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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the status of closed-circuit television (CCTV) installation and operation in long-term care facilities and to compare the differences in stakeholders' perceptions of CCTV mandatory installation.Methods: The participants included 743 heads of facilities, 802 care workers, and 864 family caregivers. The questionnaire included CCTV installation and operation status and perceptions on CCTV installation in long-term care facilities. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests were performed through SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1.Results: For the mandatory installation of CCTV in long-term care facilities, 96.5% of family caregivers, 83.2% of care workers, and 65.0% of heads of facilities agreed (x2=273.71, p

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of self-leadership, emotional intelligence, social support, and problem-solving ability of nursing college students, and to understand the factors that affect problem-solving ability.Methods: Participants were in 2nd and 3rd grade of nursing students. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 program using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression analysis.Results: The significant influencing factors of problem-solving ability were self-leadership. β= 0.36 (p= 0.001), emotional intelligence β= 0.15 (p< 0.04), social support β= 0.29 (p< 0.001) and club activity β= 0.14 (p< 0.02). These factors explained 45.5% of the variance (R2= 0.46, p< 0.001).Conclusions: This study showed that problem-solving ability were influencing factors on self-leadership and it is necessary to develop various strategies to improve self leadership in nursing college students.

Purpose: The National Health Insurance Service implemented a tele-consultation pilot project for in-home care using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). This study aims to investigate nurses’, doctors’, and families’ perceptions on the project. Methods: Using the pilot project database and perception survey data, this study provides a description of the satisfaction, re-participation motivation, and experiences of nurses, doctors, and families. Results: Tele-consultation for home-visit nursing was used to monitor health conditions and problems, such as pain and blood pressure, or health counseling for home-care beneficiaries. The beneficiaries' families showed higher levels of satisfaction than the service providers. Nurses and doctors had relatively positive perceptions about the usefulness of sharing information about beneficiaries, timeliness of providing nursing care, and convenience of communication. Meanwhile, nurses and doctors had negative perceptions of the sufficiency and accuracy of information obtained from tele-consultation, implying the necessity of adopting more advanced ICTs. Conclusion: This study suggests what must be considered when designing a tele-consultation service model in long-term care settings, especially in the home-visit nursing care setting. Innovative approaches using ICTs should be taken to improve home-visit nursing care quality in the era of super-aging and COVID-19. © 2021 Korean Gerontological Nursing Society.

Brackish areas are where freshwater and seawater meet and possess high geographical and biological importance. However, no unified evaluation method exists for brackish sediments. Therefore, this study applies both the fresh water-sediment quality guidelines (F-SQGs) and the marine-sediment quality guidelines (M-SQGs) to evaluate metal contamination in brackish areas of Korea. The predicted reliability was examined using a receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve. In the threshold effect level (TEL) evaluation of F-SQGs and M-SQGs, some metals (Cu, Zn, Hg, and Cd) showed significant differences according to guideline characteristics. The ROC curve showed that the predicted reliability of F-SQGs was 97.8 %, which was higher than M-SQGs (91.7 %). From the results of TEL evaluation and ROC curve prediction, F-SQGs are more suitable for the evaluation of brackish sediments in South Korea than M-SQGs.

The optimal timing of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) and subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) according to the severity of acute cholecystitis (AC) has not been established yet.This single-center, retrospective study included 695 patients with grade I or II AC without common bile duct stones who underwent PTGBD and subsequent LC between January 2010 and December 2019. Difficult surgery (DS) (open conversion, subtotal cholecystectomy, adjacent organ injury, transfusion, operation time ≥ 90 minutes, or estimated blood loss ≥ 100 mL) and poor postoperative outcome (PPO) (postoperative hospital stay ≥ 7 days or Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ II postoperative complication) were defined to comprehensively evaluate intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, respectively.Of 695 patients, 403 had grade I AC and 292 had grade II AC. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve and multivariate logistic regression analyses, an interval from symptom onset to PTGBD of3.5 days and an interval from PTGBD to LC of7.5 days were significant predictors of DS and PPO, respectively, in grade I AC. In grade II AC, the timing of PTGBD and subsequent LC were not statistically related to DS or PPO.In grade I AC, performing PTGBD within 3.5 days after symptom onset can reduce surgical difficulties and subsequently performing LC within 7.5 days after PTGBD can improve postoperative outcomes. In grade II AC, early PTGBD cannot improve the surgical difficulty. In addition, the timing of subsequent LC is not correlated with surgical difficulties or postoperative outcomes.

Waste food utilization to produce bio-oil through pyrolysis has received increasing attention. The feedstock can be utilized more efficiently as its properties are upgraded. In this work, the mixed food waste (MFW) was pretreated via torrefaction at moderate temperatures (250-275 °C) under an inert atmosphere before fast pyrolysis. The pyrolysis of torrified MFW (T-MFW) was performed in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) to study the influence of torrefaction on the pyrolysis product distribution and bio-oil compositions. The highest liquid yield of 39.54 wt% was observed at a pyrolysis temperature of 450℃. The torrefaction has a significant effect on the pyrolysis process of MFW. After torrefaction, the higher heating values (HHVs) of the pyrolysis bio-oils (POs) ranged from 31.51 to 34.34 MJ/kg, which were higher than those of bio-oils from raw MFW (27.69-31.58 MJ/kg). The POs mainly contained aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkenes and ketones), phenolic, and N-containing derivatives. The pyrolysis of T-MFW was also carried out under the CO

Efficient fish aggregation systems are essential for catching chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), which is a major target of purse seine fisheries in South Korea. To aid the development of such systems, this study used a Dual frequency IDentification SONar acoustic camera and a visual camera to investigate the effects of light emission diode (LED) aggregation systems of different light wavelengths on the frequency of occurrence and swimming behavior of chub mackerel. The experiment was performed using 50 individuals in a circular tank (diameter, 6.0 m × height, 1.5 m). The LED aggregation systems emitted blue light (454 nm), white light (545 nm + 560 nm), yellow light (596 nm), and red light (634 nm). At night, initial swimming speed increased in response to the four LED systems, and stabilized over time. Frequency of occurrence was highest under blue light, followed by yellow light, white light, and red light, in this order, and, according to wavelength at daytime and at nighttime, it was highest under blue light. The swimming speed of the mackerel school showed an increasing trend over time for all LED aggregation systems, and, for blue light, there was a large, rapid increase in swimming speed.

Persea americana Mill., Lauraceae, commonly known as the avocado, is native to tropical and subtropical regions, including Brazil. From the leaves of P. americana, one previously undescribed flavonol glycoside (1) together with ten known flavonoids (2–11), four megastigmane glycosides (12–15) and two lignans (16–17) were isolated. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data. This is the first investigation that reports megastigmane glycoside and lignan classes within the genus Persea. All the isolated compounds have been assessed through the cell survival of larval zebrafish following neomycin-induced damage and the cell viability of a House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 mouse auditory cell line. Among the tested compounds, juglanin (2) and (+)-lyoniresinol (16) showed significant cell regeneration in neomycin-damaged hair cell without cellular toxicity. Keywords: Lauraceae, Flavonol glycoside, Megastigmane glycosides, Lignans

본 연구는 상담관계에서의 작업동맹에 대한 이론적 이해 및 연구동향을 파악하고자 기존의 국내외 연구들을 리뷰 하였다. 작업동맹은 상담자와 내담자가 의식적이고 현실적인 관계를 바탕으로 공유된 목표를 향해 서로 협조해 나가는 것으로, 최종 상담성과를 예언하는 강력한 변인으로 주목 받아왔다. 이에 작업동맹에 대한 개념적 변화와 그에 따른 작업동맹의 측정도구를 설명하였다. 더불어 작업동맹개념의 변별성을 위해 유사개념(치료동맹, 상담관계, 치료적 관계)과의 차이를 서술하고, 상호작용을 중심으로 한 관계형성 모델(상호의존이론, Rusbult의 투자모형, Heider의 인지적 조화이론, Newcomb의 A-B-X이론)을 제시하여 작업동맹형성에 대한 이론적 접근을 시도하였다. 작업동맹에 영향을 줄 수 있는 내담자, 상담자 변인으로 나누어 정리하였고 관계발달모형(Knapp와 Vangelisti 관계발전 모형, Levinger의 ABCDE모형, Altman과 Taylor의 사회침투이론)에서 작업동맹의 변화에 대한 이론적인 근거와 그에 대한 연구들을 설명하였다. 아울러 작업동맹의 측정시기, 작업동맹 점수에 따른 상담성과와의 관계를 서술하였다. 마지막으로 본고의 의의와 작업동맹 연구의 향후 방향에 대해 논의하고 한계점을 제시하였다.

Anhedonia is one of the major negative symptoms in schizophrenia and defined as the loss of hedonic experience to various stimuli in real life. Although structural magnetic resonance imaging has provided a deeper understanding of anhedonia-related abnormalities in schizophrenia, network analysis of the grey matter focusing on this symptom is lacking. In this study, single-subject grey matter networks were constructed in 123 patients with schizophrenia and 160 healthy controls. The small-world property of the grey matter network and its correlations with the level of physical and social anhedonia were evaluated using graph theory analysis. In the global scale whole-brain analysis, the patients showed reduced small-world property of the grey matter network. The local-scale analysis further revealed reduced small-world property in the default mode network, salience/ventral attention network, and visual network. The regional-level analysis showed an altered relationship between the small-world properties and the social anhedonia scale scores in the cerebellar lobule in patients with schizophrenia. These results indicate that anhedonia in schizophrenia may be related to abnormalities in the grey matter network at both the global whole-brain scale and local–regional scale.

This study examined the socioeconomic costs of dementia based on the utilization of healthcare and long-term care services in South Korea. Using 2016 data from two national insurance databases and a survey study, persons with dementia were categorized into six groups based on healthcare and long-term care services used: long-term care insurance users with home- and community-based services (n = 93,346), nursing home services (n = 69,895), and combined services (n = 16,068), and long-term care insurance non-users cared for by family at home (n = 192,713), living alone (n = 19,526), and admitted to long-term-care hospitals (n = 65,976). Their direct and indirect costs were estimated. The total socioeconomic cost of dementia was an estimated US$10.9 billion for 457,524 participants in 2016 (US$23,877 per person). Among the six groups, the annual per-person socioeconomic cost of dementia was lowest for long-term care insurance users who received home- and community-based services (US$21,391). It was highest for long-term care insurance non-users admitted to long-term care hospitals (US$26,978). Effective strategies are necessary to promote long-term care insurance with home- and community-based services to enable persons with dementia to remain in their communities as long as possible while receiving cost-efficient, quality care.

Avocado oil is beneficial to human health and has been reported to have beneficial effects on sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). However, the compounds in avocado oil that affect SNHL have not been identified. In this study, we identified 20 compounds from avocado oil, including two new and 18 known fatty acid derivatives, using extensive spectroscopic analysis. The efficacy of the isolated compounds for improving SNHL was investigated in an ototoxic zebrafish model. The two new compounds, namely (2R,4R,6Z)-1,2,4-trihydroxynonadec-6-ene and (2R,4R)-1,2,4-trihydroxyheptadecadi-14,16-ene (compounds 1 and 2), as well as compounds 7, 9, 14, 17 and 19 showed significant improvement in damaged hair cells in toxic zebrafish. These results led to the conclusion that compounds from avocado oil as well as oil itself have a regenerative effect on damaged otic hair cells in ototoxic zebrafish.

A new species of the genus Xouthous Thomson, 1883, previously known as Idomene, obtained from the 1995–2015 collections, from the coasts of the Korean Peninsula, is described and illustrated. To date 16 valid species of the genus including X. yeonghoonisp. nov. presented herein, have been reported from the Antarctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The new species can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: 7-segmented female antennule; antenna with 2 exopodal segments; mandibular exopod with 2 lateral strong spines and 4 distal plumose setae; exp-3 of P2–P4 with 2 strong pectinate spines; and P5 baseoendopod with truncate margin, and spatulate and parallel-sided setae. In addition to the description of the new species from Korea, comparisons to 5 closely related congeners (“palisade group”) from the Indian Ocean are also included. Finally, a mini-review on the global distribution of the genus, with a taxonomic revisit to X. laticaudatus sensu Kim (2014), is provided. The new species described herein is the first record of Xouthous from East Asia.

In higher vertebrates, helper and cytotoxic T cells, referred to as CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, respectively, are mainly associated with adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system in teleosts involves T cells equivalent to those found in mammals. We previously generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) CD4 T cells, CD4-1 and CD4-2, and used these to describe the olive flounder’s CD4 Tcell response during a viral infection. In the present study, we successfully produced mAbs against CD8 T lymphocytes and their specificities were confirmed using immuno-blotting, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis andreverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that these mAbs are specific for CD8 T lymphocytes. We also investigated variations in CD4 and CD8 T cells populations, and analyzed the expression of immune-related genes expressed by these cells in fish infected with nervous necrosis virus or immunized with thymus dependent and independent antigens. We found that both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte populations significantly increased in these fish and Th1-related genes were up-regulated compared to the control group. Collectively, these findings suggest that the CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in olive flounder are similar to the helper and cytotoxic T cells found in mammals, and Th1 and cytotoxic immune responses are primarily involved in the early adaptive immune response against extracellular antigens.

Artemisia argyi is widely used as traditional medicine in East Asia. However, its effects against inflammation and gastric ulcers have not been reported yet. We analyzed anti-inflammatory activity and its molecular mechanisms of A. argyi using RAW264.7 cells line, then evaluated the curative efficacy in rats with acute gastric ulcers. Nitric oxide and IL-6 production was measured using Griess reagent and an ELISA kit. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, and mucin (MUC)1, MUC5AC, and MUC6 mRNA were determined by SYBR Green or Taqman qRT-PCR methods. The phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38, and c-Jun protein were detected by western blotting. RW0117 inhibited LPS-induced NO and IL-6 production. The mRNA levels of iNOS and IL-6 were strongly suppressed. The phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and c-Jun decreased by treatment with RW0117. Oral administration of RW0117 recovered the amount of mucin mRNA and protein level that was decreased due to gastric ulcers by HCl-EtOH. A. argyi exhibited strong anti-inflammatory effects and contributed to the modulation of HCl-EtOH-induced gastric ulcer in rats.

This study sought to investigate the antihyperuricemia efficacy and safety of DKB114 (a mixture of Chrysanthemum indicum Linn flower extract and Cinnamomum cassia extract) to evaluate its potential as a dietary supplement ingredient. This clinical trial was a randomized, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 80 subjects (40 subjects with an intake of DKB114 and 40 subjects with that of placebo) who had asymptomatic hyperuricemia (7.0&ndash, 9.0 mg/dL with serum uric acid) was randomly assigned. No significant difference between the DKB114 and placebo groups was observed in the amount of uric acid in serum after six weeks of intake. However, after 12 weeks of intake, the uric acid level in serum of subjects in the DKB114 group decreased by 0.58 &plusmn, 0.86 mg/dL and was 7.37 &plusmn, 0.92 mg/dL, whereas that in the placebo group decreased by 0.02 &plusmn, 0.93 mg/dL and was 7.67 &plusmn, 0.89 mg/dL, a significant difference (p = 0.0229). In the analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP) change, after 12 weeks of administration, the DKB114 group showed an increase of 0.05 &plusmn, 0.27 mg/dL (p = 0.3187), while the placebo group showed an increase of 0.10 &plusmn, 0.21 mg/dL (p = 0.0324), a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0443). In the analysis of amount of change in apoprotein B, after 12 weeks of administration, the DKB114 group decreased by 4.75 &plusmn, 16.69 mg/dL (p = 0.1175), and the placebo group increased by 3.13 &plusmn, 12.64 mg/dL (p = 0.2187), a statistically significant difference between the administration groups (p = 0.0189). In the clinical pathology test, vital signs and weight measurement, and electrocardiogram test conducted for safety evaluation, no clinically significant difference was found between the ingestion groups, confirming the safety of DKB114. Therefore, it may have potential as a treatment for hyperuricemia and gout. We suggest that DKB114 as a beneficial and safe food ingredient for individuals with high serum uric acid. Trial registration (CRIS.NIH. go. Kr): KCT0002840.

This study sought to evaluate the effects of Phaseolus multiflorus var. albus Bailey extract (PM extract) and Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae extract (PF extract) on the inhibition of digestive enzymes and to confirm the anti-obesity effect of DKB-117 (a mixture of PM extract and PF extract) in digestive enzyme inhibition in a mouse model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet. In in vitro studies, PM extract and PF extract have increased dose-dependent inhibitory activity on α-amylase (Inhibitory concentration (IC50 value: 6.13 mg/mL)) and pancreatic lipase (IC50 value; 1.68 mg/mL), respectively. High-fat diet–induced obese mice were orally administered DKB-117 extracts at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day, while a positive control group was given orlistat (pancreatic lipase inhibitor) and Garcinia cambogia (inhibiting the enzymes needed to synthesize carbohydrates into fat) at concentrations of 40 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, for eight weeks. As a result, body weight, fat mass (total fat mass, abdominal fat, and subcutaneous fat) detected with microcomputed tomography, fat mass (abdominal fat and inguinal fat) after an autopsy, and liver triglyceride levels were decreased significantly in the DKB-117 (300 mg/kg/day) group compared to those in the HFD control group. Additionally, we obtained results indicating that the presence of carbohydrates was found more in the DKB-117-300 (300 mg/kg/day) group than in the HFD control group. These data clearly show that DKB-117 extracts are expected to have an anti-obesity effect through a complex mechanism that promotes carbohydrate release through the inhibition of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes while blocking lipid absorption through lipase inhibition.

Despite the excellent antimicrobial activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics, permanent inner ear damage associated with the use of these drugs has resulted in the need to develop strategies to address the ototoxic risk given their widespread use. In a previous study, we showed that avocado oil protects ear hair cells from damage caused by neomycin. However, the detailed mechanism by which this protection occurs is still unclear. Here, we investigated the auditory cell-protective mechanism of enhanced functional avocado oil extract (DKB122). RNA sequencing followed by pathway analysis revealed that DKB122 has the potential to enhance the expression of detoxification and antioxidant genes associated with glutathione metabolism (Hmox4, Gsta4, Mgst1, and Abcc3) in HEI-OC1 cells. Additionally, DKB122 effectively decreased ROS levels, resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis in HEI-OC1 cells. The expression of the inflammatory genes that encode chemokines and interleukins was also downregulated by DKB122 treatment. Consistent with these results, DKB122 significantly inhibited p65 nuclear migration induced by TNF-&alpha, or LPS in HEI-OC1 cells and THP-1 cells and the expression of inflammatory chemokine and interleukin genes induced by TNF-&alpha, was significantly reduced. Moreover, DKB122 treatment increased LC3-II and decreased p62 in HEI-OC1 cells, suggesting that DKB122 increases autophagic flux. These results suggest that DKB122 has otoprotective effects attributable to its antioxidant activity, induction of antioxidant gene expression, anti-inflammatory activity, and autophagy activation.

Background Among the various flaps available for the reconstruction of the heel, a medial plantar flap has been widely accepted as the most ideal. This flap, however, involves the medial plantar nerve and its cutaneous branches, which may lead to postoperative hyperesthesia and dual sensation. The purpose of this report was to report the outcomes of the use of the medialis pedis flap for the coverage of weight bearing heel soft tissue defect. Patients and methods A total of 8 patients who had undergone reconstruction of the weight bearing heel with the medialis pedis flap were enrolled for this study. There were 6 male and 2 female patients and the mean age was 46 years. The causes of the defects included pressure sore, crushing injury and malignant melanoma. The mean size of the defects was 3 × 4 cm. Five cases were reconstructed with island flaps and 3 were covered with free flaps. Results The mean size of the flaps was 3×5 cm. All flaps survived. One case developed arterial insufficiency and was treated with a vein graft. Ambulation in normal shoes was possible in all the patients. Seven cases did not report pain, but 1 case complained of mild pain. No case reported complications including pain at the donor site, ulcerations, sensory loss, hyperesthesia, or sensory disturbance. The mean follow-up period was 14.4 months. Conclusions The medialis pedis flap may be considered a useful flap for the reconstruction of soft tissue defects smaller than 5 cm in the weight bearing heel.

Objective Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) has recently been developed to improve measurement of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. We performed a multi-center study to validate the Korean version of the CAINS (CAINS-K) and explore potential cultural variation. Methods One hundred eighty schizophrenia patients diverse in demographic and illness profile were recruited from four centers in Korea. Along with the CAINS-K, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), a self-report measure of behavioral inhibition and activation (BIS/BAS) and neurocognitive tasks were administered to verify external validities. Results The CAINS-K showed high internal-consistency (0.92) and inter-rater reliability (0.77). Exploratory Factor Analysis replicated a two-factor structure of the original scale including motivation/pleasure and expression deficits dimensions. Korean patients tended to report lower pleasure compared to American patients in the prior study. The CAINS-K showed an adequate convergent validity with the SANS, negative symptoms of the BPRS, and BAS. A divergent validity was supported as the CAINS-K showed zero or only weak correlations with other symptoms of the BPRS, depression from the CDSS, and neurocognitive tasks. Conclusion The CAINS-K demonstrated high internal consistency and adequate external validities, and is expected to promote studies on negative symptoms in Korean patients with schizophrenia.