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The initial tacrolimus dose regimen in paediatric lung transplant recipients is unknown. The present study optimized the initial tacrolimus dose regimen for paediatric lung transplant recipients.This study was based on a published population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in lung transplant recipients and used Monte Carlo simulations to recommend an initial dose regimen of tacrolimus in paediatric lung transplant recipients.Without voriconazole, the tacrolimus doses recommended for paediatric lung transplant recipients who were not CYP3A5*1 carriers were 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/kg/day, split into two doses, for weights of 10-16, 16-30, and 30-40 kg, respectively. For paediatric lung transplant recipients who were CYP3A5*1 carriers, the tacrolimus doses of 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.06 mg/kg/day, split into two doses, were recommended for weights of 10-16, 16-25, 25-30, and 30-40 kg, respectively. With voriconazole, the tacrolimus dose recommended for paediatric lung transplant recipients who were not CYP3A5*1 carriers was 0.02 mg/kg/day, split into two doses, for weights of 10-40 kg. For paediatric lung transplant recipients who were CYP3A5*1 carriers, tacrolimus doses of 0.02 and 0.03 mg/kg/day, split and two doses, were recommended for weights of 10-24 and 24-40 kg, respectively.This study developed tacrolimus dose regimens for the first time for paediatric lung transplant recipients using Monte Carlo simulation and optimized initial dosage in paediatric lung transplant recipients.

To address indeterminism in the bilevel knapsack problem, an uncertain bilevel knapsack problem (UBKP) model is proposed. Then, an uncertain solution for UBKP is proposed by defining the $${\mathcal{P}_E}$$ Nash equilibrium and $${\mathcal{P}_E}$$ Stackelberg-Nash equilibrium. To improve the computational efficiency of the uncertain solution, an evolutionary algorithm, the improved binary wolf pack algorithm, is constructed with one rule (wolf leader regulation), two operators (invert operator and move operator), and three intelligent behaviors (scouting behavior, intelligent hunting behavior, and upgrading). The UBKP model and the $${\mathcal{P}_E}$$ uncertain solution are applied to an armament transportation problem as a case study.

Aim: To study of the interactions of two new ruthenium(II) complexes (C1 and C2) with calf thymus (CT)-DNA; production of RuO2 nanoparticles using the complexes precursor. Materials & methods: Complex C1 was characterized by x-ray crystallography. The binding of the complexes with (CT)-DNA was studied using techniques that include electronic absorption spectra, fluorescence and redox behavior. The preparation of RuO2 nanoparticles was carried out by thermal decomposition. Results: The interaction mode of DNA with complexes is the type of electrostatic. It was revealed that sonication of the samples, before thermal decomposition, has been affected the morphologies and sizes of the resulting nanoparticles. Conclusion: The complexes are capable of interaction with DNA molecules and they have a good potential to prepare nanostructures.

To study of the interactions of two new ruthenium(II) complexes (C1 and C2) with calf thymus (CT)-DNA; production of RuOComplex C1 was characterized by x-ray crystallography. The binding of the complexes with (CT)-DNA was studied using techniques that include electronic absorption spectra, fluorescence and redox behavior. The preparation of RuOThe interaction mode of DNA with complexes is the type of electrostatic. It was revealed that sonication of the samples, before thermal decomposition, has been affected the morphologies and sizes of the resulting nanoparticles.The complexes are capable of interaction with DNA molecules and they have a good potential to prepare nanostructures.

Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is one of the most widely used controllers for its property of simplicity and practicability. In order to design high-quality performances PID controllers, an Advanced Fireworks (AFW) algorithm based on self-adaption principle and bimodal Gaussian function is proposed, which is built to optimize the PID controller by parameters tuning. Firstly, a compound index of optimization performance is formulated, and then the extremal optimization method of PID control system is proposed. Secondly, a PID parameters tuning model combined with AFW is built. At last, 5 typical transfer functions are simulated to obtain optimal parameters by AFW and contrast tuning method, such as Ziegler-Nichols method, Enhanced Fireworks (EFW) algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Simulation results show that AFW are effective and are easily implemented methods to solve PID control problems of different transfer functions.

A method of detecting carbohydrates (fucose, trehalose, mannitol, arabitol, mannose, glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose) by high-performance anion chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HAPEC-PAD) was established. The conditions are: CarboPac MA1 column, NaOH as the eluent, temperature 30°C, Au working electrode, Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and flow rate 0.4 mL/min. These nine analytes, which yielded high resolution by this method, could be detected in 40 minutes. Mushrooms were tested and good precision, stability, and reproducibility were achieved. This method is suitable for mushroom samples and could support research and development on sugar and sugar alcohol, which contains special effects.

Chaotic system is a nonlinear deterministic system, and parameter identification for the chaotic system is an important issue in nonlinear science, such as secure communication, etc. By setting up an appropriate objective function, the parameter identification can be converted into a multi-dimensional optimization problem which can be solved by evolutionary algorithms. Emerging as an evolutionary algorithm, Fireworks Algorithm (FWA) has shown its good computational performance and robustness. In order to expand the application of FWA, several types of FWA are applied to estimate the parameters for two typical chaotic systems in which three parameters are totally unknown, simulation results show most of FWAs can have better estimation precision and robustness, and FWA is a new effective parameter identification method for the chaotic systems.

Dilaceration is a comparatively uncommon dental deformity generally characterized by an angulation between crown and root, and consequently causing non-eruption of the tooth. Dilaceration generally occurs following trauma to the apices of deciduous dentition, which lies close to the permanent tooth buds. As a result, surgical extraction used to be the first choice when making the treatment plan for a case with severely dilacerated teeth. This case report presents the orthodontic alignment of a permanent maxillary right central incisor in an 8-year-old boy who had an impacted inverted maxillary central incisor, with distoangular root dilaceration through the crown. Following surgical exposure with the closed-eruption technique and appropriate orthodontic traction, the tooth was successfully aligned into the dental arch and the root was radiologically shown to be straightened and relatively well developed. The impacted dilacerated incisor diagnosed in the early mixed dentition should be treated with the aid of orthodontic traction.