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Taste buds, the neuroepithelial organs responsible for the detection of gustatory stimuli in the oral cavity, arise from stem/progenitor cells among nearby basal keratinocytes. Using genetic lineage tracing, Lgr5 and Lgr6 were suggested as the specific markers for the stem/progenitor cells of taste buds, but recent evidence implied that taste buds may arise even in the absence of these markers. Thus, we wanted to verify the genetic lineage tracing of lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, we found that antibody staining revealed more diverse Lgr5-expressing cells inside and outside the taste buds of circumvallate papillae than was previously suggested. We also found that, while tamoxifen-induced genetic recombination occurred only in cells expressing the Lgr5 reporter GFP, we did not see any increase in the number of recombined daughter cells induced by consecutive injections of tamoxifen. Similarly, we found that cells expressing Lgr6, another stem/progenitor cell marker candidate and an analog of Lgr5, also do not generate recombined clones. In contrast, Lgr5-expressing cells in fungiform papillae can transform into Lgr5-negative progeny. Together, our data indicate that lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells exhibit diversity in their capacity to transform into Lgr5- and Lgr6-negative cells, depending on their location. Our results complement previous findings that did not distinguish this diversity.

Abstract Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment is a clinically effective strategy for improving motor function in patients with ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms by which modulating the dopamine system relieves the pathology of the ischemic brain remain unclear. Emerging evidence from an experimental mouse model of ischemic stroke, established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), suggested that L-DOPA has the potential to modulate the inflammatory and immune response that occurs during a stroke. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA in regulating the systemic immune response and improving functional deficits in mice with ischemia. Transient MCAO led to progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and significant rotational behavior in mice. Exogenous L-DOPA treatment attenuated the striatonigral degeneration and reversed motor behavioral impairment. Notably, treatment with L-DOPA significantly increased IL-13 but reduced IFN-γ in infarct lesions. To investigate the role of IL-13 in motor behavior, we stereotaxically injected anti-IL-13 antibodies into the infarct area of the mouse brain one week after MCAO, followed by L-DOPA treatment. The intervention reduced dopamine, IL-13, and IL-10 levels and exacerbated motor function. IL-13 is potentially expressed on CD4 T cells, while IL-10 is mainly expressed on microglia rather than astrocytes. Finally, IL-13 activates the phagocytosis of microglia, which may contribute to neuroprotection by eliminating degenerating neurons. Our study provides evidence that the L-DOPA-activated dopamine system modulates peripheral immune cells, resulting in the expression of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective cytokines in mice with ischemic stroke.

Abstract Electroencephalography (EEG)-based open-access datasets are available for emotion recognition studies, where external auditory/visual stimuli are used to artificially evoke pre-defined emotions. In this study, we provide a novel EEG dataset containing the emotional information induced during a realistic human-computer interaction (HCI) using a voice user interface system that mimics natural human-to-human communication. To validate our dataset via neurophysiological investigation and binary emotion classification, we applied a series of signal processing and machine learning methods to the EEG data. The maximum classification accuracy ranged from 43.3% to 90.8% over 38 subjects and classification features could be interpreted neurophysiologically. Our EEG data could be used to develop a reliable HCI system because they were acquired in a natural HCI environment. In addition, auxiliary physiological data measured simultaneously with the EEG data also showed plausible results, i.e., electrocardiogram, photoplethysmogram, galvanic skin response, and facial images, which could be utilized for automatic emotion discrimination independently from, as well as together with the EEG data via the fusion of multi-modal physiological datasets.

Abstract Controlling the succession of chemical processes with high specificity in complex systems is advantageous for widespread applications, from biomedical research to drug manufacturing. Despite synthetic advances in bioorthogonal and photochemical methodologies, there is a need for generic chemical approaches that can universally modulate photodynamic reactivity in organic photosensitizers. Herein we present a strategy to fine-tune the production of singlet oxygen in multiple photosensitive scaffolds under the activation of bioresponsive and bioorthogonal stimuli. We demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity of nitrobenzoselenadiazoles can be fully blocked by site-selective incorporation of electron-withdrawing carbamate moieties and restored on demand upon uncaging with a wide range of molecular triggers, including abiotic transition-metal catalysts. We also prove that this strategy can be expanded to most photosensitizers, including diverse structures and spectral properties. Finally, we show that such advanced control of singlet oxygen generation can be broadly applied to the photodynamic ablation of human cells as well as to regulate the release of singlet oxygen in the semi-synthesis of natural product drugs.

Objective This study aimed to assess the degree of interest in robot-assisted spine surgery (RASS) among residents and to investigate the learning curve for beginners performing robotic surgery. Methods We conducted a survey to assess awareness and interest in RASS among young neurosurgery residents. Subsequently, we offered a hands-on training program using a dummy to educate one resident. After completing the program, the trained resident performed spinal fusion surgery with robotic assistance under the supervision of a mentor. The clinical outcomes and learning curve associated with robotic surgery were then analyzed. Results Neurosurgical residents had limited opportunities to participate in spinal surgery during their training. Despite this, there was a significant interest in the emerging field of robotic surgery. A trained resident performed RASS under the supervision of a senior surgeon. A total of 166 screw insertions were attempted in 28 patients, with 2 screws failing due to skiving. According to the Gertzbein-Robbins classification, 85.54% of the screws were rated as grade A, 11.58% as grade B, 0.6% as grade C, and 1.2% as grade D. The clinical acceptance rate was approximately 96.99%, which is comparable to the results reported by senior experts and time per screw statistically significantly decreased as experience was gained. Conclusion RASS can be performed with high accuracy within a relatively short timeframe, if residents receive adequate training.

Background/Objectives: This study investigated whether decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis can effectively improve sagittal alignment in elderly patients. With the growing focus on sagittal balance in spinal surgery, this study aimed to evaluate post-decompression alignment changes and identify the factors influencing these changes using the EOS imaging system. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 49 elderly patients who underwent decompression surgery alone for lumbar spinal stenosis. Radiologic parameters, measured using the EOS system, and clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively, at two weeks postoperatively, and at one year postoperatively. Patients were grouped based on the improvement of the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) by 25 mm or more. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors affecting sagittal alignment changes. Results: Significant sagittal alignment improvements were observed postoperatively, including a notable increase in thoracic kyphosis and a decrease in SVA observed at one year. Clinical outcomes, such as the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and EQ-5D, significantly improved at both two weeks and one year postoperatively compared to preoperative values (all p-values < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that greater preoperative SVA and higher ODI were significant predictors of sagittal alignment changes (odds ratio [OR] for SVA = 1.014, OR for ODI = 1.034). Conclusions: Decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly patients can result in significant improvements in sagittal alignment and clinical outcomes. The study suggests that decompression alone is a viable surgical option for elderly patients, particularly those with a greater preoperative sagittal imbalance and disability, even in the absence of major deformities.

Our research focused on understanding the genetic mechanisms that contribute to the tolerance of Ulva prolifera (Chlorophyta), a marine macroalgae, to the combined stress of high temperature and high light intensity. At the mRNA level, the up-regulated DEGs showed enrichment in pathways related to ribosomes, proteasomes, and peroxisomes. The spliceosome pathway genes were found to be vital for U. prolifera’s ability to adapt to various challenging situations in all the comparison groups. In response to elevated temperature and light intensity stress, there was a significant increase in genes and pathways related to ribosomes, proteasomes, and peroxisomes, whereas autophagy showed an increase in response to stress after 24 h, but not after 48 h. These findings provide novel insights into how U. prolifera adapts to elevated temperature and light stress.

Objective Conventional oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) approach is possible from the L2/3 to L4/5 levels. However, obstruction of the lower ribs (10th–12th) makes it difficult to maintain disc parallel maneuvers or orthogonal maneuvers. To overcome these limitations, we proposed an intercostal retroperitoneal (ICRP) approach to access the upper lumbar spine. This method does not expose the parietal pleura or require rib resection and employs a small incision. Methods We enrolled patients who underwent a lateral interbody procedure on the upper lumbar spine (L1/2/3). We compared the incidence of endplate injury between conventional OLIF and ICRP approaches. In addition, by measuring the rib line, the difference in endplate injury according to rib location and approach was analyzed. We also analyzed the previous period (2018–2021) and the year 2022, when the ICRP has been actively applied. Results A total of 121 patients underwent lateral interbody fusion to the upper lumbar spine (OLIF approach, 99 patients; ICRP approach, 22 patients). Endplate injuries occurred in 34 of 99 (34.3%) and 2 of 22 patients (9.1%) during the conventional and ICRP approaches, respectively (p = 0.037; odds ratio, 5.23). When the rib line was located at the L2/3 disc or L3 body, the endplate injury rate was 52.6% (20 of 38) for the OLIF approach but 15.4% (2 of 13) for the ICRP approach. Since 2022, the proportion of OLIF including L1/2/3 levels has increased 2.9-fold. Conclusion The ICRP approach is effective in reducing the incidence of endplate injury in patients with a relatively lower rib line, without pleural exposure or rib resection.

Alzheimer’s disease: A tool for preventing toxic tangles The discovery that an already approved drug can disrupt tau protein aggregation in cultured cells and live mice could guide the development of new therapies for Alzheimer’s. Tau plays an important role in organizing the internal structure of neurons, but in neurodegenerative disease is seen to form abnormal assemblies that are toxic to cells. Researchers led by Ae Nim Pae and Yun Kyung Kim at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea have devised an assay that allowed them to identify agents that actively interfere with this process. Levosimendan, a drug approved for heart failure, broke up tau aggregates in cell culture and reduced cognitive symptoms in a mouse model of tau-induced neurodegeneration. Further investigation of levosimendan’s mode of action could yield interventions that slow or prevent Alzheimer’s progression.

IntroductionSubjective cognitive complaints (SCC) refer to self-reported cognitive decline that may or may not be reflected in objective neuropsychological evaluations. Such SCC are prevalent in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the prevalence and clinical features in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have not been investigated.MethodsWe recruited 83 PSP patients without dementia and investigated their SCC using a semi-structured interview. Comprehensive neuropsychological test results and patient clinical features were compared according to presence of SCC and underlying cognitive state.ResultsAmong the 83 patients, 16 had normal cognition (NC), 67 had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 36 (43.4%) reported SCC. Among NC patients, 37.5% (6/16) had SCC, while 44.8% (30/67) of MCI patients reported SCC. There were no differences between the neuropsychological test results or demographic and clinical characteristics of PSP patients with or without SCC in the NC group. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the MCI+SCC (MCI with SCC)and MCI-SCC (MCI without SCC) groups were comparable, but the MCI+SCC group had significantly worse neuropsychological scores than the MCI-SCC group, particularly in tests assessing attention, language, visual memory, and fronto-executive function domains.DiscussionWhile SCC are commonly reported by PSP patients, patients with PSP and MCI+SCC had worse cognitive function than those who did not report SCC. These findings suggest that SCC in PSP patients with MCI could be a worsening sign of cognitive function. Therefore, it is crucial for physicians to assess SCC in PSP patients and to provide timely diagnosis and management of cognitive decline.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of gamma irradiated recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pellets, powder, and fibers on the mechanical performance and ductility of cementitious mortar. The sensitivity to gamma irradiation was explored by varying the irradiation rate and total dose. The recycled PET additives employed in this experiment consisted of pellets and their different application forms: powder and fiber, containing 30 % recycled raw materials polymerized through a chemically recycled method. For comparison, plain mortar composite and virgin PET mortar composite were used as controls. When PET pellets partially replaced the aggregate, the compressive strength of the composite decreased significantly as the volume fraction of pellets increased. Conversely, specimens partially replaced by PET powder showed an overall increase in compressive strength compared to the control specimens, regardless of the volume fraction of powder, gamma irradiation rate, or total dose, with no change in ductility. To assess changes in tensile strength and ductility of the recycled PET fibers under different gamma irradiation rates and total doses, direct fiber tensile tests were conducted. The gamma-irradiated fiber specimens exhibited a slight increase in strength and ductility. This information allowed for the calibration of the tensile material constitutive relationship of PET fibers, which was subsequently used in nonlinear finite element analysis. The study also investigated the variation in direct tensile, compressive, and flexural strengths with different volume fractions of fiber. The results indicated that the strength enhancement was minimal, but the direct tensile and flexural tensile analyses predicted an enhancement.

Abstract Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) probes are powerful molecular sensors that surpass the capabilities of conventional fluorescence or absorbance techniques. ECL offers distinct advantages, including exceptional photophysical properties, cost‐effectiveness, rapid response in sample analysis, high selectivity and sensitivity, ease of operation, portability, and high quantum yields. These advantages make ECL an ideal modality for quantifying biologically relevant species without disrupting regular cellular processes. The development of highly sensitive strategies for disease targets is of paramount importance in the fields of biological science and medicine. Furthermore, the increasing concerns surrounding the environment and health have resulted in the urgent need of discovering new sensors and biomarker detection approaches that are economically viable. Significant research has been conducted on chemosensors, called chemodosimeters, which utilize selective reaction‐based turn‐on phenomena. This review presents the research achievements in the design protocols, mechanisms, and recognition applications of various types of the reaction‐based ECL chemodosimeter. It specifically covers applications in the quantification of thiols, reactive oxygen‐nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and gaseous signalling molecules. By shedding light on the ECL potential, we aim to inspire chemists and chemical biologists to explore novel strategies. These advancements will lead to the improved detection and visualization of biomedical targets.

The bacterial communities related to seaweed can vary considerably across different locations, and these variations influence the seaweed’s nutrition, growth, and development. To study this further, we evaluated the bacteria found on the green marine seaweed Ulva prolifera from Garorim Bay and Muan Bay, two key locations on Republic of Korea’s west coast. Our analysis found notable differences in the bacterial communities between the two locations. Garorim Bay hosted a more diverse bacterial population, with the highest number of ASVs (871) compared to Muan Bay’s 156 ASVs. In Muan Bay, more than 50% of the bacterial community was dominated by Pseudomonadota. On the other hand, Garorim Bay had a more balanced distribution between Bacteroidota and Pseudomonadota (37% and 35.5%, respectively). Additionally, Cyanobacteria, particularly Cyanothece aeruginosa, were found in significant numbers in Garorim Bay, making up 8% of the community. Mineral analysis indicated that Garorim Bay had higher levels of S, Na, Mg, Ca, and Fe. Function-wise, both locations exhibited bacterial enrichment in amino acid production, nucleosides, and nucleotide pathways. In conclusion, this study broadens our understanding of the bacterial communities associated with Ulva prolifera in Korean waters and provides a foundation for future research on the relationships between U. prolifera and its bacteria.

Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) is an excellent treatment option for a number of lumbar diseases. LIF can be performed through posterior, transforaminal, anterior, and lateral or oblique approaches. Each technique has its own pearls and pitfalls. Through LIF, segmental stabilization, neural decompression, and deformity correction can be achieved. Minimally invasive surgery has recently gained popularity and each LIF procedure can be performed using minimally invasive techniques to reduce surgery-related complications and improve early postoperative recovery. Despite advances in surgical technology, surgery-related complications after LIF, such as pseudoarthrosis, have not yet been overcome. Although autogenous iliac crest bone graft is the gold standard for spinal fusion, other bone substitutes are available to enhance fusion rate and reduce complications associated with bone harvest. This article reviews the surgical procedures and characteristics of each LIF and the osteobiologics utilized in LIF based on the available evidence.

Methods to detect and distinguish the early stage of viral infection often involve complicated and time-consuming protocols. Here, the authors disclose a class of fluorescent molecules that enable fast detection of avian influenza virus infection by selectively localizing at the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell.

Chemotherapy-induced cachexia causes severe metabolic abnormalities independently of cancer and reduces the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. The underlying mechanism of chemotherapy-induced cachexia remains unclear. Here we investigated the cytarabine (CYT)-induced alteration in energy balance and its underlying mechanisms in mice. We compared energy balance-associated parameters among the three groups of mice: CON, CYT, and PF (pair-fed mice with the CYT group) that were intravenously administered vehicle or CYT. Weight gain, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and nocturnal energy expenditure were significantly lowered in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups. The CYT group demonstrated less energy intake than the CON group and higher respiratory quotient than the PF group, indicating that CYT induced cachexia independently from the anorexia-induced weight loss. Serum triglyceride was significantly lower in the CYT group than in the CON group, whereas the intestinal mucosal triglyceride levels and the lipid content within the small intestine enterocyte were higher after lipid loading in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups, suggesting that CYT inhibited lipid uptake in the intestine. This was not associated with obvious intestinal damage. The CYT group showed increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel in duodenal villi compared to that in the CON and CYT groups, suggesting their imperative role in the CYT-induced inhibition of lipid uptake. CYT worsens cachexia independently of anorexia by inhibiting the intestinal lipid uptake, via the increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel.

Aims: Metformin improves glucose regulation through various mechanisms in the periphery. Our previous study revealed that oral intake of metformin activates several brain regions, including the hypothalamus, and directly activates hypothalamic S6 kinase in mice. In this study, we aimed to identify the direct effects of metformin on glucose regulation in the brain.Materials and methods: We investigated the role of metformin in peripheral glucose regulation by directly administering metformin intracerebroventricularly in mice. The effect of centrally administered metformin (central metformin) on peripheral glucose regulation was evaluated by oral or intraperitoneal glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance tests. Hepatic gluconeogenesis and gastric emptying were assessed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Liver-specific and systemic sympathetic denervation were performed.Results: Central metformin improved the glycemic response to oral glucose load in mice compared to that in the control group, and worsened the response to intraperitoneal glucose load, indicating its dual role in peripheral glucose regulation. It lowered the ability of insulin to decrease serum glucose levels and worsened the glycemic response to pyruvate load relative to the control group. Furthermore, it increased the expression of hepatic G6pc and decreased the phosphorylation of STAT3, suggesting that central metformin increased hepatic glucose production. The effect was mediated by sympathetic nervous system activation. In contrast, it induced a significant delay in gastric emptying in mice, suggesting its potent role in suppressing intestinal glucose absorption.Conclusion: Central metformin improves glucose tolerance by delaying gastric emptying through the brain-gut axis, but at the same time worsens it by increasing hepatic glucose production via the brain-liver axis. However, with its ordinary intake, central metformin may effectively enhance its glucose-lowering effect through the brain-gut axis, which could surpass its effect on glucose regulation via the brain-liver axis.

Background Iliac artery occlusion accompanied by spinal canal stenosis is rare. All reported cases were treated with endovascular stenting for iliac artery occlusion. We report the first case of external iliac artery occlusion accompanied by spinal stenosis, which was successfully treated with conservative treatment. Case presentation A 66-year-old man with lower extremity pain and claudication visited the outpatient spine clinic. He complained of a tingling sensation in the L5 dermatome of the right leg and L4 dermatome of the left leg. Magnetic resonance imaging showed central stenosis in at the L4–5 and L5–S1 levels, and lateral recess stenosis at the L5–S1 level. The patient's symptoms were ambiguous with mixed neurological claudication and vascular claudication. Computed tomography of the lower extremity artery showed complete occlusion in the right external iliac artery. Conservative treatment with clopidogrel and beraprost sodium was performed. After treatment, his symptoms gradually improved. Clopidogrel and beraprost sodium were continued for 4 years. Follow-up computed tomography at 4 years showed recanalization of the right external iliac artery occlusion. Conclusions We describe a rare case of external iliac artery occlusion and spinal stenosis. External iliac artery occlusion may be successfully treated only with conservative treatment using medication.

Abstract Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) has been suspected to cause toxicity invertebrates, but its phenotypic effects and the underlying regulatory mechanism have not been fully revealed. Generally, cellular responses tightly control and affect various phenotypes. The scope of the whole organism or cellular toxicological phenotyping, however, has been limited, and quantitative analysis methods using phenotype data have not been fully established. Here, we demonstrated that fluorescence imaging of sub-organelle-based phenomic analysis together with transcriptomic profiling can enable a comprehensive understanding of correlations between molecular and phenomic events. To reveal the cellular response to TDCPP exposure, we obtained three sub-organelle images as fluorescent phenotypes. Transcriptomic perturbation data were measured from the RNA-seq experiment, and both profiling results were analyzed together. Interestingly, organelle phenomic data showed a unique fluorescent intensity increase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and pathway analysis using transcriptomic data also revealed that ER was significantly enriched in gene ontology terms. Following the series of analyses, RNA-seq data also revealed potential carcinogenic effects of TDCPP. Our multi-dimensional profiling approach for organophosphate chemicals can uniquely correlate phenotypic changes with transcriptomic perturbations.

Abstract In diabetes, platelets are activated by several stimuli, and the activated platelets generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce the aggregation of platelets followed by thrombus formation resulting in various cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, detecting ROS perturbations in platelets can provide a clue to diagnosing diabetes. In this paper, iridium‐based self‐immolative probes (1a‐1c) are reported to monitor perturbations of ROS in the blood through photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL). The probes are designed based on an iridium complex conjugated with phenylboronic acid pinacol ester through carbamate moiety. Three probes contain distinct electron‐withdrawing groups at the ortho‐position in the benzyl linker; thus, subtle reactivity differences are expected against ROS. As expected, all three probes exhibit the most apparent PL changes against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but their response patterns against ROS are interestingly distinctive. Utilizing such differential ROS responsive pattern, a discrimination strategy is established using a combination of PL and ECL responses, and discrimination of platelets from diabetic and control rats is successfully demonstrated.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) obtained from genetically characterized patients benefit the biological study of bipolar disorder (BD). Here, we present iPSC lines from three-generation patients with BD and recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) and a healthy control sibling in a family. All patients shared the specified haplotype in the 1p36–35, previously reported as the susceptibility locus of mood disorders. iPSCs were generated with the reprogramming factors OTC3/4, l-MYC, LIN28, SOX2, KLF4, and p53 shRNA through non-integrated episomal vectors. All iPSC lines strongly expressed pluripotency markers and proved the ability to differentiate into three germ lineages in vitro.

Abstract Background Vertebroplasty (VP) is considered an alternative therapy in an osteoporotic compression fracture that failed conservative treatment. However, cement leakage into the intradural space can cause catastrophic complications. To the best of our knowledge, intradural cement leakage following VP has been reported only in 7 cases. We report here a case of intradural cement leakage following VP with a literature review. Case presentation An 84-year-old female with an L1 osteoporotic fracture underwent percutaneous VP at a local hospital. Immediately after the procedure, she complained of weakness, numbness, and pain in both legs, and her back pain aggravated. She was transferred to our hospital. The initial muscle power was grade 2 for the right leg and grade 4 for the left leg. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed intradural cement leakage from T10 to L2. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an intradural mass lesion. Although we performed total laminectomy with durotomy and removed intradural cement completely, the neurological deficit did not completely recover. The muscle power was grade 3 for the right leg and grade 4 for the left leg at the last follow-up. Conlcusions If a neurological deficit is found after VP, a CT scan should be taken to confirm the pattern of cement leakage. In case of intradural cement leakage, surgical decompression should be recommended to improve neurological deficit. To prevent intradural cement leakage during the VP, the needle tip should not perforate the medial wall of the pedicle with appropriate viscosity of cement.

(1) Background: Recently, Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (E. coli-derived rhBMP-2) has been increasingly applied to different types of spinal surgeries and reported to achieve successful fusion. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of rhBMP-2 in patients undergoing posterior instrumented fusions for unstable spinal fractures. (2) Methods: This study included ten consecutive patients undergoing spinal surgery using E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 with more than one year of follow-up. Radiologic outcomes were compared, including the average fracture healing period, local kyphosis correction, and clinical outcomes between preoperative and the last follow-up. (3) Results: The average time of radiographic union was 99.9 ± 45.4 (62–192) days, with an average use of 5.2 ± 3.9 months of anabolic agents. Radiologic parameters such as anterior vertebral height and vertebral wedge angle were significantly corrected postoperatively and at the last follow-up. Clinical outcomes other than leg pain were significantly improved after the surgery. In addition, four patients with preoperative neurologic deficits showed improved neurologic status. (4) Conclusions: Combined with the anabolic agents, applying E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 to the fractured vertebral body could be an effective surgical treatment for unstable spinal fractures. Further trials are needed to validate this result.

Abstract Background Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) can cause various neurological symptoms and reduce the daily activity of patients. Many studies have shown that free physical activities and exercise can improve bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with osteoporosis. However, the effect of LSS on BMD has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of LSS on BMD in patients treated with ibandronate for newly diagnosed osteoporosis. Methods Group 1 included 83 patients treated for osteoporosis alone, and group 2 included 76 patients treated for both osteoporosis and symptomatic LSS. We confirmed four BMD values presented as T-score at initial, and 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-ups. Mean BMD and annual changes of BMD for three years were compared between the two groups. Correlations between initial BMD and total change of BMD, and related factors for continuous BMD improvement for three years were also evaluated. Results Mean annual BMDs were significantly higher in group 1 compared than in group 2 (-3.39 vs. -3.58 at 1-year; -3.27 vs. -3.49 at 2-year; -3.13 vs. -3.45 at 3-year; all p

Metabolites can distinguish pathogenic from healthy cells, but they are hard to couple to current photosensitizers without altering their biological activity. Here the authors design a new family of photosensitizers that retain metabolite function to target pathogenic cells and ablate them by photodynamic therapy.

Introduction Disseminated herpes zoster is defined as at least 20 skin lesions in multiple dermatomes. In particular, it has been reported mainly in patients with immunological defects. To our knowledge, there is no reported case of disseminated zoster in a non-immunocompromised patient with leg radiating pain and weakness. Case presentation A 74-year-old man visited our hospital with left leg radiating pain and left hip pain. He had no underlying disease other than hypertension. Neurologic examination revealed radiating pain on the L4 dermatome of the left leg. The muscle power was grade 3 for the hip flexor and knee extensor, and grade 4 for the ankle dorsiflexor and big toe dorsiflexor of the left leg. There were no sensory changes or skin lesions on his left leg. Herniation of the nucleus pulposus of the lumbar spine was suspected and lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. However, no pathologic lesions were seen on lumbar MRI. On the third day of hospitalization, erythematous patches and vesicles were observed on the head, face, ear, neck, trunk, back, and both lower extremities. Herpes zoster infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Treatment was performed with 250 mg of intravenous acyclovir every 8 hours for 6 days and 62.5 mg of intravenous methylprednisolone for 4 days. On the 13th day of hospitalization, the skin lesions and left leg radiating pain and weakness improved. Conclusion We report the first case of disseminated herpes zoster involving the whole body in a non-immunocompromised patient complaining of left leg radiating pain and weakness. After treatment, both the patient’s radiating pain and weakness improved.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used, and extensive research has been conducted on new electrode materials. Silicon has been widely studied as an anode material. However, Si has a problem which is the large volume expansion. This study improved the electrochemical properties of Si thin films by employing a Ti-Nb-Zr SMA as a replacement candidate. The electrodes were prepared using two-step DC magnetron sputtering, followed by heat treatment to improve the adhesion between the Si thin film and the Ti-Nb-Zr film of the electrodes. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the SMA changed from the β (BCC) phase structure to the α (HCP) crystalline phase because of the volume changes arising from the Li-Si reactions during the lithiation/delithiation process. Additionally, the heat treatment significantly improved the adhesion between the active materials and substrate, improving the internal charge transfer bond and the martensite properties of the alloy allows it to work in the full sense. This study highlights a high-capacity, long cycle life, and free-standing electrode improvement by combining the shape-memory behavior recrystallization mechanism of heat-treated superelastic passive Ti-Nb-Zr for Si anode materials.

Abstract Background Charcot spinal arthropathy, also known as Charcot spine and neuropathic spinal arthropathy, is a progressive and destructive condition that affects an intervertebral disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies following loss of spinal joint innervation. We report the first case of Charcot spinal arthropathy (CSA) associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-cutaneous fistula. Case presentation A 54-year-old male who underwent T10-L2 posterior instrumented spinal fusion seven years prior for treatment of T11 burst fracture and accompanying T11 complete paraplegia visited our department complaining of leakage of clear fluid at his lower back. The patient had also undergone various types of skin graft and myocutaneous flap surgeries for treatment of repetitive pressure sores around his lumbosacral area. The patient presented with persistent CSF leakage from a cutaneous fistula (CSF-cutaneous fistula) formed in a lumbosacral pressure sore. The CSF-cutaneous fistula arose from the L5 post-traumatic CSA. Surgery was planned for management of CSF-cutaneous fistula and post-traumatic L5 CSA. We successfully treated the CSF-cutaneous fistula with ligation and transection of the dural sac and cauda equina at the L2-L3 level. In addition, the post-traumatic L5 CSA was successfully treated with a posterior four-rod spinopelvic fixation from T9 to ilium and S2 foramina. After surgery, the CSF leakage stopped and no other adverse neurological changes were found. The four-rod spinopelvic construct was well maintained five years later. Conclusions CSA associated with CSF-cutaneous fistula is a very rare disorder. Only surgical treatment for both CSA and CSF-cutaneous fistula with ligation and transection of the dural sac and posterior four-rod spinopelvic fixation can bring satisfactory results.

Objective The “disc degeneration precedes facet joint osteoarthritis” hypothesis and multidimensional analysis were actively discussed in lumbar spine. However, in cervical spine degeneration, the multifactorial analyzes of disc degeneration (DD), Modic changes (Mcs), facet degeneration, and endplate degeneration (ED) is still limited. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to analyze the prevalence and interrelationship of cervical DD parameters. Methods We retrospectively recruited 62 patients aged between 60 and 70 years. The disc height, segmental angle, ossified posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), ED, facet joint degeneration (FD), uncovertebral joint degeneration (UD), DD, spinal stenosis (SS), Mc, and cord signal change (CS) were evaluated using a previously well-known grading system. Results The prevalence of cervical degenerative parameters were DD (grade 1, 1.2%; grade 2, 13.3%; grade 3, 54.8%; grade 4, 19.0%; grade 5, 11.7%), OPLL (26.2%), SS (grade 0, 7.7%; grade 1, 42.3%; grade 2, 26.2%; grade 3, 23.8%), UD (39.1%), ED (normal, 69.0%; focal defect, 9.7%; corner defect, 11.7%; erosion, 6.9%; sclerosis, 2.8%), and FD (normal, 48.8%; narrowing, 27.0%; hypertrophied, 24.2%). The interrelationship of degenerative parameters showed close relation between UD, SS, DD, OPLL, Mc. ED, and CS has partial relation with degenerative finding. FD only has relation with UD, and Mc. Conclusion Our results may indicate that FD is a degeneration that occurs independently, rather than as a result of other degenerative factors.

Abstract Molecular aggregates are receiving tremendous attention, demonstrating immense potential for biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. For instance, the molecular aggregates of conventional fluorophores influence the electronic excitation states of the aggregates, causing characteristic photophysical property changes. A fundamental understanding of this classical relationship between molecular aggregate structures and photophysics has allowed for innovative biological applications. The chemical characteristics of drug molecules generally trigger the formation of colloidal aggregates, and this is considered detrimental to the drug discovery process. Furthermore, nano‐sized supramolecular aggregates have been used in biomedical imaging and therapy owing to their optimal properties for in vivo utility, including enhanced cell permeability, passive tumor targeting, and convenient surface engineering. Herein, we provide an overview of the recent trends in molecular aggregates for biomedical applications. The changes in photophysical properties of conventional fluorophores and their biological applications are discussed, followed by the effects of conventional drug molecule‐aggregates on drug discovery and therapeutics development. Recent trends in the investigation of biologically important analytes with aggregation‐induced emission are discussed for conventional and unconventional fluorophores. Lastly, we discuss nano‐sized supramolecular aggregates used in imaging and therapeutic purposes, with a focus on in vivo utilization.

We study $SU(5)$ chiral gauge theories on $R^3\times S^1$. With an unequal number of fundamental and antifundmental matter representations we calculate nontrivial pre-ADS superpotentials generated by composite multi-monopoles. We also point out that the structure of the composite multi-monopoles can be determined simply from the affine Dynkin diagrams of the gauge group and its unbroken subgroup. For the case of one flavor, we find that the superpotential is independent of the composite meson. We show that dynamical 4D SUSY breaking in the simplest chiral $SU(5)$ gauge theory can be demonstrated directly via semi-classical effects on the circle.

Polymyositis is a subgroup of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies characterized by symmetric proximal limb weakness and chronic skeletal muscle inflammation. We herein report the first case of bilateral leg pain and unilateral calf atrophy caused by polymyositis accompanying lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation. A 52-year-old man presented with intermittent claudication and calf pain that had become gradually aggravated during the last 3 months. Magnetic resonance imaging showed spinal stenosis at the L3/4 and L4/5 levels and lumbar disc herniation at the L4/5 level. Preoperative laboratory investigations revealed elevated muscle enzyme concentrations. Magnetic resonance imaging also showed atrophy, fatty degeneration, and edema in both calf muscles. Histological examination showed inflammatory myositis and fibrosis in the perifascicular connective tissues. The patient was diagnosed with polymyositis. We performed decompressive laminectomy at the L3/4 and L4/5 levels and discectomy at the L4/5 level. After administration of prednisolone for 6 months and methotrexate for 3 months, the patient’s bilateral calf pain and abnormal laboratory findings improved. The combination of surgical decompression and adequate medical treatment resulted in a successful recovery. Polymyositis should be suspected in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis or lumbar disc herniation who exhibit increased muscle enzyme concentrations or lower extremity muscle atrophy.

Natural and mixed convections around heat sinks with inclined-pin fins had been studied for various design parameters, showing that careful trade-off studies were necessary depending on operating conditions. Previous studies, however, assumed heat sinks in an open space or limited channel heights. In this study, the mixed convection around inclined-pin fins on a heated plate in a vertical channel were investigated for various bypass ratios. Solutions of three-dimensional governing equations were calculated with the Boussinesq approximation. A representative computational domain was constructed assuming the periodic condition in the spanwise direction. While varying the bypass ratio from 2 to 10 based on the fin height, we compared the thermal and flow characteristics for the range of Richardson number Ri = 0.3–10. The fin-inclination angle was also varied from −45° to +45°. We summarized the flow pattern, temperature distribution, local and average Nusselt numbers for various parameters variation. The negatively inclined fins have shown better thermal performance when the bypass ratio was high, but the positively inclined fins have a larger average Nusselt number for Hb/Hf = 4. The presented results will contribute to heat sink design by offering new information on practical installation conditions with limited space envelop.

Objective Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is the most commonly performed procedure for degenerative cervical spondylosis. Because of its relatively low invasiveness and surgical procedure, old age is not regarded as an exclusion criterion for ACDF. However, very few studies have been conducted on the radiological and clinical outcomes of ACDF in older patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiological and clinical outcomes of ACDF in older patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 48 patients (> 65 years) who underwent ACDF from January 2011 to December 2015. We divided the patients into 2 groups: young-old age group (65–74 years) and middle-old age group (≥ 75 years). Cervical lateral radiographs taken in the neutral standing position were evaluated preoperatively (PRE), on postoperative day 7 (POST), and at the 1-year follow-up (F/U). The radiological parameters included cervical angle (CA: C2–7 Cobb angle), segmental angle, total intervertebral height, disc height, sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 slope (T1s), and range of cervical motion (extension CA minus flexion CA). Postoperative hospital days, comorbidities, complications, and clinical outcomes were also analyzed. Results We analyzed data from 48 patients (group A: n = 30 patients, 46 segments, mean age, 68.60 ± 3.36 years; group B: n = 18 patients, 23 segments, mean age, 79.22 ± 2.63 years). The surgical levels were as follows: C3/4, 4; C4/5, 7; C5/6, 10; C6/7, 29; and C7/ T1, 6 levels, and there were no significant between-group differences in the distribution. There were no significant between-group differences in the fusion and subsidence rates (fusion rate: group A, 76.2%; group B, 71.4%; p = 0.732; subsidence rate: group A, 34.8%; group B, 26.1%; p = 0.587). There was no longitudinal trend in the repeated-measurements analysis of variance test of the 2 groups of the PRE, POST, and F/U data for each radiological parameter. According to the paired t-test, T1 slope (T1s), SVA, and CA did not differ preoperatively and postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference in visual analogue scale scores (axial, arm), the Neck Disability Index, or Odom’s criteria between the 2 groups (p = 0.448, p = 0.357, and p = 0.913). Conclusion There was no significant difference in radiological and clinical outcomes between young-old and middle-old patients. Middle-old age does not seem to be a limitation to ACDF, but larger-scale and longer-term studies are needed to confirm the findings of this study.

Objective : This study focuses on identifying potential complications following oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) through routine magnetic resonance (MR) scans. Methods : From 650 patients who underwent OLIF from April 2018 to April 2022, this study included those with MR scans taken 1-week post-operatively, and only for indirect decompression patients. The analysis evaluated postoperative MR images for hematoma, cage insertion angles, and indirect decompression efficiency. Patient demographics, post-operatively symptoms, and complications were also evaluated. Results : Out of 401 patients enrolled, most underwent 1- or 2-level OLIF. Common findings included approach site hematoma (65.3%) and contralateral psoas hematoma (19%). The caudal level OLIF was related with less orthogonality and deep insertion of cage. Incomplete indirect decompression occurred in 4.66% of cases but did not require additional surgery. Rare but symptomatic complications included remnant disc rupture (four cases, 1%) and synovial cyst rupture (four cases, 1%). Conclusion : This study has identified potential complications associated with OLIF, including approach site hematoma, contralateral psoas hematoma, cage malposition risk at caudal levels, and radiologically insufficient indirect decompression. Additionally, it highlights rare, yet symptomatic complications such as remnant disc rupture and synovial cyst rupture. These findings contribute insights into the relatively under-explored area of OLIF complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eurasian tree sparrow data from the 4th National Ecosystem Survey (2014 ~ 2018) were used for sparrows, which are known to decrease by about one third over 40 years. Data on altitude and land type among GIS factors in the Eurasian tree sparrow Recorded 6 Metropolitan City(Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, Ulsan, Busan) of Republic of Korea were generated. As a result, altitudes and land types were generated for 578 Eurasian tree sparrow.

Background Progression of the tear size and erosion of the greater tuberosity (femoralization) in the supraspinatus tear makes it difficult to repair or increases the risk of a re-tear. This study examined the proximal articular surface and greater tuberosity of the humeral head in plain radiography. Methods Two-hundred forty-seven cases, whose anteroposterior (AP) radiographs were taken correctly, were included from 288 cases, in whom the status of the supraspinatus had been confirmed by surgery. After downloading the plain AP radiograph as DICOM, the radius of the circle apposed at the superior half of the articular surface of the head, and the distance between the circle and the farthest point of the greater tuberosity (‘height’ of the greater tuberosity) were calculated using the software (TechHime, Korea). MRI checked the number of torn tendons and degree of muscular atrophy. Results The following were encountered: 93 intact supraspinatus, 50 partial-thickness tears, and 104 full-thickness tears. In the analysis using the 93 intact cases, the average radius of the rotation center was 25.3 mm in male and 22.3 mm in female. The average height of the greater tuberosity from the circle with the same rotation center was 4.3 mm in male and 4.2 mm in female with no statistical significance. The correlation between the reparability of supraspinatus and height of the greater tuberosity, fatty infiltration, and muscular atrophy was confirmed. Conclusions The height of the greater tuberosity from the circle with the same rotation center was 4.3 mm in male and 4.2 mm in female. This height was strongly correlated with muscular atrophy and fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus tendon.

Premature drug release and poor controllability is a challenge in the practical application of tumor therapy, which may lead to poor chemotherapy efficacy and severe adverse effects. In this study, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-cleavable nanoparticle system (MXene-TK-DOX@PDA) was designed for effective chemotherapy drug delivery and antibacterial applications. Doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to the surface of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized MXene via an ROS-cleavable diacetoxyl thioketal (TK) linkage. Subsequently, the surfaces of the MXene nanosheets were coated with pH-responsive polydopamine (PDA) as a gatekeeper. PDA endowed the MXene-TK-DOX@PDA nanoparticles with superior biocompatibility and stability. The MXene-TK-DOX@PDA nanoparticles had an ultrathin planar structure and a small lateral size of approximately 180 nm. The as-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency, superior photothermal stability, and a remarkable extinction coefficient (23.3 L g−1 cm−1 at 808 nm). DOX exhibited both efficient ROS-responsive and pH-responsive release performance from MXene-TK-DOX@PDA nanoparticles due to the cleavage of the thioketal linker. In addition, MXene-TK-DOX@PDA nanoparticles displayed high antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) within 5 h. Taken together, we hope that MXene-TK-DOX@PDA nanoparticles will enrich the drug delivery system and significantly expand their applications in the biomedical field

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used in many fields, such as consumer electronics and automotive and grid storage, and its applications continue to expand. Several studies have attempted to improve the performance of LIBs. In particular, the use of high-capacity silicon and tin as anodes has been widely studied. Although anodes composed of silicone and tin have high theoretical capacities, poor electrical conductivity and considerable volume expansion of such anodes deteriorate the LIB performance. Thus, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), a zero-strain material, has attracted much attention with high cycle stability and rate capability through improved electrical conductivity. However, LTO has the disadvantages of a low electrical conductivity (10−8 to 10−13 S cm−1) and moderate Li+ ion diffusion coefficient (10−9 to 10−16 cm2 s−1). In this study, the flexible and free-standing composite films were fabricated using only LTO and multi-walled carbon nanotube(CNT) with high electrical conductivity and ion diffusivity. The prepared LTO/CNT films showed a higher charge/discharge capacity than the theoretical capacity of the LTO electrode.

Background: Ankylosed spines with ankylosing spondylitis or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) are prone to fractures due to osteoporosis and fracture instability from long lever arm. In such cases, surgical management is the main treatment option. Case presentation: We report a first case of successful treatment of unstable bony Chance fracture at thoracolumbar junction in DISH patient using teriparatide and review previous literature on ankylosed spine fractures treated with teriparatide. An 82-year-old male patient presented with back pain after falling from a 3 m height 3 months ago. Imaging studies showed L1 unstable flexion-distraction injury (bony Chance fracture) and intravertebral vacuum cleft in ankylosed spine due to DISH. Conservative treatment, teriparatide and orthosis, was determined as the most appropriate approach because the patient declined surgery and presented with tolerable mechanical back pain without any neurologic deficits. Solid bony union was successfully achieved without any complications after 1-year treatment. Conclusion: Although surgical management is strongly recommended for unstable fracture in ankylosed spine, non-surgical treatment including teriparatide and orthosis might be safer and effective options in bony Chance fracture without neurologic deficits and intractable mechanical pain.

Purpose: Various surgical methods have been reported for Kummell’s disease with neurologic deficits. The aim of this study was to introduce long-segmental posterior fusion (LPF) combined with vertebroplasty (VP) and wiring as an alternative surgical technique. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 10 patients undergoing posterior decompression and LPF combined with VP and wiring for Kummell’s disease with neurologic deficits from January 2011 to December 2014. The radiologic outcomes included the local kyphotic angle (LKA) and vertebral wedge angle (VWA). Clinical outcomes, including the visual analog scale (VAS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Frankel grade were assessed. Surgery-related complications were also evaluated. Results: The mean age of the included patients was 77 ± 8 years with a mean follow-up period of 31.4 ± 4.9 months and a mean bone mineral density of −3.5 ± 0.7 (T-score). The mean operation time was 220 ± 32.3 minutes with a mean blood loss of 555 ± 125.7 mL. The preoperative LKA and VWA were significantly corrected postoperatively (37.9 ± 8.7° vs. 15.3 ± 5.3°, p = 0.005 for LKA; 21.3 ± 5.1° vs. 7.6 ± 2.8°, p = 0.005 for VWA) without a loss of correction at the last follow-up. The VAS and ODI were also significantly improved (7.7 ± 1.1 vs. 3.0 ± 1.6, p = 0.007 for VAS; 90.3 ± 8.9 vs. 49.6 ± 22.7, p = 0.007 for ODI). The Frankel grade of all patients was improved by at least 1 or 2 grades at the last follow-up. Surgery-related complications such as intraoperative cement leakage and implant loosening during the follow-up were not observed. Conclusions: LPF combined with VP and wiring might be an effective surgical option for Kummell’s disease with neurologic deficits, especially for the elderly patients with morbidities. Level of Evidence: level IV.