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This study involves an investigation of the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Kimchi, and their potential applications in chocolate. Lactobacillus plantarum-LRCC5193 (LP-LRCC5193) demonstrated a significantly higher degree of heat, acid, and bile acid tolerance compared to other Kimchi isolates. The intestinal adhesion assay also revealed that 84.2 log percentage of LP-LRCC5193 adhered to the Caco-2 cells after 2 h of incubation. Furthermore, the lyophilized LP-LRCC5193 maintained 92.9 log percentage and 97.2 log percentage survival rate within artificial stomach juice (pH 2.5, pepsin 0.04%) and artificial intestinal juice (oxgall 0.5%, trypsin 0.04%, and pancreatin 0.04%), respectively. Meanwhile, we also found that lyophilized LP-LRCC5193 incorporated in chocolate exhibited significantly higher survivability than lyophilized LP-LRCC5193 in both artificial gastric and intestinal juice under 1 to 3 hr incubation, where the survivability was within the range of 96.3 to 98.5 log percentage, and 98.8 to 98.9 log percentage, respectively. A 6-month storage test further revealed that LP-LRCC5193 demonstrated higher stability than the lyophilized LP-LRCC5103 in 3 different temperature ranges, where the final survival rates were 97.2 log percentage (20 °C), 89.2 log percentage (33 °C), and 94.4 log percentage (15 to 30 °C/wk). Altogether, our data suggest that chocolate can be used as a tasty delivery vehicle for delivering putative probiotic strain, LP-LRCC5193 to the gastrointestinal tract. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC5193 (LP-LRCC5193) isolated from Kimchi demonstrated high stability under gastrointestinal environmental stresses and good adhesion to the intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. In addition, LP-LRCC5193 containing chocolates remained highly stable after storage at room temperature for 6 months. Chocolate containing LP-LRCC5193 can thus be considered a promising probiotic delivery system.; © 2018 Institute of Food Technologists®.

This study involves an investigation of the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Kimchi, and their potential applications in chocolate. Lactobacillus plantarum-LRCC5193 (LP-LRCC5193) demonstrated a significantly higher degree of heat, acid, and bile acid tolerance compared to other Kimchi isolates. The intestinal adhesion assay also revealed that 84.2 log percentage of LP-LRCC5193 adhered to the Caco-2 cells after 2 h of incubation. Furthermore, the lyophilized LP-LRCC5193 maintained 92.9 log percentage and 97.2 log percentage survival rate within artificial stomach juice (pH 2.5, pepsin 0.04%) and artificial intestinal juice (oxgall 0.5%, trypsin 0.04%, and pancreatin 0.04%), respectively. Meanwhile, we also found that lyophilized LP-LRCC5193 incorporated in chocolate exhibited significantly higher survivability than lyophilized LP-LRCC5193 in both artificial gastric and intestinal juice under 1 to 3 hr incubation, where the survivability was within the range of 96.3 to 98.5 log percentage, and 98.8 to 98.9 log percentage, respectively. A 6-month storage test further revealed that LP-LRCC5193 demonstrated higher stability than the lyophilized LP-LRCC5103 in 3 different temperature ranges, where the final survival rates were 97.2 log percentage (20 °C), 89.2 log percentage (33 °C), and 94.4 log percentage (15 to 30 °C/wk). Altogether, our data suggest that chocolate can be used as a tasty delivery vehicle for delivering putative probiotic strain, LP-LRCC5193 to the gastrointestinal tract. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC5193 (LP-LRCC5193) isolated from Kimchi demonstrated high stability under gastrointestinal environmental stresses and good adhesion to the intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. In addition, LP-LRCC5193 containing chocolates remained highly stable after storage at room temperature for 6 months. Chocolate containing LP-LRCC5193 can thus be considered a promising probiotic delivery system.

UNLABELLED Beeswax and a plasticizer (ATBC) were added to polylactic acid (PLA) films in order to enhance the water vapor barrier properties of the films. Beeswax improved the barrier properties; the water vapor permeability in the composite containing 1% beeswax was 58% lower than that of the neat PLA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the incorporation of beeswax and ATBC had so little effect on the PLA structure. In addition, the structure of PLA did not vary substantially with the additions. The surfaces of the composites were examined by using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the degree of crystallinity of the PLA films increased with the addition of beeswax and ATBC. However, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites containing beeswax were up to approximately 50% lower than those of the neat PLA. Although further study is needed to improve the mechanical properties, the aforementioned results showed that the PLA barrier properties can be improved by the incorporation of a small amount of beeswax and ATBC. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The results of this study can be applied for the preparation of PLA composite films with improved barrier properties. Such biodegradable films are extremely useful for applications in the food packaging industry.

In this study, a rapid method for simultaneous detection of ethyl carbamate (EC) and urea in Korean rice wine was developed. To achieve quantitative analysis of EC and urea, the conditions for Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) separation and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS) detection were first optimized. Under the established conditions, the detection limit, relative standard deviation and linear range were 2.83μg/L, 3.75-5.96%, and 0.01-10.0mg/L, respectively, for urea; the corresponding values were 0.17μg/L, 1.06-4.01%, and 1.0-50.0μg/L, respectively, for EC. The correlation between the contents of EC and its precursor urea was determined under specific pH (3.5 and 4.5) and temperature (4, 25, and 50°C) conditions using the developed method. As a result, EC content was increased with greater temperature and lower pH. In Korean rice wine, urea was detected 0.19-1.37mg/L and EC was detected 2.0-7.7μg/L. The method developed in this study, which has the advantages of simplified sample preparation, low detection limits, and good selectivity, was successfully applied for the rapid analysis of EC and urea.

The cross shaped piezoelectric energy harvester is designed to generate effectively by given vibrations or forces at the center point of the harvester by consisting of four cantilever ceramic harvesters which are centro-symmetrically arranged in one structure. Moreover, these harvesters can be serially arranged on one shaft which going through the center points of each harvester. If vibration source is connected at one end of the shaft, the vibrations from the vibration source can be transferred to the center points of these harvesters simultaneously through the shaft and the harvesters can be activated by one vibration source. By FEA (finite element analysis) and experiment, generating voltage characteristics were obtained. Among the four kinds of materials of the metal plate, stainless steel (SUS304) was chosen to get the highest voltage. The output voltages were increased and the resonance frequencies were decreased when the elastic length was increased. Resonant frequencies and output voltages were no...

A novel, rapid, simultaneous analysis method for five sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and lactose) and eight sugar alcohols (erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, inositol, maltitol, lactitol, and isomalt) was developed using UPLC-ELSD, without derivatization. The analysis conditions, including the gradient conditions, modifier concentration and column length, were optimized. Thirteen sugars and sugar alcohols were separated well and the resolution of their peaks was above 1.0. Their optimum analysis condition can be analyzed within 15min. Standard curves for sugars and sugar alcohols with concentrations of 5.0-0.1% and 2.0-0.05% are presented herein, and their correlation coefficients are found to be above 0.999 and the limit of detection (LOD) was around 0.006-0.018%. This novel analysis system can be used for foodstuffs such as candy, chewing gum, jelly, chocolate, processed chocolate products, and snacks containing 0.21-46.41% of sugars and sugar alcohols.

In this paper, a cross-shaped piezoelectric generator was proposed for generating electric power at low frequency range. The generator has centrosymmetric four elastic body legs which have equivalent vibration mode. The centrosymmetric structure of the generator is able to generate in each elastic body legs at the same time using only one vibration source. Vibration is transferred from center of the generator and is equally applied to each elastic body leg. So each elastic body leg of the generator has the same resonance frequency and vibration mode. Resonance and output characteristics of the generator were analyzed by FEM program. Output characteristics of the generator could be changed by elastic body length, elastic body thickness, ceramic width, ceramic thickness and additional mass at the edge of elastic body legs. Based on FEM result, a generator was fabricated and experimented. As a result, resonance frequency of the generator was verified lower than 35 Hz. So we confirmed generating possibility of the generator at low frequency range.

Microcapsules containing thyme oil were prepared by in situ polymerization, using melamine-formaldehyde prepolymer as a wall material and 3 different emulsifiers (pluronic F-127, tween 80, and sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS]). The general characteristics and release behavior of microcapsules, and their repellent effect against insects were investigated. The morphology of microcapsules using SLS was spherical shape with smooth surface. Microcapsules began to degrade at 150 °C. The particle size ranged from 1 to 10 μm and the loading efficiency of thyme oil was clearly affected by the emulsifier type. The highest loading efficiency appeared in microcapsules using SLS, which have good thermal resistance and smooth surface. The release rate of thyme oil from microcapsules was not only dependent on the storage temperature but also emulsifier type and microcapsules showed the sustained release properties for a long time. Diets, which were mixed with encapsulated thyme oil, expressed high insect repellent efficacy over 90% for 4 wk.

In this paper, a newly designed nib-shaped ultrasonic motor was proposed. The motor can be easily designed and fabricated as a small actuator due to its simple structure composed of a nib-shaped elastic body frame and two ceramics. Also, the motor is expected to be used as small actuator for auto-focusing camera by designing the size of the motor less than 10[mm], because the ultrasonic motor has general merit of generating high torque in spite of low speed. When two sinusoidal sources with phase difference of 90 degrees are applied to two ceramics, the elliptical displacement is generated at contact tip of the motor. To define vibration shapes and output characteristics of the motor, design parameters were chosen and the modeling of the motor was conducted by using ANSYS 11.0, FEM(Finite Element Method) Program. Elliptical motions of the contact tips of the stator were consistently obtained at resonance frequency. Characteristics of the motor such as frequency, speed, torque, and pre-load were measured b...

Structure of the octagon-type ultrasonic motor was proposed and designed so as to allow the motor to drive small actuator. The stator of the motor consisted of the octagon shape elastic body and four rectangular plate ceramics. The four ceramics were attached to outer surfaces of the octagon elastic body. The same phase voltages were applied to the ceramics on horizontal surfaces, and 90° phase difference voltages were applied to the ceramics on vertical surfaces. When the AC voltage with 90° phase difference was applied in ceramics, the elliptical displacement of unimorph bars was generated by generating bending vibration. To find the maximum displacement model that generates elliptical displacement at the centers of the inner surfaces, the finite element analysis program ATILA was used. The analyzed results were compared to the experimental results. As a result, the speed and torque are increased linearly by increasing the input voltage and the speed of motors can be controlled by changing the applied voltages.

The dependence of the generation characteristics of a cross-shaped piezoelectric generator on the material and leg length of the elastic body was studied. The generator consisted of a centrosymmetric thin cross-shaped elastic body and four rectangular piezoelectric ceramics that were attached to the upper surfaces of the four legs of the elastic body. Vibrations from a vibrating source were applied to the center of the elastic body. The centrosymmetric structure of the cross-shaped generator guarantees more stable and multiplied generation than a cantilever-type generator since the four legs of the generator resonate at the same frequency. The resonance and output characteristics of the generator were analyzed by using a finite element method (FEM) program. Generators were fabricated on the basis of analysis results and attached to a frequency controllable vibrator for determining their output characteristics. Further, experimental results were compared with simulated results. The speed of sound in the materials depends on the Young’s modulus and density of the materials. Accordingly, the resonance frequency of the generator decreased with a decrease in the velocity of sound in the material. The resonance frequency of the generator also decreased with an increase in the leg length. By changing the generator parameters, the resonance frequency of the generator can be controlled.

A cantilever-type piezoelectric generator has advantages of simple structure, ease of fabrication and large displacement by transverse vibration of a beam. It is easy to control the natural frequency, and also possible to increase the output power by changing the length, width, and thickness of the generator. In this paper, generators were designed and fabricated to resonate at a frequency of 120Hz, which was a mechanical vibrating frequency of vibrating source (electric transformer). For increasing output power, eight generators were arrayed on parallel lines to form an interdigital shape and the output terminals of each generator were electrically interconnected by a combination of series and parallel circuits. To increase the generating voltage, a series connection of generators was effective while for increasing current, a parallel connection was effective.

A cantilever-type piezoelectric generator has advantages of simple structure, ease of fabrication and large displacement by transverse vibration of a beam. It is easy to control the natural frequency, and also possible to increase the output power by changing the length, width, and thickness of the generator. In particular, the length increases, the natural frequency sharply decreases, and vice versa. Hence, the natural frequency can widely be controlled by using change in the length of elastic body. In this paper, the generator was designed and fabricated to change natural frequency using the slides of the case. In addition, the generating characteristics were confirmed through finite element analyses and vibration experiment. As a result, the maximum output characteristics could be generated due to resonance phenomenon although any frequency of external force was applied.

A novel design of a simple square-frame USM (ultrasonic motor) was proposed. The stator of the motor consists of a square-frame shape elastic body and four rectangular plate ceramics. The four ceramics were attached to inner surfaces of the square frame elastic body. The same phase voltages were applied to the ceramics on horizontal surfaces, and 90 degree phase difference voltage were applied to the ceramics on vertical surfaces. To find a model that generates elliptical motion at outside of the stator, the finite element analysis program ATILA was used. The analyzed results were compared to the experimental results. As result, the model EL10EH3ET0.5CL4 which generates the maximum elliptical displacement was chosen by analyzing the resonance mode according to changes in frequency.

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Polymer Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Chonbuk 561-756, KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Chonbuk 573-701, KoreaReceived November 27, 2001Keywords : Raman, Liquid crystal, Intermolecular interaction, Coil effect, Hydrogen bonding.IntroductionLiquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) have been intensivelystudied for their scientific and technological interests. AmongLCPs, rod-coil types have recently drawn attention, parti-cularly in relation to their likelihood to form various kinds ofsupramolecules depending on chain lengths. The LCPs basedon a biphenyl ester moiety can have different microscopicstructures. Most poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEO)-based LCPsresult in a layered smectic mesophase

Staphylococcus epidermidis [2.0 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/0.1 ml] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.0 × 103 CFU/ml) were inoculated in the vitreous humor of rabbits. In S. epidermidis endophthalmitis, the numbers of microorganisms reached a maximum (4.1 × 107 CFU/ml) at day 2 after inoculation and then declined spontaneously. However, clinical scores were observed to be worst at day 5. In P. aeruginosa endophthalmitis, the numbers of microorganisms reached a maximum (9.3 × 106 CFU/ml) 36 h after inoculation. However, culture results were persistently positive until day 15. Electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave amplitudes in S. epidermidis endophthalmitis continued to decrease from day 3 (>24%) until day 5, and then recovered to the preinoculative level of amplitudes at day 7. ERG b-wave amplitudes in P. aeruginosa endophthalmitis continued to decrease after 24 h (>24%). ERG b-wave amplitudes from day 7 to day 15 were flat. The inflammatory response continued under the absence of microorganisms in S. epidermidis endophthalmitis. The time in which a maximum in the number of microorganisms was reached was earlier than that in the clinical examination scores in both S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa endophthalmitis.

Microcapsules containing thyme oil were prepared by in situ polymerization, using melamine-formaldehyde prepolymer as a wall material and 3 different emulsifiers (pluronic F-127, tween 80, and sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS]). The general characteristics and release behavior of microcapsules, and their repellent effect against insects were investigated. The morphology of microcapsules using SLS was spherical shape with smooth surface. Microcapsules began to degrade at 150 °C. The particle size ranged from 1 to 10 μm and the loading efficiency of thyme oil was clearly affected by the emulsifier type. The highest loading efficiency appeared in microcapsules using SLS, which have good thermal resistance and smooth surface. The release rate of thyme oil from microcapsules was not only dependent on the storage temperature but also emulsifier type and microcapsules showed the sustained release properties for a long time. Diets, which were mixed with encapsulated thyme oil, expressed high insect repellent efficacy over 90% for 4 wk.

Este estudio investiga las actividades no eticas en la cadena de provision compuesta por las plantas maquiladoras y los proveedores mexicanos locales y explora las vias de prevencion de estas actividades no eticas. El autor entrevisto a los directores de las plantas maquiladoras y a los proveedores mexicanos locales ubicados en la region oriental de la frontera entre los EE.UU. y Mexico, especificamente en Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Esta investigacion demostrara que si bien diversas actividades contrarias a la etica se describen en los resultados de las entrevistas, tambien se encontraron las actividades representativas como el aplazamiento de las promesas(por ejemplo, demoras en la entrega) y la corrupcion(por ejemplo, el soborno). Las demoras en la entrega estan relacionadas con la “cultura del manana” de Mexico mientras que las relaciones interpersonales mexicanas son sugeridos como la principal causa del soborno y de la corrupcion. Tanto los directores de las plantas maquiladoras y los proveedores mexicanos locales sugirieron las politicas a nivel corporativo(por ejemplo, la seleccion y la continuacion de la educacion de la etica para los empleados) como las medidas para la eliminacion de estas actividades no eticas.

Purpose: To compare central macular thickness (CMT) and visual acuity outcomes after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide or bevacizumab for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: Fifty-one patients were randomly choosen to receive an intravitreal injection of either triamcinolone acetonide or bevacizumab. Patients were retrospectively reviewed, and 28 of 51 received an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide while the remaining 23 received bevacizumab injection. All patients underwent Snellen visual acuity testing, optical coherence tomography imaging and ophthalmoscopic examination at baseline and at four weeks following the injection. Results: In the triamcinolone group, CMT decreased from 656.71 at baseline to 312.46 at the four-week follow-up visit, while in the bevacizumab group, CMT decreased from 582.17 at baseline to 453.09 at the follow-up (p0.38 to 0.670.33) compared to the bevacizumab group (from 0.790.31 to 0.700.34) [p

Purpose: To improve our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and TA concentration in ocular tissue, TA concentration was measured in ocular tissue after intravitreal and subtenon injection. Methods: Fifteen rabbit eyes underwent subtenon TA injection (40 mg/1 ml), and another 15 rabbit eyes underwent intravitreal TA (4 mg/0.1 ml) injection. All eyes were enucleated at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after subtenon and intravitreal injection, and TA concentration in the aqueous and vitreous humor and the retina-choroid were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: In cases of subtenon's TA injection, TA concentrations were 0 ng/ml, 136.7 ng/ml, 178.7 ng/ml, 0 ng/ml, and 0 ng/ml in the aqueous humor; 99.1 ng/ml, 125.7 ng/ml, 726.8 ng/ml, 0 ng/ml, and 0 ng/ml in the vitreous humor; 72.7 ng/ml, 304.6 ng/ml, 459.0 ng/ml, 0 ng/ml, and 0 ng/ml in the retina-choroid after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. In cases of intravitreal TA injection, the measured values were 0 ng/ml, 0 ng/ml, 0 ng/ml, 654.1 ng/ml, and 0 ng/ml in the aqueous humor; 28152.2 ng/ml, 13646.4 ng/ml, 11388.8 ng/ml, 10297.2 ng/ml, and 183.0 ng/ml in the vitreous humor; and 0 ng/ml, 27.9 ng/ml, 108.3 ng/ml, 0 ng/ml, and 0 ng/ml in the retina-choroid at each time point. Conclusions: Intravitreal TA injection may be more effective for drug delivery than subtenon TA injection, but subtenon TA injection seems to be an effective and safe technique.