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In the pursuit of sustainable and innovative food production, the utilisation of plant by-products have emerged as a promising frontier. Plant by-products have an inherent value that can be utilised to address both environmental concerns and the growing demand for food resources. This review provides a critical review of the environmental impact caused by the disposal of plant by-products and waste that are not being reutilised or repurposed to benefit other products. The multifaceted applications of agricultural residues, traditionally deemed as waste, in the creation of diverse and nutritionally enriched food products, were also presented in this review. The exploration encompasses a broad spectrum, from reducing waste through innovative utilisation to enhancing nutritional profiles and fostering culinary innovation. Through a detailed examination of specific instances, challenges, and prospects linked to this paradigm shift, we provide insights into the transformative potential of agriculture by-products in shaping a more sustainable and resilient food system.

This study explored the effects of pre-treatment conditions using hydrochloric acid and citric acid at concentrations of 0.025 M and 0.05 M, on the properties and extractability of gelatin sourced from buffalo bone. The highest yield (6.36 %) and hydroxyproline content (26.98 g/100 g) were obtained from gelatin extracted using 0.025 M HCl pre-treatment (H-1). In comparison, pre-treatment with 0.05 M citric acid (C-2) resulted in the lowest yield (3.79 %) with hydroxyproline content of 12.49 g/100 g. Buffalo bone gelatin had considerably lower moisture content ranging from 7.54 % to 11.92 % than standard bovine gelatin (SBG) (10.91 %) and a pH range of 5.31 to 5.44, indicating it is Type A gelatin. The gelatin that subjected to the pre-treatment by 0.025 M citric acid (C-1) illustrated the highest values for emulsion activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming expansion (FE), foaming stability (FS), water holding capacity (WHC), and fat binding capacity (FBC). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated a similar secondary structure to SBG explained by the presence of Amide A, B, I, II and III components. Apparent peptides at the α and β regions were observed in the buffalo bone gelatin. Buffalo bone gelatin shows potential as an alternative source of halal gelatin manufacturing.

Produktifitas padi nasional (tahun 2022) adalah 5.2 ton per ha yang jauh di bawah potensi genetik tanaman. Rendahnya produktifitas tanaman ini disebabkan oleh pengelolaan tanaman yang kurang tepat: kepadatan populasi tanaman yang kurang optimal, aplikasi pupuk yang kurang tepat, dan serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh jumlah bibit/rumpun dan dosis pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman serta populasi hama dan tingkat kerusakannya. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan dengan rancangan petak terpisah dengan menggunakan tiga ulangan. Petak utama adalah jumlah bibit per rumpun: 3, 5, dan 10 bibit. Sedangkan anak petak adalah dosis pupuk, yaitu: 250, 350, dan 450 kg NPK (16 : 16 : 16)/ha. Jarak tanam yang digunakan adalah 30 x 30 cm atau setara 111,000 rumpun tanaman per ha. Secara umum, semakin tinggi kepadatan populasi tanaman dan dosis NPK semakin tinggi pula semua nilai variabel yang diamati. Terdapat interaksi antara faktor jumlah bibit/rumpun dan dosis pupuk NPK. Hasil tanaman tertinggi didapatkan pada kombinasi perlakuan 10 bibit/rumpun dan pemupukan 450 kg/ha, yaitu 6,1 ton/ha, sekitar 17,3% lebih tinggi dari rata-rata produktifitas tanaman nasional (5,2 ton/ha). Menyangkut populasi dan insidensi hama, tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata diantara semua perlakuan yang diuji.

This article has two objectives, the first is to find out the organization's performance, and the second is the feasibility of West Sulawesi University becoming a State University with a Public Service Agency (BLU). The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques are through interviews, documentation, and observation. Data analysis techniques used in analyzing Organizational Performance and Feasibility to Become PTN BLU (Case Study of West Sulawesi University) There are several steps: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results achieved are that the organizational performance of the University of West Sulawesi has not met the requirements to change status from working unit to BLU. The University of West Sulawesi is not yet able to implement a full public service agency management pattern where the requirements are substantive requirements, technical requirements, and administrative requirements must be met optimally, but Universitas Sulawesi Barat has gradually been fulfilled to become a BLU, where the reference is from the 3 existing requirements. Substantive and technical requirements have been fulfilled but administration has not been fulfilled.

The discovery that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer has opened up new avenues for prevention. Carrageenans are attractive candidates for developing potential HPV prevention due to their actions against a wide range of viruses, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. In addition, they are characterised by low production costs, abundant availability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. This review presents an overview of in vitro and in vivo studies of carrageenan antiviral properties, availability, and future liquid-sexual material. Based on the results of previous studies, both in vitro and in vivo carrageenan has the potential to be applied as a lubricant and feminine cleanser because it can reduce HPV infection, is non-toxic, and non-allergenic.

The covid-19 pandemic has reprimanded man with various complex phenomena that have never happened before, both in the fields of health, social, cultural, and economical. In the field of economics, especially the micro, small, and medium sector business actors are mostly paralyzed and on the verge of bankruptcy. This study considers it necessary to examine several aspects of business management, especially MSMEs’ ways of maintaining their business during and after the pandemic. This study aims to examine and analyze the urgency of implementing Islamic business management which can be used as an illustration and guide for business actors. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative approach. The data used is secondary data, referred to as a literature study. The data analysis technique in this study uses three paths, reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results show that Islamic Business Ethics and Islamic business management are mandatory for business actors so that businesses can run even in the midst of difficult situations. The principles in Islamic business ethics are balance (fairness), free will, responsibility, and truth, while Islamic business management is marketing management, human resource management, and financial management. The results of the study imply that businesses that are run based on Islamic business management principles have the ability to survive and can maintain business continuity. The implementation of ethics and business management within the Islamic framework is very important to be realized by MSMEs actors through their business activities or operations.

Fiqh An-nisaa has an influence in increasing the religious value of students who are just with the goals of the national education system and the goals of Islamic education. Which in substance is the ability to shape students into better individuals and avoid acts that are prohibited by religion (deviant). Therefore, there is a significant influence of the fiqh an-nisaa’s learning process on the prevention of deviant behavior of students at Athirah Islamic High School Bone which shows a probability value of 0.005 which is smaller than = 0.05 which can be accepted as an influential one. This means learning Fiqh An-Nisaa able to increase religious values and be able to minimize the occurrence of deviant behavior.

Bananas are among the most produced and consumed fruit all over the world. However, a vast amount of banana biomass is generated because banana trees bear fruit only once in their lifetime. This massive amount of biomass waste is either disposed of in agricultural fields, combusted, or dumped at plantations, thus posing environmental concerns. Nanocellulose (NC) extraction from this source can be one approach to improve the value of banana biomass. Owing to its superb properties, such as high surface area and aspect ratio, good tensile strength, and high thermal stability, this has facilitated nanocellulose application in the food industry either as a functional ingredient, an additive or in food packaging. In this review, two different applications of banana biomass NC were identified: (i) food packaging and (ii) food stabilizers. Relevant publications were reviewed, focusing on the nanocellulose extraction from several banana biomass applications as food additives, as well as on the safety and regulatory aspects. Ultimately, further research is required to prompt a perspicuous conclusion about banana biomass NC safety, its potential hazards in food applications, as well as its validated standards for future commercialization.

The greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), is a cosmopolitan pest of horticultural crops. The study purpose was to assess the GWF adult population dynamics on potato and its populations on different planting dates and different host plant species. A survey was conducted to determine the GWF population on potato and its associated abiotic factors from January to December 2019. Four crop species, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and chili (Capsicum annum) were planted in two field experiments with different planting dates (7 April and 10 July). The results showed that during high rainfall, the GWF densities were very low. However, as the rainfall declined, the population increased and reached its peak in August. Again, when the rain started in September, the population drastically dropped and continuously declined as the rainfall increased until the year-end. The rainfall rate negatively correlates with the GWF population, but there was no significant correlation between temperature and the insect population. Populations of GWF adult, egg, and nymph were significantly higher in planting date 2 than in planting date 1. On both planting dates, the GWF populations on common bean were significantly higher than those on the other host plants. Hence common bean is the potential to be used as a trap crop in potato or chili plantations. Further studies are necessary to develop efficient and effective ways of utilizing bean as a trap crop.

The aim of this research was to identify the obstacles in developing MSMEs in the district of Jagoi Babang. The approach used in this research was descriptive qualitative in which the instruments of data collecting were interview, observation sheets, and documentary study. The sources of data in this research were 16 (sixteen) Bidai craftsmen, the stakeholders from the Department of Cooperative, SME, Labour and Transmigration that represented by the chief of development section of MSMEs. The techniques of data analysis were data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing or verification. The findings of the study showed that the obstacles in developing MSMEs on Bidai craft in Jagoi Babang, Bengkayang regency, were the entrepreneurs did not have business license, facing difficulties in accessing the capital aid, lack of managerial competence, lack in using the modern technology in the production and marketing process that impacted to the turnover and the profit could not be increased.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sumber sejarah lokal Banten dapat dijadikan suplemen materi ajar pada mata pelajaran Sejarah Indonesia kelas X di SMA. Banten sebagai salah satu provinsi di Indonesia memiliki catatan sejarah panjang sebagai bagian dari perjalanan sejarah perjuangan bangsa Indonesia. Namun, buku teks sejarah kelas X yang ada dan dipergunakan oleh para peserta didik sangat sedikit yang membahas bagian dari sejarah lokal di setiap daerah yang ada di Indonesia, maka diperlukan suplemen sejarah lokal untuk memberikan pengembangan pada materi sejarah Indonesia, sehingga diharapkan pembelajaran sejarah lebih bermakna. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian historis yang terdiri dari empat langkah, yakni: (1) heuristik; (2) kritik; (3) interpretasi; (4) dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat fakta-fakta historis sejarah lokal Banten masa Hindu-Buddha, masa Islam dan peran tokoh-tokoh lokal Banten yang dapat dijadikan suplemen materi ajar Sejarah Indonesia untuk peserta didik SMA kelas X. Sehingga, keberadaan suplemen sejarah lokal tersebut akan memperkaya sumber belajar sejarah Indonesia bagi peserta didik. Diharapkan penelitian ini menjadi rujukan untuk mengaitkan sumber sejarah lokal di masing-masing daerah di Indonesia dengan materi ajar mata pelajaran Sejarah Indonesia di masing-masing kelas, hal ini dikarenakan penelitian ini baru sebatas di Banten dan kelas X di SMA.

Increased mobility in the Greater Jakarta area has brought demand for people's accessibility. Providing a barrier-free travel system needs to be supported by understanding travel needs and the characteristics of the user community. This paper aims to describe the actual condition of barrier-free availability for public transport passengers based on Transit Oriented Development, then proposes a development concept. The research was conducted at several public transport nodes in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. The data analysis method uses a qualitative descriptive analysis which explains the existing condition of the area, facilities, potential, and development plans. From observations, several locations have implemented the barrier-free principle to support the movement of all groups. Barrier-free facilities are generally found at mass public transportation stations such as Light Rapid Transit (LRT) and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). In contrast, at Commuter Line (CL) stations, the concept has begun to be applied, and barrier-free facilities have been provided even though the number and limited kind. When using public transportation, barrier-free facilities must be improved for all groups, including seniors, people with physical and mental limitations, and pregnant women. Persons with disabilities may experience difficulties in accessing public facilities, such as narrow sidewalks, steep roads, and incomplete pelican crossing systems. Development can refer to regulations that the government has prepared. The development of various public transport that is currently underway must be balanced with the readiness of massive barrier-free facilities. Regulators and public transport operators in Indonesia can use the development of barrier-free facilities in other countries, such as Japan.

Background: The use of agricultural by-products as a source of functional ingredients, particularly those from crop plants, has received great interest. Banana (Musa spp.) is a common food crop worldwide, but its peel, similar to other agricultural by-products, is often discarded. Banana peel has the potential to be transformed into functional foods because it is historically consumed as food and medicine in some regions of the world.Scope and approach: Current analysis recaps the nutritional characteristics, bioactive elements and potential health-promoting properties of banana peel and its utilisation in the food industry.Key Findings and Conclusion: The discoveries, particularly on the broad array of bioactive chemical constituents in peel and their related biological activities, seem to rationalise the proposed use of banana peel in several food industries. Banana peel is appreciated for its bioactive components, particularly the phenolic compounds. The major phenolic compounds found in the banana peel are grouped as flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, and catecholamines. The incorporation of banana peel into food products enhanced the nutritional content, particularly the dietary fibre and phenolic content. It has been demonstrated that banana peel reduces lipid oxidation, particularly in meat-based products. Despite the nutrients offered by banana peels, this paper discusses the potential anti-nutrient content that must be addressed. From this review, banana peel shows great potential to be developed into beneficial functional foods and nutraceuticals. However, proper regulation and legalisation of bioactive enrichment of food products from the banana peel are required to ensure its safety for human consumption.

This study attempts to know about the process of internalization attitudes and skill of entrepreneurship to their students chinese. Object this study were chosen based on stereotype and its phenomena developing in the community west Kalimantan that of the Chinese must be traders. Methods used are qualitative to technique data collection using interviews and observation. Respondents this research is the student will Emmanuel Pontianak of Chinese ethnic and came from families entrepreneurs. Data analysis techniques used that is the reduction, data presentation of data and the withdrawal of conclusion. The result showed that the process internalization attitudes and entrepreneurship skills students derived from the informal education of the community, community school, and their peers. The business management internalization attitudes and skills to their students covering thriftiness, productive and orientation independent, able to make decisions and, bear the consequences not easily discouraged, and finish the first new demanding the right

Herein, we report the green synthesis of flower-like carrageenan-silver nanoparticles (c-AgNPs) through a facile hydrothermal reaction at 90 °C for 2 h. The reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to c-AgNPs was evident by the colour change of the solution from colourless to dark brown and further confirmed by a UV-Vis surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at ~420 nm. The FTIR spectra showed that the abundance of functional groups present in the carrageenan were responsible for the reduction and stabilisation of the c-AgNPs. The XRD pattern confirmed the crystalline nature and face-centred cubic structure of the c-AgNPs, while the EDX analysis showed the presence of a high composition of elemental silver (85.87 wt%). Interestingly, the morphological characterisations by SEM and FE-SEM revealed the formation of flower-like c-AgNPs composed of intercrossed and random lamellar petals of approximately 50 nm in thickness. The growth mechanism of flower-like c-AgNPs were elucidated based on the TEM and AFM analyses. The c-AgNPs displayed promising antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus, with zones of inhibition ranging from 8.0 ± 0.0 to 11.7 ± 0.6 mm and 7.3 ± 0.6 to 9.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively, as the concentration of c-AgNPs increased from 0.1 to 4 mg/mL.

The current investigation deals with the application of a one-pot system to facilitate the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from banana peel by a combination of microwave pre-treatment and mild oxidative hydrolysis with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 0–30 wt%) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 0–10%). H2O2 causes decolorization of the banana peel suspension from dark brown to light yellow, while further treatment with H2SO4 produces a white suspension, indicating successful removal of the non-cellulosic components from the banana peel. This finding was further supported by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, which showed the gradual disappearance of lignin and hemicellulose peaks with increasing H2O2 and H2SO4 concentrations. The CNCs has considerably high crystallinity, with the highest crystallinity (~85%) being obtained at 6% H2SO4. Therefore, CNCs obtained at 6% H2SO4 were selected for further characterization. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed the disintegration of the cellulose fibres into small fragments after hydrolysis. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) analyses revealed the spherical shape of the CNCs with an average size of approximately 20 nm. The CNCs have good stability with zeta potential of −42.9 mV. Findings from this study suggest that the combination of microwave pre-treatment and oxidative hydrolysis with 30 wt% H2O2 and 6% H2SO4, which is about 11 times lower than the commonly used H2SO4 concentration, is proven effective for the isolation of CNCs from banana peel. These observations are expected to provide insight into a facile and environmentally benign alternative to the conventional CNCs isolation method, using abundant and underutilized agricultural waste as feedstock.

One of the most devastating pests of chili pepper is the sweet potato whitefly (SPW), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). It sucks plant sap, emits honeydew on which sooty mold fungi grow, and transmits the pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV), the most damaging viral disease of chili in Indonesia. Farmers rely mainly on insecticide to control the insect with two to three sprays in a week. To reduce the insecticide use, an integrated approach needs to be developed. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effectiveness of the integration of reflective mulch, host plant resistance, and insecticide use for managing the sweet potato whitefly on the chili pepper. In 2018, a complete randomized block design was used in three separate trials to assess the effects of mulch, cultivar, or insecticide application frequency on the numbers of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. In 2019, a split-split plot design was used to evaluate the effects of the integration of mulch, cultivar, and insecticide application frequency on the numbers of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults. The results showed that the reflective silver mulch had significantly lower numbers of whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults, in comparison to the rice straw mulch and bare ground treatments. Chili plants cv. Bara was more resistant than Bhaskara against B. tabaci in the field; however, in the no-choice trial, no significant difference was detected between both cultivars. Insecticide applications twice per week and once per week were equally effective in controlling the whitefly on the susceptible cultivar (Bhaskara). Overall, the integration of reflective mulch, resistant cultivar, and insecticide application every two weeks effectively suppressed B. tabaci populations on the chili pepper. This approach could substantially reduce the number of insecticide applications from twice per week (commonly practiced by chili farmers in the area) to one application only in two weeks.

Extensive research and development in the production of nanocellulose production, a green, bio-based, and renewable biomaterial has paved the way for the development of advanced functional materials for a multitude of applications. From a membrane technology perspective, the exceptional mechanical strength, high crystallinity, tunable surface chemistry, and anti-fouling behavior of nanocellulose, manifested from its structural and nanodimensional properties are particularly attractive. Thus, an opportunity has emerged to exploit these features to develop nanocellulose-based membranes for environmental applications. This review provides insights into the prospect of nanocellulose as a matrix or as an additive to enhance membrane performance in water filtration, environmental remediation, and the development of pollutant sensors and energy devices, focusing on the most recent progress from 2017 to 2022. A brief overview of the strategies to tailor the nanocellulose surface chemistry for the effective removal of specific pollutants and nanocellulose-based membrane fabrication approaches are also presented. The major challenges and future directions associated with the environmental applications of nanocellulose-based membranes are put into perspective, with primary emphasis on advanced multifunctional membranes.

A large amount of wastewater is directly discharged into water bodies without treatment, causing surface water contamination. A rotating biological contactor (RBC) is an attached biological wastewater treatment process that offers a low energy footprint. However, its unstable removal efficiency makes it less popular. This study optimized operating parameters in RBC combined with external membrane filtration (RBC-ME), in which the latter acted as a post-treatment step to stabilize the biological performance. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the biological and filtration performance by exploiting three parameters, namely disk rotation, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and sludge retention time (SRT). Results show that the RBC-ME exhibited superior biological treatment capacity and higher effluent quality compared to stand-alone RBC. It attained 87.9 ± 3.2% of chemical oxygen demand, 45.2 ± 0.7% total nitrogen, 97.9 ± 0.1% turbidity, and 98.9 ± 1.1% ammonia removals. The RSM showed a good agreement between the model and the experimental data. The maximum permeability of 144.6 L/m2 h bar could be achieved under the optimum parameters of 36.1 rpm disk rotation, 18 h HRT, and 14.9 d SRT. This work demonstrated the effective use of statistical modeling to enhance RBC-ME system performance to obtain a sustainable and energy-efficient condition.

This study presents the application of a problem-based learning model at the State Junior High School 2 Majene. This study aims to describe the methods used by teachers in the application of problembased learning models. This study uses a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used with interviews and documentation. Problem-based learning is a learning approach by developing critical thinking skills and problem-solving skills and is used to stimulate students’ higher-order thinking. Problem-based learning makes real problems as suggestions for the learning process before knowing the formal concepts. In the application of learning in SMP Negeri 2 Majene seen in 3 aspects, namely; characteristic aspects, aspects of the nature of the strategy and aspects of the stages in the strategy. These aspects illustrate that the implementation of problem-based learning strategies in SMP Negeri 2 Majene has been going well.

Meat products are widely consumed worldwide and, as a result, they may be an exciting supplier of health benefits due to the need for better formulations, such as reduced fat and increased fibre in processed meats. This study was carried out to determine how the banana peel (BP) flour of Saba (Musa balbisiana) and Berangan (Musa acuminata) affect the functional properties and sensory acceptance of chicken sausage. Berangan BPs showed better water- and oil-holding capacity than Saba BP flour. Conversely, Saba BP flour exhibited better swelling power, but was less soluble than Berangan BP flour. Sausages containing high BPs, especially Saba banana, had a more rigid texture, a high storage modulus, and a darker colour. The ability to retain more water in Berangan peel positively affected the sausage’s textural and rheological properties. With 2%, chicken sausage received the highest sensory score, with Saba BP-containing sausage following closely behind. However, adding >2% BP of both varieties negatively affected the sausage texture and colour, resulting in reduced sensory acceptance. Thus, the BP from Saba and Berangan bananas showed promise as a potential value-adding ingredient in the formulation of functional meat products. In addition, it has potential health benefits, such as increased dietary fibre.

The probiotic viability, physicochemical, mechanical, barrier, and microstructure properties of synbiotic edible films (SEFs) based on duck feet gelatin (DFG) were evaluated. Four synbiotic systems were obtained by mixing four types of prebiotics, namely, dextrin, polydextrose, gum Arabic, and sago starch, with DFG to immobilize of probiotic (Lactobacillus casei ATCC). The ability of DFG to create a suitable matrix to increase probiotic viability was compared with those of other commercial gelatins in a preliminary evaluation. The DFG showed proper probiotic viability compared with other gelatins. The addition of prebiotics reduced the transparency of SEFs and increased color differentiation, uniformity, and complete coverage of probiotic cells. The estimated shelf-life of surviving bacteria in the SEFs stored at 4 and 25 °C showed that gum arabic showed the best performance and enhanced the viability of L. casei by 42% and 45%, respectively. Dextrin, polydextrose, and sago starch enhanced the viability of L. casei at 4 and 25 °C by 26% and 35%, 26% and 5%, and 20% and 5%, respectively. The prebiotics improved the physicochemical, mechanical, and barrier properties of all SEFs, except polydextrose film. The viability of L. casei can be increased with the proper selection of gelatin and prebiotics.

Membrane technology is one of reliable options for treatment of oil/water emulsion. It is highly attractive because of its effectiveness in separating fine oil droplets of 2 h bar) for PSF/PEG-0 membrane in comparison to the most optimum one of PSF/PEG-60. It corresponded to an energy saving of up to ~66%. The pumping energy could further be reduced from 27.0 to 7.6 Wh/m3 by operation under ultra-low pressure from 0.2 to 0.05 bar. Sustainable permeability could be achieved when treating 1000 ppm oil/water emulsion, but severe membrane fouling was observed when treating emulsion containing crude oils of >3000 ppm to a point of no flux.

Collagen was extracted from the body wall of sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) using the pepsin-solubilized collagen method followed by isolation using dialysis and the ultrafiltration membrane. The yield and physicochemical properties of the collagen obtained from both isolation methods, denoted as D-PSC and UF-PSC, were compared. The ultrafiltration method affords a higher yield of collagen (11.39%) than that of the dialysis (5.15%). The isolated collagens have almost the same amino acid composition, while their functional groups, referred to as amide A, B, I, II, and III bands, were in accordance with commercial collagen, as verified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorption peaks at 240 nm and 220 nm, respectively, indicated that the collagens produced are type-I collagen. The D-PSC showed interconnecting sheet-like fibrils, while the UF-PSC exhibited a flaky structure with flat-sheets arranged very close to each other. The higher yield and comparable physicochemical properties of the collagen obtained by ultrafiltration as compared with dialysis indicate that the membrane process has high potential to be used in large-scale collagen production for food and pharmaceutical applications.

The present study reported a facile method for the determination of melamine in milk powder products based on the aggregation of reactant-free 5 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The strong electrostatic attraction between the positively charged exocyclic amine groups present in the melamine molecule and the negatively charged ions bound to the AuNPs induced aggregation of the AuNPs, resulting in visible color changes that could be seen with the naked eye and monitored by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorbance spectra. The method shows high sensitivity with detection limits of 1 × 10−9 M for visual detection and 1 × 10−11 M for UV–Vis analysis, which is far below the safety limit of melamine ingestion in infant formula (1 ppm = 7.9 × 10−6 M) and the detection limit acquired by most AuNP-based melamine detection methods. Good recoveries were obtained over the range of 94.7–95.5% with a relative standard deviation of mean recovery (RSD) ranging from 1.40 to 5.81. The method provides a simple, feasible, fast and real-time detection of melamine adulterants in infant formula by the naked eye, without the aid of advanced instruments.

In accordance with Order Number of the Minister of Health. The 2023 Environmental Health TPP is a place for food processing from raw materials to finished food. Therefore, to improve health, it is necessary to monitor TPP, especially in port areas, because a lot of human activity occurs at ports. The aim of TPP monitoring is to improve the quality of food and drinks and avoid the risk of poisoning and diseases such as diarrhea. This research is observational and based on a cross-sectional study, and the research was conducted from July to September 2023 at 16 TPPs currently operating in the Bajoe port area, Bone Regency. The variables examined in this research include location and building, sanitary conditions, kitchen, dining room and food storage area, ingredients and ready-to-eat food, food processing, food storage and ready-toeat food, food service, equipment and labor. The total score is used when evaluating this variable. It is the sum of all ratings for each variable with a minimum value of 700. Based on the research results, of the 16 TPPs studied, there were 3 TPPs (18.75%) that did not meet hygiene requirements and 13 TPPs (81.25%) that met hygiene requirements. The conclusion of this research is that although many TPPs meet the requirements, there is still a need to improve sanitation conditions at TPPs and provide hygiene training for food handlers in the Bajoe Harbor area, Bone Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]