, vegetation structure, similarity, environmental factors

The vascular plants identified in DMZ areas consist of 2,382 taxa: 159 families, 739 genera, 1,985 species, 11 subspecies, 306 varieties, 77 forma, and 3 hybrids. A total of 251 taxa were found to be rare plants in eastern area (172 taxa), central area (71 taxa), and western area (50 taxa). A total of 177 taxa were observed to be endemic plants in eastern area (109 taxa), central area (65 taxa), and western area (34 taxa). A total of 565 taxa were identified to be the floristic special plants, which were divided into five classes: class I (173 taxa), class II (87 taxa), class III (153 taxa), class IV (121 taxa), and class V (31 taxa). The identified taxa surveyed in eastern, central, and western area were 450, 232, and 159 taxa respectively. A total of 134 naturalized plants were recorded, and the naturalization rate and urbanization rate were identified as 5.6% and 41.7% respectively. 80 taxa were observed in eastern area, of which naturalization rate was 6.8% and urbanization rate was 24.9%. 84 taxa were recorded in central area, of which naturalization rate was 6.8% and urbanization rate was 26.1%. Finally, 54 taxa were observed in western area, of which naturalization rate was 5.1% and urbanization rate was 16.8%.

The study performed monitoring on seasonal changes of a total of 13 plants including 10 woody plants and 3 herbaceous plants vulnerable to the climate change around the Mt. Palgongsan Provincial Park from April 10 to November 30, 2010. The plants were divided with 5 features including leaf unfolding, flowering, falling blossom, fall foliage and fallen leaves. The meteorological data were measured from early January, 2010 to late December, 2011 and the maximum and minimum monthly average temperatures were 25.3°C and −4.7°C and the maximum and minimum monthly average relative humidity was 96% and 28.3%, respectively. The study analyzed indicator species which may be compared as a result of monitoring indicator plants. The flowering period delayed from 2 to 10 days. In contrast, the flowers fell 3 to 25 days earlier. The leaf unfolded earlier than the previous year except some trees. No clear pattern changes were observed in the leaf foliage, time of leaf falling and growth duration compared to the previous year. It is required to perform long-term climate monitoring, observe phenology of plants and compare and analysis depending on vegetation, soils and slopes for each individual entity.

The study performed flora investigation for 3 times on seasonal basis between April and October 2012 in Seongeup Folk Village, Pyoseon-myeon, Jeju-si designated as No. 188 of the National Major Folk Cultural Asset to analyze distribution and features of alien plants and categorized naturalized plants to calculate the naturalized index and the urbanization index. The tracheophytes of the village is 201 taxa including 80 families, 175 genus, 183 species, 14 varieties, 2 plants and 2 subspecies and the alien plants account for 32.8% with 66 taxa including 37 families, 60 genus, 63 species, 2 varieties and 1 subspecies and the naturalized plants have a total of 27 taxa including 14 families, 24 genus, 26 species and 1 variety. The naturalized index of the 321 taxa of the naturalized plants was 13.4% and the urbanization index was 8.4%. Systematic plans to manage plants in the Seongeup Folk Village are required, as well as gradually eliminate alien and naturalized plants and replace them with indigenes.

The purpose of this study was to conduct phenology monitoring of forest plant species in Mt. JuWang National Park, thereby establish long-term prediction and management system for species susceptible to climate change, and utilize the result as basic materials necessary for conservation of plant genetic resources in accordance with changes in their growth environment. Global Positioning System coordinates were marked on each indicator species and a specific number ticket was provided to each plant. Changes in their blooming time, time of blossoms falling, time of leaves bursting into life, and time of leaves turning, and time of leaves falling were recorded. Investigation was made once per week from April 10 in 2010 to November 30 in 2011 except for the time period between July and August when investigation was made biweekly. The investigated plants concerned 12 kinds-nine species of trees and three kinds of herbs. According to the result of the penology monitoring of Mt. JuWang National Park, their time of leaves bursting into life, time of leaves turning, and time of leaves falling were largely earlier in 2011 than in 2010. However, it is hard to say that it is due to the factor of climate change. Long-term collection of climate data and continuous monitoring of plant phenology are considered necessary in order to examine correlation between climate change and seasonal change patterns of plants.

Glycan microarrays have become powerful tools in the investigation of biological systems because they enable fast, quantitative, and simultaneous analysis of glycan−protein interactions with small quantities of samples. One hurdle in the construction of glycan microarrays is to obtain a diverse set of glycans for immobilization on surfaces. An article in this issue of ACS Chemical Biology describes the microscale preparation of fluorescently labeled reactive glycans in a cyclic form of the reducing sugar, from natural sources, that can be utilized directly to create natural glycan microarrays for use in functional glycomics.