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The objective of this project is to integrate a domestic photocatalytic desulphurization facility with a biogas upgrading module and try to develop a system for biogas desulphurization and upgrading under ambient conditions. Four photocatalytic desulphurization reactors (PDRs) and one activated carbon reactor (ACR) were applied for biogas desulphurization and filtration under ambient conditions. Moreover, a hollow fibre carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption module was applied for biogas upgrading. The operation pressure of the PDR and ACR was under ambient pressure. Results showed that hydrogen sulphide removal efficiency of the photocatalytic desulphurizer was about 0.99–1.00 (v/v) under the inlet biogas flow less than 5 litres/min and the concentration of inlet hydrogen sulphide was lower than 5600 mg/m3. For desulphurized biogas upgrading, the removal efficiency of CO2 was higher than 0.90 (v/v) under the outlet biogas flow was 1 litre/min (i.e. inlet biogas flow was about 2 litres/min). However, the ratio of methane in the upgrading biogas was lower than 0.90 (v/v). Thus, nitrogen gas removal cartridges will be integrated with the biogas upgrading module to promote methane concentration in the upgraded biogas.

The objective of this study was to develop a simple operating photocatalytic biogas desulfurizing reactor (PDR) using sol-gel preparation assay in coordination with biogas absorption chiller. Hydrogen sulfide in biogas can be oxidized to SO2 by photocatalytic oxidation of TiO2-coated carriers with UV irradiation. This PDR method is the lowest maintenance cost and simple operation for small biogas consumption users water than packed scrubber or granular ferric oxide filter. Experimental results showed that H2S removal efficiency by the first PDR was 99.1 ± 1.1, 92.9 ± 2.9, 88.2 ± 3.6, 84.1 ± 2.3, and 82.7 ± 9.4% under biogas flow rate at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 L/min, respectively. Removal efficiency of H2S at biogas flow rate at 1 L/min was significantly different from the other biogas flow rate sets (P

The conventional piggery wastewater treatment system is mainly a manual operation system which may be well managed by experienced technicians. However, the pig farmers must simultaneously manage their pig production as well as their on-farm wastewater treatment facility. For this study, Internet of Things (IoT) applications were introduced on a 1000-pig farm to establish a smart piggery wastewater treatment system, which was upgraded from a self-developed fully automatic wastewater treatment system. Results showed that the removal efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids (SS) of the piggery wastewater based on the sensor data before and after water quality sensor calibration were 89%, 94%, and 93%, and 94%, 86%, and 96%, respectively. Moreover, the removal efficiency of BOD, COD, and SS of the piggery wastewater based on the analytical chemical data before and after water quality sensor calibration were 93%, 89%, and 97%, and 94%, 86%, and 96%, respectively. Experimental results showed that overall removal efficiency of BOD, COD, and SS of the piggery wastewater after water quality sensor calibration were 94%, 86&ndash, 87%, and 96%, respectively. Results revealed that the farm-scale smart piggery wastewater treatment system was feasible to be applied and extended to more commercial pig farms for establishing sustainable pig farming.

Pig manure management systems in Taiwan differ from the model representing the Asian region developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The current study was undertaken to update greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors of anaerobically treated piggery waste water by operating the conventional three-step piggery waste-water treatment system from selected pig farms located in northern, central and southern Taiwan. Biogas mass flow meters were installed to the outlet of anaerobic basins prior to the biogas pressure stabilizers for direct and reliable biogas measurement. The analytic results showed that average GHG emissions were 0.088, 0.128 and 0.066 m3/head/day in the northern, central and southern pig farms, respectively. Thus, the average emission levels of methane and nitrous oxide were 14.38 and 0.055 kg/head/year, respectively, from anaerobic digestion of piggery waste water for the three pig farms. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids by anaerobic digestion process from the three pig farms was about 77, 93 and 70%, respectively.

Biosludge is a normal form of accumulating microbial populations inside the sewage or wastewater treatment facilities. Excessive sludge in the wastewater treatment basins has to be removed periodically to ensure good water quality of the effluent. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of biodiesel production by transesterification of slaughterhouse sludge cake. The sludge cake was collected from a selected commercial slaughterhouse and transesterified with methanol, n-hexane, and acids (e.g., sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid) at 55 &deg, C. Three acid concentrations (2%, 4%, and 8%, v/v) in methanol under four reaction time periods (4, 8, 16, and 24 h) were applied. Results showed that the highest accumulated fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields of 2.51 &plusmn, 0.08% and 2.27 &plusmn, 0.09% were achieved when 8% (v/v) of H2SO4 or HCl were added in a 4 h reaction time, respectively. Methyl esters of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), and oleic acid (C18:1n9c) were the major components of biodiesel from acid methanolysis of slaughterhouse sludge cake. Experimental and analytical results of acid methanolysis of slaughterhouse sludge cake showed that acid methanolysis of sludge cake was one of the feasible and practical options to recycle sludge waste and produce renewable energy.

Simple Summary In our previous study, slaughterhouse sludge cake was trans-esterified to produce biofuel and some organic waste, i.e., crude glycerol. The crude glycerol was evaluated for feasibility of using crude glycerol as the feedstock to produce biofuel by anaerobic co-digestion with dairy cattle wastewater. Addition of crude glycerol significantly increased production efficiency of biogas but decreased the removal efficiency of total solids and volatile solids with increased crude glycerol volume. The results showed that the slaughterhouse sludge cake is a feasible feedstock for producing biodiesel and the waste, crude glycerol, can promote biogas production. Abstract Excessive sludge in the wastewater treatment basins has to be removed periodically and collected as the form of sludge cake for promising good water quality of the effluent. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of dairy cattle wastewater and crude glycerol from transesterification of sludge cake. Different ratios of crude glycerol, i.e., 2, 4, and 8% (v/v), from the previous experiment were mixed with dairy cattle wastewater and inoculated with anaerobic sludge in cap-sealed 1-L serum bottles as anaerobic digesters. Although the 8% crude glycerol set showed the highest total biogas and methane production, low pH from volatile fatty acid accumulation decreased the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and suspended solids after a 14-d incubation period. The experimental sets with 2 and 4% of crude glycerol increased total methane production up to 177 and 226% compared to the control set, respectively. We found that addition of crude glycerol decreased removal efficiency of total solids and volatile solids. In our study, we proved that slaughterhouse sludge cake is a feasible feedstock for producing biogas through transesterification and anaerobic co-digestion.

Raw milk production in Taiwan has increased year after year, which means that the environmental impact might also be intensified in certain regions. To balance both consumer demand and environmental sustainability, evaluating the potential impact and understanding the causal relationship between production and environment is imperative. This study applied the life cycle assessment (LCA) protocol to explore water consumption for raw milk production from cradle to farm gate of five dairy farms in Hsinchu County and evaluate the stress-weighted water scarcity footprint (WSF) as well as the water scarcity productivity (WSP) of the 16 Taiwanese counties and cities. Results indicated that the highest stress-weighted WSF of the dairy farms for raw milk production was located in northern and central Taiwan and was around 44.8 H2Oeq/kg fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). On the other hand, both the smallest stress-weighted WSF (about 2.2 H2Oeq/kg FPCM) and the highest WSP (0.749 kg FPCM/m3 water) of the dairy farms were located in Nantou and Chiayi Counties, because these two counties were the least water-stressed regions in Taiwan. The achievement of this study could be the first and important reference for the sustainable production of raw milk and optimizing the industrial policy of dairy farming by policy makers.

The objective of this study is trying to solve water pollution problems related to duck house wastewater by developing a novel duck house wastewater treatment technology. A pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system using different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) for treating duck house wastewater was developed and applied in this study. Experimental results showed that removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand in untreated duck house wastewater was 98.4, 98.4, 87.8, and 72.5% for the different HRTs of 5, 3, 1, and 0.5 d, respectively. In addition, removal efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand in untreated duck house wastewater was 99.6, 99.3, 90.4, and 58.0%, respectively. The pilot-scale SBR system was effective and deemed capable to be applied to treat duck house wastewater. It is feasible to apply an automatic SBR system on site based on the previous case study of the farm-scale automatic SBR systems for piggery wastewater treatment.

An online sampling and matrix reduction technique coupled liquid chromatography electrospray–ion-trap mass spectrometry was developed for rapid analysis of maduramicin (MAD) residue in chicken meat. Multiple-reaction monitoring of mass spectrometry in positive ion mode was used to detect maduramicin. A post-column continuous infusion of internal standard (nigericin) with matrix-matched calibration method was utilised for quantification. The linear concentration range of the calibration curve was 0–10.0 ng mL−1 (r2 = 0.999). The limit of detection (quantification) was 0.08 ng g−1 (0.28 ng g−1). The analytical accuracy of chicken meat samples for four spiked MAD concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 ng g−1) was 84–97% and their corresponding intra-day and inter-day precisions were 3.7–5.0% and 5.8–7.9%, respectively. The analysis time for one sample was 10 min. The application of the method for incurred chicken samples elucidates that MAD residue in chicken meat decreases during the withdrawal period.

A farm-scale biogas desulfurization system was designed and tested for H2S removal efficiency from livestock biogas. This work assesses the H2S removal efficiency of a novel farm-scale biogas bio-desulfurization system (BBS) operated for 350 days on a 1,000-head pig farm. Experimental data demonstrated that suitable humidity and temperature can help sulfur-oxidizing bacteria to form active bio-films on the bio-carriers. The daily average removal rate increased to 879.16 from 337.75 g-H2S/d with an average inlet H2S concentration of 4,691 ± 1,532 mg/m3 in biogas. Thus, the overall (0–350 days) average H2S removal efficiency exceeded 93%. The proposed BBS overcomes limitations of H2S in biogas when utilizing pig farm biogas for power generation and other applications.

SUMMARYCombustion of biogas containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S) yields highly corrosive sulphur oxides, thereby limiting the use of biogas for heat and power generation. The current study developed and tested a pilot-scale biogas bio-filter system (BBS) to replace conventional water scrubbing systems at a commercial pig farm in Miaoli County, Taiwan. A 62·8-litre pilot-scale BBS, packed with dried aerial roots from the common tree fern (Sphaeropteris lepifera) and a mixture of dried aerial roots and plastic rings as bio-carriers and inoculated with sulphur oxidizing bacteria, was installed at a commercial pig farm. H2S concentration was 5600 mg/m3 and the biogas flow rate was 4 litres/min. The pilot-scale BBS could remove 26·9 g H2S/m3/h using a bio-filter that operated at a 7% (v/v) O2 level continuously for >200 days. It was found that most H2S was oxidized to elemental sulphur (S0) and accumulated on the surface of the dried aerial roots (0·084 g S0/g aerial root) in the BBS. The dried aerial roots and plastic Raschig ring mixture was more efficent at sulphur dioxide removal than the dried aerial roots on their own. The pH and sulphate (SO42−) concentrations of water dropping from the BBS were 1·6 ± 1·0 and 28 680 ± 8253 mg/l, respectively. However, sulphur is the dominant product of sulphur oxidizers at the 7% O2 level. Periodical flushing of the bio-filter with the effluent from the wastewater treatment system on the farm can maintain high efficiency of H2S removal.

A high concentration of NH 4 + in piggery wastewater is major problem in Taiwan. Therefore, in our study, we isolated native heterotrophic nitrifiers for piggery wastewater treatment. Heterotrophic nitrifier AS-1 was isolated and characterized from the activated sludge of a piggery wastewater system. Sets of triplicate crimp-sealed serum bottles were used to demonstrate the heterotrophic nitrifying capability of strain AS-1 in an incubator at 30°C. All serum bottles contained 80 mL medium, and the remainder of the bottle headspace was filled with pure oxygen. The experimental results showed that 2.5 ± 0.2 mmol L−1 NH 4 + was removed by 58 hours, and, eventually, 1.5 ± 0.5 mmol L−1 N2 and 0.2 ± 0.0 mmol L−1 N2O were produced. The removal rate of NH 4 + by the strain AS-1 was 1.75 mmol NH 4 + g cell−1 h−1. This strain was then identified as Pseudomonas alcaligenes (97% identity) by sequencing its 16S rDNA and comparing it with other microorganisms. Thus, strain AS-1 displays high promise for future application for in situ NH 4 + removal from piggery wastewater.

The objective of this work tends to promote methane content in biogas and evaluate sulfur dioxide emission from direct biogas combustion without desulfurization. Analytical results of biogas combustion showed that combustion of un-desulfurized biogas exhausted more than 92 % of SO2 (P

A total of 108 pigs (including 36 starters, 36 growers, and 36 finishers) were randomly allocated to six treatments, which involved a 2 (Crude Protein (CP): 100 and 80% of control diet)×3 (Ca, P, Salt (CPS): 100, 80 and 60% of control diet) factorial design to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing CP and CPS in reducing wastewater EC in different stages. Another 72 starters were adopted to examine the effect of the six treatment diets (as mentioned above) on the growth performance of pigs. Activated carbon and Reverse Osmosis System (RO) were adopted to examine the reducing efficiency of wastewater EC, and ion analysis was also applied to compare with the wastewater EC in different stages of the metabolism trial. The results of wastewater EC of the six treatment diets in different stages of metabolism trial demonstrated that diminishing dietary CP or CPS decreased wastewater EC. The largest decrease of EC was approximately 30%, and was achieved with 20 and 40% reduced dietary CP and CPS, respectively. Pig growth performance deteriorated somewhat when dietary CP or CPS was diminished. Wastewater ion concentration was not always consistent with dietary CP or CPS content, except for NO2 - , NH4 + and K + , which were positively correlated with dietary CP or CPS in different stages. Activated carbon is not effective for reducing wastewater EC, while, RO system is effective (90% elimination rate) in reducing wastewater EC, but the EC of concentrated (excreted) water is around 10% higher than that of intact wastewater, representing an additional problem besides the high cost of RO system treatment. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. Vol 18, No. 9 : 1343-1347)

Microbial indicators, the ratio of fecal coliforms (FC) to fecal streptococci (FS) and a newly defined enterococcus ratio, were used to differentiate pollution sources. FC/FS values for municipal sewage were significantly higher than those values of the effluent from piggery wastewater. Enterococcus ratio, the ratio of (Enterococcus durans + E. hirae) to (Enterococcus faecalis + E. faecium), of human-sourced wastewater (0.90) was much lower than for pig-sourced wastewater (5.55). When FC/FS and enterococcus ratio were applied to a contaminated river study, both were corresponded well with the population density distribution of humans and pigs. FC/FS and enterococcus ratio are feasible microbial indicators for human- and pig-sourced wastewater pollution identification in field study.

This work establishes methods of reducing the amount of methane produced from the anaerobic treatment of piggery wastewater by either reducing the storage time before solid/liquid separation or inhibiting the activity of methanogens in anaerobic wastewater treatment system. Experimental results showed these two methods can be adopted effectively to reduce methane production resulting from anaerobic piggery wastewater treatment. First, the wastewater must be processed using solid/liquid separation immediately after washing pig houses. This process can reduce by 62% the biogas production and indirectly decrease the methane production from the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor. Second, adding 10 mg L(-1) bromochloromethane (BCM) daily into the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor can significantly reduce the amount of biogas and methane produced during the anaerobic fermentation process. Furthermore, biogas production can be completely inhibited after 4 days. Adding BCM (< or =10 mg L(-1)) to wastewater only slightly affected the efficiency of the anaerobic wastewater treatment process. Results in this study can provide the basis for further research on reduction of the amount of methane produced from anaerobic wastewater treatments.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission can become a limiting factor in livestock farming development. Animal manure management systems in Taiwan differ from the model of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to represent the Far East and Asian region. This study was undertaken to establish GHG production data from anaerobic livestock wastewater treatment processes in Taiwan, and to clarify implications of the difference between the livestock wastewater treatment system presented by the IPCC and that used in Taiwan. This study measures GHG emission from three pig farms and three dairy farms in northern, central, and southern Taiwan. Analysis of GHG samples from in situ anaerobic wastewater treatment systems of pig and dairy farms revealed, respectively, average emissions of 0.768 and 4.898 kg CH4 per head per year, 0.714 and 4.200 kg CO2 per head per year, and 0.002 and 0.011 kg N2O per head per year during three temperature periods. Average emissions rates for CH4 from selected pig and dairy farms were lower than the limits imposed by the IPCC, because animal manure is diluted before being treated with a solid/liquid separator and an anaerobic wastewater treatment system in Taiwan. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

This work aims to evaluate the efficiency of ammonium removal from piggery wastewater by an intermittent aeration (IA) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with immobilized NH4+-reducing bacteria under mesophilic conditions. When a 20-L bench-scale SBR with 11% (v/v) of alginate beads containing NH4+-reducing bacteria was used, removal efficiency of NH4+ was 63% after 240 h. When a full-scale SBR system (available volume = 83 m3) with 0.1% (v/v) of alginate-coated light-expanded clay aggregates beads containing NH4+-reducing bacteria was used, removal efficiency of NH4+ by the full-scale intermittent aeration SBR (IA-SBR) was significantly different from both traditional intermittent aeration SBR (T-SBR) and the continuous aeration SBR with AL beads containing NH4+-reducing bacteria (P < 0.05). In summary, the IA-SBR with AL beads can significantly promote removal efficiency of NH4+ on farm.

Aims: To isolate aerobic denitrifying bacteria which will be applied to piggery wastewater treatment facilities for enhanced nitrate and nitrite removal. Methods and Results: Nitrate-supplemented basal medium in airtight, crimp-sealed serum bottles containing an atmosphere of 92% oxygen was inoculated with denitrifiers, strains NS-2 and SM-3, and incubated at 30°C. After 20 h, the concentration of nitrate was decreased rapidly by both NS-2 and SM-3. Nitrite production was almost zero during the whole experimental period for both strains. Nitrogen gas production peaked at the 20 h for both NS-2 (8·20 ± 1·03 mmol l–1) and SM-3 (3·93 ± 0·16 mmol l–1). Conclusions: Strain NS-2, which produced the highest N2 concentration in this work, was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri. This strain is the most capable of aerobic and anaerobic conversion of nitrate to N2 without forming a nitrite intermediate. Significance and Impact of the Study: Strain NS-2 is highly promising for future application in in situ piggery wastewater treatment.

Aims: This study compares the ability of Thiosphaera pantotropha ATCC 35512 and the newly isolated Pseudomonas stutzeri SU2 to perform aerobic denitrification. Methods and Results: Nitrate-supplemented basal medium in airtight crimp-sealed serum bottles containing an atmosphere of 92% oxygen was inoculated with Ps. stutzeri SU2 or T. pantotropha and incubated at 30 °C. During the 92-h incubation period, aerobic denitrification by Ps. stutzeri SU2 (NO3– – N removal 99·24%) was more efficient than that by T. pantotropha (NO3– – N removal 27·29%). Conclusions: Pseudomonas stutzeri SU2, which was isolated from the activated sludge of a sequencing batch reactor treating piggery wastewater, rapidly reduced the nitrate to nitrogen gas without nitrite accumulation. The nitrate removal rate of SU2 was 0·032 mmol NO3– – N g cell−1 h–1 after 44 h incubation. Significance and Impact of the Study: Pseudomonas stutzeri SU2 can be used in a full-scale sequencing batch system for efficient in situ aerobic nitrate removal from piggery wastewater.

The objectives of this work were to isolate and characterize the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producing bacteria in enriched piggery sludge and make methyl esters from PHA for industrial applications. The strain ECAe24 isolated from piggery sludge with the highest PHA production was selected to produce PHA and then methyl ester by trans-esterification using glucose as substrate under mesophilic conditions. The final product after trans-esterification consisted of approximately 75.39% of fatty acid methyl ester and was identified as decanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, octanoic acid-3-hydroxy-methyl ester, and some other contents. The novelty of this study is to use PHA-producing bacteria from piggery sludge to make fatty acid methyl esters which can be used as materials for producing biodiesel from piggery wastes.

The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used for in situ studies of piggery wastewater treatment. The SBR was a concrete basin 5 mL × 2.5 mW × 4 mH. The study was performed on a selected pig farm in Taiwan. The working volume was 37.5 m3 and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 3 days with the BOD volumetric loading of 0.357 kg‐BOD/m3/day. The removal rates of BOD, COD, and SS were 94.5, 88.7, and 93.4%, respectively. However, the removal rates of nitrogen (NH4 +‐N, NO3 −‐N, and TKN) and phosphorus were 36.3–52.9 and 61.1%, respectively. The results imply the feasibility of extending SBR system to pig fanners for piggery wastewater treatment in Taiwan.

The contact aeration treatment process is an improved activated sludge system in which sludge is not returned to the activated sludge basin. It was used to compensate the disadvantage of the activated sludge system in the three‐step piggery wastewater treatment (TPWT) process. A wave‐shaped vinyl plastic was used as biofilm support substratum for this study. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) for anaerobic fermentation step of TPWT was varied to verify the effects of contact aeration treatment process. The results showed that removal rates of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solid (SS) by contact aeration treatment process in coordination with the anaerobic fermentation of TPWT process were all over 90%. Especially, both BOD and SS of effluents met the Effluent Standard for Livestock of 1998 of the R O. C. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). For COD removal, only two experimental sets, anaerobic HRT= 4 and 7.5 days, of COD met the effluent requiremen...

A strain of Xanthomonas (Pseudomonas) maltophilia utilized toluene and xylene at the same rate in a well-mixed system containing excess nitrate and either 2% oxygen or no oxygen. Toluene utilization was much more rapid when 20% oxygen was provided. The data presented, as well as data in the literature, suggest that for the degradation of these aromatic hydrocarbons, limited amounts of oxygen provide no advantage over anoxic denitrification.

A nitrate-reducing strain of Pseudomonas maltophilia isolated from sewage sludge degrades toluene, and at least two isomers of mixed xylenes, either in the presence of 2% oxygen or under anoxic conditions when nitrate is present. When individual isomers of xylene are provided only meta and para-xylene are utilized. When mixed xylenes are provided all three isomers may be utilized. In cultures limited by electron acceptor availability, succinate, when present as the major carbon source, does not prevent hydrocarbon utilization. Toluene and xylenes continued to be utilized either with limiting nitrate alone, or with limiting nitrate and oxygen present simultaneously when a hundred-fold excess of succinate is present in the medium. The data suggest that in groundwater containing low levels of oxygen and nitrate, or nitrate only as the electron acceptor, aromatic hydrocarbons may continue to be utilized even in the presence of an excess of readily-degradable non-hydrocarbon organic substrates. These data have implications for bioremediation studies. The strain of Pseudomonas maltophilia used in this study does not degrade benzene, and the presence of benzene does not affect toluene utilization.

This study aimed to improve the utilisation of biogas in pig farms, the promotion of biogas use and the reduction of greenhouse gas (i.e. methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) emissions to the atmosphere. Sulfur oxidisers can convert sulfide (S2–) to sulfur (S0) and even sulfate (SO42–). Strains of CYAS-1, CYAS-2, SW-1, SW-2, and SW-3 were isolated from environmental samples and proven to have capabilities of sulfide oxidation by growing them in 150 mL liquid media with 1.5 g sulfur powder. An increase in sulfate concentration was used to select sulfide oxidisers. Strains CYAS-1 and CYAS-2, which both had significant sulfide oxidation capability, were isolated from the sludge of piggery wastewater treatment facilities. Moreover, strains SW-1, SW-2, and SW-3 were isolated from a pilot-scale biogas bio-filter (BBF) reactor. The experimental results showed that strain CYAS-1 (identified as Acinetobacter spp.), grown in diluted trypticase soy broth (TSB) with sulfur powder, increased the concentrations of SO42– from 17.2 ± 0.5 to 23.8 ± 1.0 mg/L (38.4% increase). Strain CYAS-2 (identified as Corynebacterium spp.), grown in diluted TSB with sulfur powder, increased concentrations of SO42– from 17.7 ± 0.1 to 25.9 ± 0.9 mg/L (47.0% increase). Concentrations of SO42– were increased 40.5, 33.6, and 29.7% in the presence of strains SW-1 (Candida kruse/inconspicua; 96.2% identity), SW-2 (Candida parapsilosis; 93.2% identity), and SW-3 (Trichosporon mucoides; 95.7% identity), respectively.