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Rationale: Human rhinovirus infections cause colds and trigger exacerbations of lower airway diseases.Objectives: To define changes in gene expression profiles during in vivo rhinovirus infections.Methods: Nasal epithelial scrapings were obtained before and during experimental rhinovirus infection, and gene expression was evaluated by microarray. Naturally acquired rhinovirus infections, cultured human epithelial cells, and short interfering RNA knockdown were used to further evaluate the role of viperin in rhinovirus infections.Measurements and Main Results: Symptom scores and viral titers were measured in subjects inoculated with rhinovirus or sham control, and changes in gene expression were assessed 8 and 48 hours after inoculation. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for viperin and rhinoviruses was used in naturally acquired infections, and viperin mRNA levels and viral titers were measured in cultured cells. Rhinovirus-induced changes in gene expression were not observed 8 hours after viral infection, but 11,887 gene transcripts were significantly altered in scrapings obtained 2 days postinoculation. Major groups of up-regulated genes included chemokines, signaling molecules, interferon-responsive genes, and antivirals. Viperin expression was further examined and also was increased in naturally acquired rhinovirus infections, as well as in cultured human epithelial cells infected with intact, but not replication-deficient, rhinovirus. Knockdown of viperin with short interfering RNA increased rhinovirus replication in infected epithelial cells.Conclusions: Rhinovirus infection significantly alters the expression of many genes associated with the immune response, including chemokines and antivirals. The data obtained provide insights into the host response to rhinovirus infection and identify potential novel targets for further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reported here investigated the value of the Self Assessment, Identification of Need and Teaching (SAINT) system in assessing and teaching qualified nurses at work in the field of AIDS palliative care. Primary and community nurses were asked to use the SAINT system to make an assessment of their own nursing skills, identify learning needs and the teaching which they felt was required. Each wrote down their own findings and presented them individually to the researcher; one at a time and, within a group. Under both conditions these nurses were able to assess their skills, identify their needs and suggest teaching. Identification of needs and teaching were found to be more readily available when findings were presented to a group.