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Ephedra sinica is one of the most famous Chinese medicinal plants. The insufficient supply of wild resources has led to the increased use of cultivated products. However, the related medicinal quality differs significantly. Although the influence of external environment on the quality of E. sinica has been studied, the impact of endophytic microbes on it remains vague. This study characterized differential metabolites and microbial community compositions in the wild and cultivated E. sinica by combining metabolomics with microbiomics, and explored the effect of endophytes on the formation of differential metabolites further. The results showed that the difference in quality between wild and cultivated E. sinica was mainly in the productions of alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The associated endophytes had special compositional characteristics. For instance, the distribution and abundance of dominant endophytes varied between the wild and cultivated E. sinica. Several endophytes had significant, or highly significant correlations with the formations of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, D-cathinone, methcathinone, coumarin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, or phenylacetic acid. This study will deepen our understanding of the plant-endophyte interactions and provide a strategy for the quality control of E. sinica products.

Increased understanding of the interactions between endophytic fungi and plants has led to the discovery of a new generation of chemical compounds and processes between endophytic fungi and plants. Due to the long-term co-evolution between fungal endophytes and host plants, endophytes have evolved special biotransformation abilities, which can have critical consequences on plant metabolic processes and their composition. Biotransformation or bioconversion can impact the synthesis and decomposition of hormones, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, lipids, proteins, and various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, and terpenes. Endophytic fungi produce enzymes and various bioactive secondary metabolites with industrial value and can degrade or sequester inorganic and organic small molecules and macromolecules (e.g., toxins, pollutants, heavy metals). These fungi also have the ability to cause highly selective catalytic conversion of high-value compounds in an environmentally friendly manner, which can be important for the production/innovation of bioactive molecules, food and nutrition, agriculture, and environment. This work mainly summarized recent research progress in this field, providing a reference for further research and application of fungal endophytes. Key points •The industrial value of degradation of endophytes was summarized. • The commercial value for the pharmaceutical industry is reviewed. Graphical abstract

African classical swine fever virus (ASFV) has spread seriously around the world and has dealt with a heavy blow to the pig breeding industry due to the lack of vaccines. In this study, we produced recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) expressing an ASFV p54 and porcine IL-21 (pIL-21) fusion protein and evaluated the immune effect of NC8-pSIP409-pgsA'-p54-pIL-21 in a mouse model. First, we verified that the ASFV p54 protein and p54-pIL-21 fusion protein were anchored on the surface of L. plantarum NC8 by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Then, the results were verified by flow cytometry, ELISA and MTT assays. Mouse-specific humoral immunity and mucosal and T cell-mediated immune responses were induced by recombinant L. plantarum. The results of feeding mice recombinant L. plantarum showed that the levels of serum IgG and mucosal secreted IgA (SIgA), the number of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and the expression of IFN-γ in CD4 and CD8 T cells increased significantly, and lymphocyte proliferation occurred under stimulation with the ASFV p54 protein. Our data lay a foundation for the development of oral vaccines against ASFV in the future.

Ephedra sinica, a well-known Chinese medicinal plant, is characterized as having the opposite medicinal effect among its root and stem. However, there is a lack of understanding to differentiate the active components present in the root and stem of E. sinica, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the differential compounds, which has significantly hampered the further development and utilization of E. sinica resource. In this study, forty-five differential metabolic markers are affiliated to alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and organic acids between root and stem of E. sinica, and sixty genes of key enzymes are involved in their biosynthesis distributed in metabolic pathway branches such as phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropane biosynthesis, based on combination non-targeted metabolome with transcriptome technologies. The finding revealed that the expression activity changes of these enzyme genes had a direct impact on the distinction of differential metabolic markers in the root and stem of E. sinica. This study will help to understand the molecular mechanism of the differentiation and biosynthesis of the primary active metabolites in the root and stem of E. sinica, providing a theoretical foundation for its quality control and promotion in cultivation.

β-Glucanases are a suite of glycoside hydrolases that depolymerize β-glucan into cellooligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides and have been widely used as feed additives in livestock. In this study, two novel glucanase genes, IDSGluc5-26 and IDSGluc5-37, derived from sheep rumen microbiota, were expressed and functionally characterized. The optimal temperatures/pH of recombinant IDSGLUC5-26 and IDSGLUC5-37 were 50°C/5.0 and 40°C/6.0, respectively. Notably, IDSGLUC5-26 showed considerable stability under acidic conditions. Both IDSGLUC5-26 and IDSGLUC5-37 showed the highest activities toward barley β-glucan, with Vmax values of 89.96 ± 9.19 µmol/min/mg and 459.50 ± 25.02 µmol/min/mg, respectively. Additionally, these two glucanases demonstrated hydrolysis of barley β-glucan and Icelandic moss lichenan, IDSGLUC5-26 releasing cellobiose (G2; occupying 17.37% of total reducing sugars), cellotriose (G3; 23.97%), and cellotetraose (G4; 30.93%) from β-glucan and lichenan after 10 min and suggestive of a typical endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC.3.2.1.4). In contrast, IDSGLUC5-37 was capable of liberating dominant G3 (64.11% or 67.55%) from β-glucan or lichenan, suggesting that the enzyme was likely an endo-β-1,3-1,4-glucanases/lichenase (EC3.2.1.73). These findings describe the expression and characterization of two novel glucanase genes from sheep rumen microbiota. The two recombinant enzymes, particularly the acid-adapted IDSGLUC5-26, will be of interest for potential application in food-/feed-additive development.

Objectives of this study were to evaluate the alleviating effects of a commercial beta-1,3-glucan product (Aleta, containing 50% beta-1,3-glucan, Kemin Industries) on metabolic stress in transition Holstein cows as reflected by circulating metabolites and enzymes. Fifty-four multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated to three groups with 18 cows each. Cows in each group received a commercial basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with Aleta calculated to supply 5 or 10 g of Aleta per cow per day. Blood samples were collected at day −21, 1, and 21 relative to calving for determination of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) , very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Supplementation with Aleta markedly elevated serum concentrations of TG, TC, HDL C, LDL-C and VLDL, implying its positive effect on lipid metabolism in transition dairy cows. Aleta treatment significantly decreased the serum concentrations of NEFA and BHBA, but markedly elevated the serum concentrations of glucose and insulin. Also, Aleta treatment significantly elevated the dry matter intake and milk production in postpartum cows, indicating the alleviating effect of Aleta on negative energy balance in transition cows. Moreover, Aleta treatment significantly reduced the serum activities of AST, ALT and GGT, indicating its hepatoprotective effect on transition cows. These results suggest that Aleta supplementation may help to improve fat metabolism disorder initiated by negative energy balance in transition dairy cows.

High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques were used to study the mechanism that underlies the influence of rapid cold-stamping deformation on the fracture behavior of the elongated nanoprecipitated phase in extruded Al−Cu−Mg alloy. Results show that the interface between the long strip-shaped S′ phase and the aluminum matrix in the extruded Al−Cu−Mg alloy is flat and breaks during rapid cold-stamping deformation. The breaking mechanisms are distortion and brittle failure, redissolution, and necking. The breakage of the long strip S′ phase increases the contact surface between the S′ phase and the aluminum matrix and improves the interfacial distortion energy. This effect accounts for the higher free energy of the S′ phase than that of the matrix and creates conditions for the redissolution of solute atoms back into the aluminum matrix. The brittle S′ phase produces a resolved step during rapid cold-stamping deformation. This step further accelerates the diffusion of solute atoms and promotes the redissolution of the S′ phase. Thus, the S′ phase necks and separates, and the long strip-shaped S′ phase in the extruded Al−Cu−Mg alloy is broken into a short and thin S′ phase.

There are many species of Chinese traditional leguminosae family plants that are well known for their medicinal applications, such as Astragalus membranaceus, Catsia tora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Sophora flavescens and Albacia acacia. Their unique bioactive composition and internal phenological environment contribute to the formation of specific and unique endophytic fungal communities, which are important resources for new compounds used in a variety of pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, they have not been systematically studied. In the last decade, nearly 64 genera and thousands of species of endophytic fungi have been discovered from leguminosae plants, as well as 138 secondary metabolites (with 34 new compounds) including flavonoid, alkaloids, phenol, anthraquinone, macrolide, terpenoid, phytohormone and many more. These were shown to have diverse applications and benefits, such as antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidative, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective properties. Here, we provide a summarized overview with the aim of raising awareness of endophytic fungi from medicinal leguminosae plants and providing a comprehensive review of the discoveries of new natural products that may be of medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.

The African Classical Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) has spread severely all over the world. The lack of vaccines has dealt a heavy blow to the pig industry.In this study, the p14.5 protein encoded by the African swine fever virus was used as the antigen, and the p14.5 protein gene was expressed in vitro using the Lactobacillus expression system. Three new functional recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum((L. plantarum) were constructed and the p14.5 was successfully detected using western technology.Protein, fusion gene p14.5-IL-33-mouse（P14.5-IL-33-Mus） protein and CTA1-p14.5-DD protein expression.After oral immunization of SPF mice with recombinant lactic acid bacteria, flow cytometry and ELISA were used to detect that the differentiation and maturity of T, B, and DC cells of the mice were higher than those of the control group, and specific antibodies were produced. In contrast, the immune effect of the adjuvant group was stronger than that of the single antigen group, and the IL-33 adjuvant effect was stronger than that of the CTA1-DD adjuvant. This study provides effective data support for the prevention of African swine fever virus infection with new lactic acid bacteria preparations, and has certain innovative significance.

The evolution of nanoprecipitated phases in Al–Cu alloys under severe plastic deformation (SPD) is summarized in this study. SPD at room temperature induces the precipitation of Al–Cu alloys to dissolve, leading to the reformation of supersaturated solid solution in the aluminum matrix. In the process of SPD or aging treatment after the SPD, the reprecipitated phases are precipitated from the aluminum matrix and the mechanical properties of the alloys are remarkably improved. The mechanism and system of the redissolution of the precipitation phases and the effects of redissolution and reprecipitation on the microstructure and properties of Al–Cu alloys are comprehensively analyzed. The development and future of redissolution and reprecipitation of nanoprecipitated phases in Al–Cu alloys are also described.

Dairy cows undergo dramatic physiological changes during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation, which make them vulnerable to metabolic stress and immune dysfunction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial beta-1,3-glucan product (Aleta™, containing 50% beta-1,3-glucan) on productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition cows. Fifty-four multiparous Holstein cows received a control diet or a diet supplemented with 5 or 10 g of beta-1,3-glucan per cow per day from 21 days before expected calving to 21 days after parturition. Blood samples were collected at day −21, 1, and 21 relative to calving. Colostrum and milk were collected at day 1 and 21 after calving, respectively. Data showed that supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan had no effect on milk composition, but increased milk production. Beta-1,3-glucan treatment also improved the milk quality, as shown by reduced milk somatic cell count and increased immunoglobulin levels in colostrum. Notably, beta-1,3-glucan markedly reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein, while elevated serum immunoglobulin levels, indicating its immunity enhancement in transition cows. Moreover, beta-1,3-glucan addition reduced the serum malondialdehyde level and enhanced the activities of serum superoxide dismutase and catalase, which enhanced the antioxidative capacity in transition cows. In summary, supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan improves productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition dairy cows.

The contents of some its crucial metabolites tend to decrease when Rhodiola crenulata is cultured at low altitude. Interestingly, it was found that an endophyte, Phialocephala fortinii, could alleviate this problem.There were 16 151 differential genes including 14 706 up-regulated and 1445 down-regulated unigenes with significant differences (P 0.05), and a total of 1432 metabolites exhibited statistically significant (P 0.05) metabolic differences comprising 27 different marker metabolites which showed highly significant values of VIP 5 and P 0.01. Results highlight differential regulation of 20 enzymatic genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of five different marker metabolites including acetaldehyde, homocysteine, cyclopropylamine, 1-pyrrolinium and halistanol sulfate.The positive physiological effect of P. fortinii on R. crenulata encompasses differential regulation in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and secondary metabolite synthesis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ephedra sinica is widely used in the treatment of diseases due to its rich and diverse pharmacological effects. The quality of E. sinica is various in different years. However, the effect of endophytes on the accumulation of metabolites of E. sinica in different years is still obscure. In this study, the relationship between the ecological succession of bacterial endophytes and metabolite accumulation of E. sinica grown in different years were generally investigated based on 1H NMR and 16 s rDNA sequencing. The results showed that 38 differential marker metabolites existed in E. sinica grown in different years. The distribution and abundance of bacterial endophytes changed during the growth of cultivated E. sinica, and there was remarkable correlation between the dominant endophytes and differential metabolites. This study provides a critical reference in evaluating and monitoring the quality of E. sinica in the process of cultivation, and establish a solid foundation for the use of species interactions to improve the quality of E. sinica in different years.

Monocyte migration into diseased tissues contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases. Intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa3.1) channels play an important role in cell migration. However, the role of KCa3.1 channels in mediating monocyte migration induced by palmitic acid (PA) is still unclear. Using cultured THP-1 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects, we investigated the role and signaling mechanisms of KCa3.1 channels in mediating the migration induced by PA. Using methods of Western blotting analysis, RNA interference, cell migration assay and ELISA, we found that PA-treated monocytes exhibited increment of the protein levels of KCa3.1 channel and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the effects were reversed by co-incubation of PA with anti-TLR2/4 antibodies or by specific inhibitors of p38-MAPK, or NF-κB. In addition, PA increased monocyte migration, which was abolished by a specific KCa3.1 channel blocker, TRAM-34, or KCa3.1 small interfering RNA (siRNA). The expression and secretion of MCP-1 induced by PA was also similarly prevented by TRAM-34 and KCa3.1 siRNA. These results demonstrate for the first time that PA upregulates KCa3.1 channels through TLR2/4, p38-MAPK and NF-κB pathway to promote the expression of MCP-1, and then induce the trans-endothelial migration of monocytes.

Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. is a rare root-parasitic plant distributed in the desert ecosystem. Little is known about the role of endophytes in accumulation of metabolites in C. songaricum. Here, the correlations between the seven active components (total sugars, flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, catechins, tannins, gallic acid, and ursolic acid) and the endophytic fungi of C. songaricum were investigated, and their causal relationships are discussed further. The results showed that the accumulation of these components and the assembly of endophytic fungi changed with different plant developmental stages. Diverse relationships including positive and negative correlation were found among chemicals and endophytic fungal operational taxonomic units based on correlation coefficient matrices, which demonstrated that the accumulation of secondary metabolites in C. songaricum is closely related to the endophytic fungal community composition. These results present new opportunities to deeply understand plant-fungal symbioses and secondary metabolite productions.

Zn(C15H24NSi)2, triclinic, P 1 ‾ $P‾{1}$ (no. 2), a = 8.828(3) Å, b = 9.458(3) Å, c = 10.786(3) Å, α = 74.609(4)°, β = 73.915(4)°, γ = 64.888(4)°, V = 772.1(4) Å3, Z = 1, R gt (F) = 0.0476, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1225, T = 293 K.

Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. is a valuable food and medicinal plant with functions, such as an increase in sexual function, mainly attributed to its complex secondary metabolites. However, the effect of internal microbes on metabolite production in C. songaricum is still largely unclear. In this study, the relationship between endophytes and differential secondary metabolites in C. songaricum from seven major producing regions of China were explored based on established methods of metabolomics and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that there were 13 different marker metabolites, seven shared fungal OTUs, and numerous unshared OTUs among C. songaricum distributed at different locations in China and identified significant correlations between metabolites and endophytic fungi. Our study revealed that endophytic fungi may be one possible factor that can affect the plant secondary metabolite composition.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the structure and diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community of maize. Different biofertilizers were applied to maize. The physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil samples were analyzed and the rhizosphere bacteria were analyzed by 16S amplicon sequencing. The results showed that treatment with Bacillus licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens as biofertilizers increased the soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents, indicating that the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the biofertilizers might help the host plant to produce root exudates that, in return, recruit beneficial communities due to available sugars, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and polymers. The rhizosphere of maize treated with B. subtilis biofertilizer had the highest diversity and richness. However, the rhizosphere treated with the combined bacterial strains had the lowest diversity and richness, which might be due to the directional increase of the abundance of some bacteria with special functions, but the decrease of the overall bacterial community diversity in the soil. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (32.2%–34.6%), Acidobacteria (15.0%–21.0%), Actinobacteria (13.1%–17.2%), and Gemmatimonadetes (9.0%–10.8%), and the dominant bacterial species were Aciditerrimonas ferrireducens JCM 15389 (4.3%–5.2%), Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (3.2%–4.1%), and Pyrinomonas methylaliphatogenes (2.1%–4.8%). The significantly enriched bacterial functions were associated with amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and energy metabolism pathways. The results of a redundancy analysis showed that SOM, TP, and AK were the main factors affecting the microbial community structure in the maize rhizosphere. In conclusion, the application of biofertilizers increased the diversity and richness of the bacterial community in the maize rhizosphere soil. However, combined strain treatment was failed and not an ideal strategy due to the lowest abundance and diversity.

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitously distributed environmental pollutant that is highly toxic to liver. Trehalose (Tr), a novel autophagy activator, has been shown to exert cytoprotective effect in numerous pathological processes. However, it is yet to be established whether Tr affords protection against Cd-induced hepatotoxicity. Here, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of Tr on Cd-induced hepatic injury in rats. First, Cd-elevated serum hepatic enzymes and liver pathological changes were significantly ameliorated by Tr treatment. Also, Tr remarkably improved Cd-mediated oxidative stress and antioxidant status in serum, indicating its anti-oxidant action for the whole body. Cd-stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and subsequent elevated expression of Nrf2-downstream targets in rat liver were significantly inhibited by Tr treatment. Simultaneously, Cd-elevated protein levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes were markedly downregulated by administration with Tr. Moreover, Cd-induced autophagy inhibition in liver tissues was noticeably restored by Tr, evidenced by immunohistochemical analysis and immunoblot assays. Additionally, Tr treatment significantly mitigated Cd-induced apoptosis in hepatic tissues via inhibiting caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, these observations demonstrate that Tr treatment alleviates Cd-induced liver injury by blocking Nrf2 pathway, restoring autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis.

One strain of endophytic fungus ZPRa-R-1 was obtained for the capacity of promoting production of salidroside in Rhodiola crenulata. To explain the mechanism of salidroside biosynthesis in host plant, eight housekeeping genes were evaluated, and the evaluation method was created for the expression activities of four key enzyme genes PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), TyDC (tyrosine decarboxylase), TAT (tyrosine transaminase), UDPGT (UDP-glucosyltransferase) referenced double reference genes in biosynthesis pathway of salidroside in R. crenulata. Stabilities of housekeeping genes were confirmed by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technology and three softwares including geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, then relative expressions of key enzyme genes were analysized by the 2-ΔΔCt method. The results showed that the most stable gene was GAPDH, followed by PCS, and the most appropriate reference of internal genes were combination with two genes in R. crenulata inoculated with endophytic fungus ZPRa-R-1. Under symbiosis conditions, regularity changes of key enzyme genes affected by endophytic fungus ZPRa-R-1 were as follows: the relative expression activity of PAL attached to peak value, which was 4.9 times as that of control group when inoculated ten days. The relative expression of TyDC reached the maximum value, which was 2.8 times of that control after inoculating 12 days. The relative expression of UDPGT actually reach 17.1 times than that of control after inoculating 8 days. However, the relative expression of TAT was not affected by this fungus. The changes of four key enzyme genes are positively correlated with the changes of salidroside content in R. crenulata.

This is the first report of the distribution and genetic relationships of endophytic fungi from the parasitic plant Cynomorium songaricum and its host Nitraria tangutorum. Endophytic fungi from the root of natural N. tangutorum, parasitic plant C. songaricum and its host N. tangutorum were isolated by tissue culture, and they were identified by morphology combined with molecular barcoding based on ITS-rDNA sequence. The isolation rates, colonization rates, isolation frequency, diversity index, evenness index, similarity coefficient and genetic relationships among fungal taxa were estimated by phylogenetic analysis, and differences in fungal endophyte distribution were investigated. The results showed that a total of 49 isolates were obtained belonging to 18 different taxa. 95.9% of these taxa were in Ascomycota, and the remaining was in Basidiomycota (4.1%). The isolation rate and colonization rate of endophytic fungi were 15.3% and 25.0%, respectively. The Shannon biodiversity index was the highest in the root of natural N. tangutorum at 2.13. The simila-rity coefficient was highest between the stem of C. songaricum and the flower of C. songaricum at0.50. Fusarium was the dominant genus in N. tangutorum, while Penicillium was the primary genus in C. songaricum. The differential distribution of fungal taxa between N. tangutorum and C. songaricum suggested that the parasitic relationship influences the endophytic fungal community.首次研究了寄生植物锁阳及其寄主白刺内生真菌的分布特征及遗传关系.采用组织块法分离天然白刺、寄生体中锁阳和白刺的内生真菌,利用ITS-rDNA分子序列并结合形态学方法鉴定菌种,研究内生真菌的分离率、定殖率、分离频率、多样性指数、均匀度指数及相似性系数等的差异,以及寄生关系中内生真菌的多样性、遗传关系及分布特征等.结果表明: 本次获得的49株内生真菌隶属于18个分类单元,95.9%为子囊菌,4.1%为担子菌;内生真菌总分离率为15.3%,总定殖率为25.0%;天然白刺中内生真菌Shannon多样性指数最大,为2.13;锁阳花序与锁阳茎的内生真菌相似性系数最大,为0.50;镰孢菌属为白刺的优势菌属,青霉属为锁阳的优势菌属.锁阳与白刺寄生体中真菌类群的差异性分布表明寄生关系对内生真菌群落存在一定影响.

Monocyte migration into diseased tissues contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases. Intermediate-conductance Ca

In this paper, Orthogonal test is used in combination with numerical simulation to get a comprehensive consideration of the effectors of die radius, blank holding force (PHF) and punching velocity on dust shield forming performance. Optimum forming parameters is obtained to optimize die structure. These results will give reference to drawing process.

The objective of this study was to investigate correlations between oxidative stress, metabolism of mineral elements, and lameness in dairy cows. Forty multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows were selected and divided into two groups (healthy vs lame, n = 20) by gait score. The experiment lasted for 60 days and samples of hair, blood, and hoof were collected at days 0, 30, and 60 of experiment period, individually. Compared with healthy cows, elevation of MDA, CTX-II, COMP levels, and GSSG/GSH ratio together with depletion of SOD and MT levels in the serum were revealed in lame cows. Simultaneously, significant decreased contents of Zn, Cu, and Mn in the serum, hair, and hoof samples were shown in lame cows, but there was no obvious difference in contents of P, Mg, and Ca (except hoof Ca) in the serum, hair, and hoof between healthy and lame cows. In addition, histological examination and the hardness test demonstrated a poor hoof quality in lame cows. In summary, oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of lameness caused by imbalance of nutrients (especially selective minerals promoting healthy hoof growth) in dairy cows.

Endophyte is a factor that affects the physiology and metabolism of plant. However, limited information is available on the mechanism of interaction between endophyte and plant. To investigate the effects of endophytic fungus ZPRs-R11, that is, Trimmatostroma sp., on salidroside and tyrosol accumulations in Rhodiola crenulata, signal transduction, enzyme gene expression, and metabolic pathway were investigated. Results showed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and salicylic acid (SA) involved in fungus-induced salidroside and tyrosol accumulations. NO acted as an upstream signal of H2O2 and SA. No up- or down-stream relationship was observed, but mutual coordination existed between H2O2 and SA. Rate-limiting enzyme genes with the maximum expression activities were UDP-glucosyltransferase, tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC), monoamine oxidase, phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), and cinnamic-4-hydroxylase sequentially. Nevertheless, the genes of tyrosine transaminase and pyruvate decarboxylase only indicated slightly higher activities than those in control. Thus, TYDC and PAL branches were the preferential pathways in ZPRs-R11-induced salidroside and tyrosol accumulation. Trimmatostroma sp. was a potential fungus for promoting salidroside and tyrosol accumulations. The present data also provided scientific basis for understanding complex interaction between endophytic fungus and R. crenulata.

Welding used as a material connecting technology is widely applied in the manufacture and plays an important role. At present the rapid development of our country's manufacture results in the requirements of higher and higher welding quality. The advanced data analysis system was used in the welding process, to obtain parameters which were able to reflect the characteristics of welding process. On that basis, the parameters of welding process can be optimized and then offer help to improve the welding quality. The data analysis systems designed in this paper can be used in analyzing electrical signals, high-speed camera images and spectral data in the welding. This data analysis system provided a wide range of functions, such as: mapping of voltage and current waveforms, U-I curve, probability density curves of voltage and current, voltage and current filtering, calculation of short-circuit frequency, short-cycle variance and shot droplet transfer cycle variance, the importation of energy and integral of the spectrum intensity, analyzing the relevance of the electrical signals, playing multi-information of arc synchronously. In the experiment of pulsed MAG welding and laser-pulse MAG welding, the system was used in comparing the multi-information of the arc and its function was absolutely embodied.

CAN bus was widely used in embedded system development, but most embedded processors without CAN bus controller, need to extend external CAN bus interface through external bus. In order to send and receive the CAN bus data by S3C2440 chip, interface function of S3C2440 was extended by MCP2515 chip in the paper, which was used the SPI interface to extend CAN bus interface. The design of CAN bus hardware interface was described in the paper. The design of CAN device drive program on the embedded Linux operating system was specified in detail.

The CCD image sensor is set in the different production position, whose output signal is converted into digital signals to a dedicated image processing system by A/D. Using the image enhancement, smoothing, sharpening, segmentation, feature extraction, image recognition and understanding of digital image processing techniques,the system can identify the image, compare with feature information preservation, decide whether to enter the next process according to the similarity degree of alignment. Visual inspection having high precision, fast speed, working in the industrial field is stable and reliable, and improves the level of automation of production, make the products more competitive.

The paper presents the design and application of the beverage automatic filling system based on Siemens S7-300 PLC and MP277 touch screen. Photoelectric sensor was used to precisely detect positions of the beverage bottle, which it arrives the fixed position, servo motor will control it stop. The Siemens S7-300 PLC was designed by the software of Siemens STEP 7 5.4. Touch Screen was designed by the software of WinCC Flexible 2008, which it and PLC communicated by DP lines. The beverage automatic filling system can real-time display the state and set up the parameters of the object. It was proved by practice that beverage automatic filling system reduces labor intensity and operational cost, increases automation degree, and improves production efficiency.

The static circuit parameters extracted from the field results of non-uniform microstrip line provides an efficient way to predict dynamic effect of non-uniform structure. The predictable frequency range of the static circuit parameters on prediction of the transmission characteristics of step microstrip line is researched in this paper. The circuit parameters are extracted from the full wave results of step line, respectively, at three frequencies (9 GHz, 15 GHz and 20 GHz). On one hand, the time domain transmission characteristics of step line can be solved from the equivalent circuit constructed by these extracted circuit parameters. On the other hand, the frequency domain S -parameter can be derived by the static distributed characteristic impedance. By comparing these time and frequency domain results obtained from the static circuit parameters with those obtained directly from the full wave method, the available condition of the static circuit parameters of the step microstrip line can be analyzed. This comparison shows that the static circuit parameters can be used in frequency bands from DC up to 20 GHz. To verify the accuracy of the static parameters used to predict the transmission characteristics of step line, the measured S11 is also given for comparison.

Squaramide-substituted calix[4]pyrrole 2 was synthesized and its anion-binding properties were investigated. On the basis of UV spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopic and computational DFT model analyses, compared with the parent calix[4]pyrrole 1, compound 2 shows significantly enhanced binding affinities for anions in CH2Cl2, and it was concluded that this increase in affinity is ascribed to participation of the squaramide unit in anion binding.

The underground pipe network identification system based on RFID technology is introduced. The research involves the embedded technology, radio frequency identification technology and communication technology. The system is composed of intelligent passive electronic tags and detector. Electronic tags are able to receive the transmitted signal of the detector, and then transmit their own information. Detector uses low power embedded system, with Chinese interface, communicate with computer. The information is written to the buried depth of 0.3 meters, and is read to 1.3 meters.Three meters in diameter of the circular area can be detected.

According to a company's actual process of producing coatings, Finite Element Method is adopted to simulate and analyze the variation rules of various fields and mechanical parameters during the preparing process of solar spectrum selective absorbing coating for medium-high temperature application using magnetron sputtering. The results show that during the process of magnetron sputtering, magnetic fields uniformly distribute around the target and the sputtering etching area can be a wide range of 180°. In the spaces for magnetron sputtering, the magnetic flux is maximum at the contact between the and the core, and the magnetic flux density distributes uniformly between the magnetic steel and the target; the magnetic induction distribute uniformly within the120°direction of the target and forming two planar track typed etched channels; when the cylindrical target rotates at a proper speed, a large area of coating in uniform thickness can be deposited on the matrix. The results provide theoretical guidance for actual production of preparing medium-high temperature selective absorbing coating of uniform thickness and excellent quality.