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There is enormous demand for high-bandwidth DRAM: in application such as HPC, graphics, high-end server and artificial intelligence. HBM DRAM was developed [1] using the advances in package technology: TSV, microbump and silicon-interposer. Owing to these advances, HBM has a much higher bandwidth, at a lower pin speed rate, than conventional DRAM. However, the 3D-stack structure causes TSV interface and PDN problems: TSV connection failure and 3D-accumulation of IR drop, which increases the total cost of HBM. Moreover, as memory bandwidth increases DRAM architectural challenges arise, power consumption and associated thermal problems increase as well.

Anti-tuberculosis drugs frequently result in cutaneous adverse reactions, including pruritus, maculopapular exanthems, and urticaria. However, anti-tuberculosis drug-associated cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (CLV) has been rarely reported. We describe a case of CLV induced by rifampin and pyrazinamide. A 38-year-old male had been diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis two months ago and then he started standard anti-tuberculosis therapy with isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Purpuric lesions developed in the extremities after 1.5 months of anti-tuberculosis medication; the lesions progressively spread over the entire body. Histopathology of the purpuric skin lesion was consistent with leukocytoclastic vasculitis. The skin lesion improved after cessation of anti-tuberculosis medications and treatment with oral corticosteroids and antihistamines. Anti-tuberculosis drugs were rechallenged one at a time over 3 days. Purpura recurred on the right forearm and forehead after taking 300 mg of rifampin. The skin lesion disappeared after taking oral prednisolone. Finally, 1,500 mg of pyrazinamide was readministrated, and then purpuric lesions recurred on both forearms. This report describes a case of leukocytoclastic vasculitis secondary to rifampin and pyrazinamide therapy.

Age-related vertebral fractures occur frequently in the elderly recently. An epidural block has been introduced as an effective management for the treatment of pain with vertebral compression fractures. While an epidural block is considered to be reasonably safe, serious complications may occur even when this invasive procedure is related to pain. Vasovagally mediated episodes of hypotension and bradycardia are thought to be a common cause of recurrent unexplained syncope. Precipitating factors include pain, trauma, fatigue, blood loss, or prolonged motionless standing. We report one case of vasovagal syncope associated with severe bradycardia and hypotension in a 78 year-old male patient with vertebral fractures. Syncopal attacks occurred during a caudal epidural block. The patient was resuscitated successfully and recovered without any adverse effects. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2001; 41: 383-387)