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Surgical treatment of breast cancer has changed during the last few decades. Long-term evaluation of several studies performed worldwide have confirmed that conservative surgery (CS) and radical mastectomy have similar survival rates. Due to CS being the gold standard for treatment for most women with breast cancer, advances in materials, mastectomy and reconstructive surgery techniques, now give us the possibility to perform on our patients a great outcome with oncological security. Both advances, in plastic and oncologic surgery, created a new discipline, called oncoplastic breast surgery, that allow surgeons to resect large breast specimens preventing subsequent deformities with the correct previous planning. This is particularly important when more than 30% of the breast volume will be resected because it allows for planning CS depending on the site of the lesion and for establishing the limits between CS and mastectomy.

At this time in medical history, we often see the complications of industrial silicone injections in patients who have undergone this procedure to augment the size of their breasts. This practice, long considered outside the ethical standards of good medical practice, commonly leads to adverse health effects and the physical and psychological trauma associated with them.

Objectives Background Digital mammography clearly distinguishes gland tissue density from the overlying nonglandular breast tissue coverage, which corresponds to the existing tissue between the skin and the superficial layer of the fascia superficialis surrounding the gland (i.e., dermis and subcutaneous fat). Preoperative digital imaging can determine the thickness of this breast tissue coverage, thus facilitating planning and reducing the rate of necrotic complications after direct to implant (DTI) reconstruction in nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Methods Thirty NSMs in 22 patients with type 3 tissue coverage (subcutaneous tissue thickness of 2 cm or more) were selected for DTI reconstruction after NSM to evaluate immediate skin flap/nipple areola complex ischemic complications and patient satisfaction. Results Results: We experienced no wound healing problems or ischemic complications immediately after surgery in our population. Only 1 seroma was observed as a shortterm complication. Quality of life and patients’ satisfaction level were optimal at 3 and 6 months follow-up, respectively. The aesthetic results have been evaluated as good/excellent in all cases. Conclusions DTI immediate reconstruction with silicone implants following NSM appears to be a safe option in selected cases with enough tissue coverage, also providing a high level of patient satisfaction. The possibility of selecting cases for this procedure according to the preoperative digital mammogram showing more than 2 cm of superficial tissues thickness may help reducing the risk of immediate ischemic complications.

Augmented reality (AR) enables the superimposition of virtual reality reconstructions onto clinical images of a real patient, in real time. This allows visualization of internal structures through overlying tissues, thereby providing a virtual transparency vision of surgical anatomy. AR has been applied to neurosurgery, which utilizes a relatively fixed space, frames, and bony references; the application of AR facilitates the relationship between virtual and real data. Augmented breast imaging (ABI) is described. Breast MRI studies for breast implant patients with seroma were performed using a Siemens 3T system with a body coil and a four-channel bilateral phased-array breast coil as the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Gadolinium was injected as a contrast agent (0.1 mmol/kg at 2 mL/s) using a programmable power injector. Dicom formatted images data from 10 MRI cases of breast implant seroma and 10 MRI cases with T1-2 N0 M0 breast cancer, were imported and transformed into augmented reality images. ABI demonstrated stereoscopic depth perception, focal point convergence, 3D cursor use, and joystick fly-through. ABI can improve clinical outcomes, providing an enhanced view of the structures to work on. It should be further studied to determine its utility in clinical practice.

Advances in reconstructive breast surgery with new materials and techniques now allow us to offer patients the best possible cosmetic results without the risks associated with oncological control of the disease. These advances, in both oncological and plastic surgery, have led to a new field, oncoplastic breast surgery, which enables us to undertake large resections and, with advance planning, and prevent subsequent deformities. This is particularly important when more than 30% of the breast volume is removed, as it allows us to obtain precise information for conservative surgery according to the site of the lesion and to set the boundary between conservative surgery and mastectomy.

Currently in lower blepharoplasty, the transconjunctival approach indication has been limited to young patients without skin excess and prominence of bags; in our practice this access has become the preferred technique in most of our cases because it is simpler, faster, prevents bad scarring, produces less orbicularis muscle trauma, and decreases postoperative edema and possible retractions (ectropion) in patients with decreased lower palpebral tone. Objective: To identify important concepts when deciding this approach. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 177 patients who underwent lower blepharoplasty by a single surgical group. Regarding techniques, the transconjunctival approach was selected in 42% of patients while the transcutaneous technique was preferred in 58%. Results: A lower rate of complications was observed by the transconjunctival approach, with greater patient satisfaction. Conclusions: In our experience, due to its simplicity and less traumatic effect on the patient, the transconjunctival approach is an ideal technique, except in cases where there is lower eyelid weakness and surgical resolution is needed.

Breast augmentation is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in aesthetic plastic surgery. Accurate pre-operative planning is crucial to obtain the best outcomes. We present our planning method deriving from a more than 30-year experience in aesthetic breast surgery, matching together patients tissues' characteristics and patients' wishes. We schematized our planning method in an easy-to-use flow diagram to help the decisional process in breast augmentation.

Las mamas tuberosas, denominadas así por Rees y Aston, y también llamadas hernias del complejo areolar (Bass), Snoopy deformity (Gruber), mamas tubulares (Williams), hipoplasia del polo inferior (Brink) o mamas de base estrecha (Puckett), son una malformacion en el desarrollo del volumen mamario en los cuadrantes inferiores con hernia areolar secundaria (placa areolar y músculo mamilar débiles), areola ancha y protruida (en la mitad de los casos), ascenso del surco submamario, mamas hipotróficas y raramente hipertróficas, con asimetrías en las dos terceras partes de las pacientes. Presentamos la estrategia quirúrgica adecuada para resolver esta patología utilizando solo implantes anatómicos de gel cohesivo sin necesidad de tallar colgajos glandulares. De esta manera, disminuimos la morbilidad quirúrgica, ofreciendo resultados estables y con alta satisfaccion por parte de las pacientes.

Background Digital mammography clearly distinguishes gland tissue density from the overlying nonglandular breast tissue coverage, which corresponds to the existing tissue between the skin and the superficial layer of the fascia superficialis surrounding the gland (i.e., dermis and subcutaneous fat). Preoperative digital imaging can determine the thickness of this breast tissue coverage, thus facilitating planning and reducing the rate of necrotic complications after direct to implant (DTI) reconstruction in nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM). Methods Thirty NSMs in 22 patients with type 3 tissue coverage (subcutaneous tissue thickness of 2 cm or more) were selected for DTI reconstruction after NSM to evaluate immediate skin flap/nipple areola complex ischemic complications and patient satisfaction. Results We experienced no wound healing problems or ischemic complications immediately after surgery in our population. Only 1 seroma was observed as a short-term complication. Quality of life and patients' satisfaction level were optimal at 3 and 6 months follow-up, respectively. The aesthetic results have been evaluated as good/excellent in all cases. Conclusions DTI immediate reconstruction with silicone implants following NSM appears to be a safe option in selected cases with enough tissue coverage, also providing a high level of patient satisfaction. The possibility of selecting cases for this procedure according to the preoperative digital mammogram showing more than 2 cm of superficial tissues thickness may help reducing the risk of immediate ischemic complications.

Los cirujanos plásticos nos enfrentamos cada vez con más frecuencia en nuestra consulta a pacientes que desean o necesitan retirar sus implantes mamarios. Algunas de estas pacientes rechazan la idea de un reemplazo protésico, pero son exigentes con el resultado cosmético postoperatorio. Describimos la técnica empleada en 68 casos consecutivos y los resultados que hemos obtenido al tratar las secuelas en la mama tras la retirada de los implantes, fundamentalmente una disminución de volumen asociada a ptosis y excedente cutáneo. Esta técnica se basa en la extracción de los implantes y correccion mamaria simultanea con colgajo dermoglandular inferior que denominamos "autoprotesis" asociado a injerto graso simultáneo. Los resultados logran mejorar la forma, proyección y conificacion de la mama tras la retirada de los implantes, con un alto grado de satisfacción por parte de las pacientes.

The purpose of this paper is to present the Rhinotrainer, a surgical nose simulator. This innovative anatomical model is intended to facilitate the training of the nose surgeon. This opportunity provided by the Rhinotrainer enables the learning process and provides knowledge, which was previously available only through surgical practice and error.

Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and immediate one-step breast reconstruction with implants has become an increasingly popular, effective treatment for selected patients with breast carcinoma. However, it is associated with high complication rates. Breast augmentation with polyurethane-covered implants (PCIs) has consistently had optimal short-term and long-term results with low rates of capsular contracture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and aesthetic outcomes of immediate one-step breast reconstruction with PCI after SSM in early breast cancer patients at a single institution.We reviewed the records of 221 consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent one-stage immediate reconstruction with PCI after SSM from 1995 through 2005. Patient and tumour characteristics, type of reconstruction, postoperative complications, aesthetic results and recurrence rate were analysed.The mean age of the patients was 52±11 years (range, 30-76; standard deviation (SD), 11). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) pathologic stages were 0 (10%), I (63.3%) and II (26.7%). Thirty-nine (17.65%; confidence interval (CI)=13.04-23.1) of the 221 patients had complications; seven had prosthesis extrusion requiring an implant (five due to skin necrosis, one due to infection and one due to late haematoma). In six of these seven cases, the procedure was indicated for local recurrence after conservative breast surgery with adjunctive radiation therapy (rescue procedure). Thirty-two (14.4%) patients had minor complications: 12 had cutaneous rash, four had malpositioned implants and 16 had inadequate implant projection. At long-term follow-up, four (1.8%) patients had developed grade IV capsular contracture associated with postoperative radiation therapy. At a median follow-up of 98 months (range, 36-156), 14 (6.3%) patients had tumour recurrence and 12.2% had distant metastasis. Nineteen patients had died of cancer, and 192 (86.8%) remained disease free.One-stage immediate breast reconstruction with PCI after SSM appears to be oncologically safe and provides a high level of patient satisfaction.