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1. Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices and Standards for the Next Decade

Author

Jay Pearlman, Mark Bushnell, Laurent Coppola, Johannes Karstensen, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Francoise Pearlman, Pauline Simpson, Michele Barbier, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Peter Pissierssens, Cyndy Chandler, Juliet Hermes, Emma Heslop, Reyna Jenkyns, Eric P. Achterberg, Manuel Bensi, Henry C. Bittig, Jerome Blandin, Julie Bosch, Bernard Bourles, Roberto Bozzano, Justin J. H. Buck, Eugene F. Burger, Daniel Cano, Vanessa Cardin, Miguel Charcos Llorens, Andrés Cianca, Hua Chen, Caroline Cusack, Eric Delory, Rene Garello, Gabriele Giovanetti, Valerie Harscoat, Susan Hartman, Robert Heitsenrether, Simon Jirka, Ana Lara-Lopez, Nadine Lantéri, Adam Leadbetter, Giuseppe Manzella, Joan Maso, Andrea McCurdy, Eric Moussat, Manolis Ntoumas, Sara Pensieri, George Petihakis, Nadia Pinardi, Sylvie Pouliquen, Rachel Przeslawski, Nicholas P. Roden, Joe Silke, Mario N. Tamburri, Hairong Tang, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Pierre Testor, Julie Thomas, Christoph Waldmann, and Fred Whoriskey

Subjects
best practices, sustainability, interoperability, digital repository, peer review, ocean observing, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

The oceans play a key role in global issues such as climate change, food security, and human health. Given their vast dimensions and internal complexity, efficient monitoring and predicting of the planet’s ocean must be a collaborative effort of both regional and global scale. A first and foremost requirement for such collaborative ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined and reproducible methods across activities: from strategies for structuring observing systems, sensor deployment and usage, and the generation of data and information products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. To meet the urgent, planet-wide challenges we face, methods across all aspects of ocean observing should be broadly adopted by the ocean community and, where appropriate, should evolve into “Ocean Best Practices.” While many groups have created best practices, they are scattered across the Web or buried in local repositories and many have yet to be digitized. To reduce this fragmentation, we introduce a new open access, permanent, digital repository of best practices documentation (oceanbestpractices.org) that is part of the Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS). The new OBPS provides an opportunity space for the centralized and coordinated improvement of ocean observing methods. The OBPS repository employs user-friendly software to significantly improve discovery and access to methods. The software includes advanced semantic technologies for search capabilities to enhance repository operations. In addition to the repository, the OBPS also includes a peer reviewed journal research topic, a forum for community discussion and a training activity for use of best practices. Together, these components serve to realize a core objective of the OBPS, which is to enable the ocean community to create superior methods for every activity in ocean observing from research to operations to applications that are agreed upon and broadly adopted across communities. Using selected ocean observing examples, we show how the OBPS supports this objective. This paper lays out a future vision of ocean best practices and how OBPS will contribute to improving ocean observing in the decade to come.

Published
2019
Full Text
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2. Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices and Standards for the Next Decade

Author

Peter Pissierssens, Rene Garello, Mark Bushnell, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Nadia Pinardi, Reyna Jenkyns, Eric P. Achterberg, Roberto Bozzano, Miguel Charcos Llorens, Ana Lara-Lopez, George Petihakis, Eric Moussat, Andres Cianca, Adam Leadbetter, Fred Whoriskey, Pierre Testor, Manuel Bensi, Julie Bosch, Sylvie Pouliquen, Francoise Pearlman, Emma Heslop, Bernard Bourlès, Christoph Waldmann, E. Delory, Simon Jirka, Mario N. Tamburri, Jay Pearlman, Manolis Ntoumas, Giuseppe Manzella, Rachel Przeslawski, Caroline Cusack, Henry C. Bittig, Vanessa Cardin, Eugene Burger, Laurent Coppola, Juliet Hermes, Toste Tanhua, Joan Masó, Valerie Harscoat, Julie Thomas, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Jerome Blandin, Gabriele Giovanetti, Maciej Telszewski, Justin J. H. Buck, Daniel Cano, Hua Chen, C. L. Chandler, Johannes Karstensen, Robert Heitsenrether, Hairong Tang, Nicholas P. Roden, Andrea McCurdy, Joe Silke, Sara Pensieri, Pauline Simpson, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Susan E. Hartman, Nadine Lanteri, Michele Barbier, IEEE, Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Mediterranean Science Commission, University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS BREST), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR065, Centre de Télédétection et d'Analyse des Milieux Naturels (CTAMN), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Wuhan Technology and Business University, Lab-STICC_TB_CID_TOMS, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 52North Initiative for Geospatial Open Source Software GmbH (52°N), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Marine Institute [Oranmore], ETT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARM), University of Bremen, European Project: 633211,H2020,H2020-BG-2014-2,AtlantOS(2015), European Project: 654310,H2020,H2020-INFRASUPP-2014-2,ODIP 2(2015), European Project: 730960, SeaDataCloud(2016), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Pearlman J., Bushnell M., Coppola L., Karstensen J., Buttigieg P.L., Pearlman F., Simpson P., Barbier M., Muller-Karger F.E., Munoz-Mas C., Pissierssens P., Chandler C., Hermes J., Heslop E., Jenkyns R., Achterberg E.P., Bensi M., Bittig H.C., Blandin J., Bosch J., Bourles B., Bozzano R., Buck J.J., Burger E.F., Cano D., Cardin V., Llorens M.C., Cianca A., Chen H., Cusack C., Delory E., Garello R., Giovanetti G., Harscoat V., Hartman S., Heitsenrether R., Jirka S., Lara-Lopez A., Lanteri N., Leadbetter A., Manzella G., Maso J., McCurdy A., Moussat E., Ntoumas M., Pensieri S., Petihakis G., Pinardi N., Pouliquen S., Przeslawski R., Roden N.P., Silke J., Tamburri M.N., Tang H., Tanhua T., Telszewski M., Testor P., Thomas J., Waldmann C., and Whoriskey F.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Best practice, Interoperability, Ontologie, interoperability, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Market fragmentation, Documentation, Ontologies, best practices, ontologies, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, digital repository, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ocean observing, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Scale (chemistry), Methodologie, sustainability, Ocean observing, Data science, Digital repository, Sustainability, 13. Climate action, Software deployment, Semantic technology, lcsh:Q, Methodologies, methodologies
Abstract

The oceans play a key role in global issues such as climate change, food security, and human health. Given their vast dimensions and internal complexity, efficient monitoring and predicting of the planet’s ocean must be a collaborative effort of both regional and global scale. A first and foremost requirement for such collaborative ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined and reproducible methods across activities: from strategies for structuring observing systems, sensor deployment and usage, and the generation of data and information products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. To meet the urgent, planet-wide challenges we face, methods across all aspects of ocean observing should be broadly adopted by the ocean community and, where appropriate, should evolve into “Ocean Best Practices.” While many groups have created best practices, they are scattered across the Web or buried in local repositories and many have yet to be digitized. To reduce this fragmentation, we introduce a new open access, permanent, digital repository of best practices documentation (oceanbestpractices.org) that is part of the Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS). The new OBPS provides an opportunity space for the centralized and coordinated improvement of ocean observing methods. The OBPS repository employs user-friendly software to significantly improve discovery and access to methods. The software includes advanced semantic technologies for search capabilities to enhance repository operations. In addition to the repository, the OBPS also includes a peer reviewed journal research topic, a forum for community discussion and a training activity for use of best practices. Together, these components serve to realize a core objective of the OBPS, which is to enable the ocean community to create superior methods for every activity in ocean observing from research to operations to applications that are agreed upon and broadly adopted across communities. Using selected ocean observing examples, we show how the OBPS supports this objective. This paper lays out a future vision of ocean best practices and how OBPS will contribute to improving ocean observing in the decade to come.

Published
2019

3. Enabling quality assessment through web services

Author

Janet J. Fredericks, Tony Cook, Eugene A. Terray, Darryl Symonds, George Voulgaris, and Julie Bosch

Subjects
Engineering, Measure (data warehouse), business.industry, Emerging technologies, Interoperability, computer.software_genre, Sensor web, Metadata, World Wide Web, SensorML, Data quality, Web service, business, computer
Abstract

Emerging technologies in web-based services have enabled the integration of global, interdisciplinary earth observations. These capabilities can provide an unprecedented opportunity to promote the establishment and adoption of standards for the delivery of information about sensor systems which can enable data quality assessment by disparate users. Machine-to-machine harvesting of data can either become a barrier to content (i.e., easy to get data but hard to determine lineage and provenance) or it can promote communication of critical metadata (i.e., easy to get data with fully described sensor and processing systems). In this contribution, we describe how Open-Geospatial Consortium (OGC) frameworks can enable web services with fully-described sensor systems, including processing lineage. Also presented here is an OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) demonstration project describing the processing and sensor system used to measure real-time in situ currents and wave parameters.

Published
2011

4. A summary of quality control tests for waves and in situ currents and their effectiveness

Author

Julie Thomas, William Burnett, Julie Bosch, Janet J. Fredericks, Sara Haines, Richard Crout, and Darryl Symonds

Subjects
Engineering, Control algorithm, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Control (management), Sonar, Acoustic Doppler current profiler, Signal quality, Wind wave, Quality (business), business, Quality assurance, Remote sensing, Marine engineering, media_common
Abstract

This paper summarizes the quality control (QC) tests used to verify ocean wave and in situ current data collected and shared by ocean observing systems, federal data centers and oceanographic research institutions. The categories in common for both waves and currents are defined as: (1) sensor health, (2) signal quality, and (3) parameter quality. The main differences being that while wave measurements require an additional category of spectral quality tests, the in situ current measurements from ADCPs require overall profile quality tests. Implementing QC tests and measuring their effectiveness has identified the need for multi-parameter quality control algorithms. While the threshold of a given parameter can vary due to the environment, it can be tuned. The Quality Assurance of Real-Time Ocean Data (QARTOD) workshops and subsequent work has directly led to the results presented in this paper.

Published
2011

5. Integrating Quality Assurance and Quality Control into Open GeoSpatial Consortion Sensor Web Enablement

Author

Julie Bosch, Tony Cook, Sara Haines, Mike Botts, Jordi Sorribos Cervantes, Bridger Eric, Christoph Waldmann, Carlos Rueda, John Graybeal, Eric Delory, Anne Holford, P. Bogden, Feng Barry Tao, Luis Bermudez, and Janet J. Fredericks

Subjects
Engineering, Data processing, Geospatial analysis, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Interoperability, computer.software_genre, Data aggregator, Data quality, Quality (business), Web service, business, Software engineering, computer, Quality assurance, media_common
Abstract

As standards in best practices in data quality assurance and quality control evolve, methods for discovery and transport of information relating to these practices must also be developed. An observation’s history, from sensor descriptions, processing methods, parameters and quality control tests to data quality flags and sensor alert flags, must be accessible through standards-based web services to enable machine-to-machine interoperability. This capability enables a common understanding and thus an underlying trust in the expanding world of ocean observing systems. For example, a coastal observatory conducts several tests to evaluate and improve the quality of in situ time series data (e.g. velocity) and then generate an oceanic property (e.g. wave height). Using content-rich webenabled services, a data aggregation center will be able to determine which tests were conducted, interpret data quality flags and provide value added services, such as comparing the parameter with those from near-by observations. These additional processing steps may also be documented and sent along with the data to other participating ocean observing systems throughout the world. By utilizing standards-based protocol (Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) frameworks) and welldefined community adopted QA/QC (Quality Assurance/Quality Control) tests and best-practices (Quality Assurance in Real-Time Oceanographic Data QARTOD), information about the system provenance, sensor and data processing history needn’t be lost. Are data providers ready, willing and able to describe sensors and processing history? And can we transport the information using a framework that offers semantic and syntactic interoperability? The group developing this community white paper has demonstrated that it can be and is being done. A project called Q2O, QARTOD to OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium), bridges the QARTOD community with the OGC community to demonstrate and document best practices in the implementation of QA/QC within the OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) framework. This paper describes this demonstration project and documents the existence of parallel related efforts. With adequate funding to enable the strengthening and broadening of these communities, a solid foundation for ocean observing systems will be built with the assurance that best-practices of data quality are communicated in a meaningful way.

Published
2010

6. Applying Open Geospatial Consortium's Sensor Web Enablement to address real-time oceanographic data quality, secondary data use, and long-term preservation

Author

Tony Cook, Mike Botts, Janet J. Fredericks, Philip Bogden, Sara Haines, Eric Bridger, and Julie Bosch

Subjects
Metadata, Spatial data infrastructure, Geospatial analysis, Data element, Database, Computer science, Data quality, Data management plan, computer.software_genre, Data science, computer, Metadata repository, Data mapping
Abstract

Key to the appropriate use of data is the knowledge of data quality. This knowledge is critical for products and decision-support tools that utilize real-time data, and it is also essential for the longer term application of data as well. Guidance by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) for appraising observational data for archive states that factors favoring long-term or permanent retention include the uniqueness, completeness, and quality of observational data and the quality and completeness of metadata [1]. The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), the designated archive center for oceanographic data in the U.S., requires that data submitted be documented to enable secondary use and ensure data posterity. Such metadata should include not only geospatial characteristics and time periods of observations, but also the collection methods, instrumentation used, units of measure, acceptable values, error tolerance, processing history, quality assessments and explanations of quality flags, data aggregation methods, and other pertinent information [2]. Providing this information in a consistent manner can be a challenge. However, an approach to capturing and conveying this metadata using community-developed practices for ocean observing system data and metadata is well underway. This paper presents methods of capturing data and provenance of data quality using the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) framework. It describes the types of metadata content captured and demonstrates the utility and significance of defining and registering terms to enable semantic, as well as syntactic, interoperability. The SWE framework provides an avenue for conveying quality flags and methods used to make assurances about the integrity of oceanographic data for real-time consumption and for potential submittal to permanent archives such as NODC.

Published
2009

7. Integrating standards in data QA/QC into OpenGeospatial Consortium sensor observation services

Author

Mike Botts, Janet J. Fredericks, Julie Bosch, and Tony Cook

Subjects
Data processing, Engineering, Geospatial analysis, business.industry, computer.software_genre, Trusted system, Data science, Sensor web, Environmental data, Data quality, QA/QC, Software engineering, business, Observations and Measurements, computer
Abstract

As systems developers build the tools and methods for transport and discovery of marine data, we must carefully consider what information must accompany these data and how it is transported in order to enable adequate assessment and understanding in a machine-to-machine global exchange. Providing a common framework to communicate the history of a sensor, data processing and processing results can create a shared understanding which will build a solid foundation for the development of a trusted system of systems for sharing global environmental data. In this paper, we will present an oceanographic wave height offering, using the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) framework, which documents not only the sensor characteristics, but also the processing steps and an assessment of the data quality based on recommended quality control tests.

Published
2009

8. Combined deficiency of RAB32 and RAB38 in the mouse mimics Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and critically impairs thrombosis

Author

Alicia Aguilar, Josiane Weber, Julie Boscher, Monique Freund, Catherine Ziessel, Anita Eckly, Stéphanie Magnenat, Catherine Bourdon, Béatrice Hechler, Pierre H. Mangin, Christian Gachet, François Lanza, and Catherine Léon

Subjects
Specialties of internal medicine, RC581-951
Abstract

Abstract: The biogenesis of lysosome related organelles is defective in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), a disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and platelet dense granule (DG) defects. The first animal model of HPS was the fawn-hooded rat, harboring a spontaneous mutation inactivating the small guanosine triphosphatase Rab38. This leads to coat color dilution associated with the absence of DGs and lung morphological defects. Another RAB38 mutant, the cht mouse, has normal DGs, which has raised controversy about the role of RAB38 in DG biogenesis. We show here that murine and human, but not rat, platelets also express the closely related RAB32. To elucidate the parts played by RAB32 and RAB38 in the biogenesis of DGs in vivo and their effects on platelet functions, we generated mice inactivated for Rab32, Rab38, and both genes. Single Rab38 inactivation mimicked cht mice, whereas single Rab32 inactivation had no effect in DGs, coat color, or lung morphology. By contrast, Rab32/38 double inactivation mimicked severe HPS, with strong coat and eye pigment dilution, some enlarged lung multilamellar bodies associated with a decrease in the number of DGs. These organelles were morphologically abnormal, decreased in number, and devoid of 5-hydroxytryptamine content. In line with the storage pool defect, platelet activation was affected, resulting in severely impaired thrombus growth and prolongation of the bleeding time. Overall, our study demonstrates the absence of impact of RAB38 or RAB32 single deficiency in platelet biogenesis and function resulting from full redundancy, and characterized a new mouse model mimicking HPS devoid of DG content.

Published
2019
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9. Cytoskeletal-based mechanisms differently regulate in vivo and in vitro proplatelet formation

Author

Alicia Bornert, Julie Boscher, Fabien Pertuy, Anita Eckly, David Stegner, Catherine Strassel, Christian Gachet, François Lanza, and Catherine Léon

Subjects
Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5
Abstract

Platelets are produced by bone marrow megakaryocytes through cytoplasmic protrusions, named native proplatelets (nPPT), into blood vessels. Proplatelets also refer to protrusions observed in megakaryocyte culture (cPPT) that are morphologically different. Contrary to cPPT, the mechanisms of nPPT formation are poorly understood. We show here in living mice that nPPT elongation is in equilibrium between protrusive and retraction forces mediated by myosin-IIA. We also found, using WT and β1-tubulin-deficient mice, that microtubule behavior differs between cPPT and nPPT, being absolutely required in vitro, while less critical in vivo. Remarkably, microtubule depolymerization in myosin-deficient mice did not affect nPPT elongation. We then calculated that blood Stokes'forces may be sufficient to promote nPPT extension, independently of myosin and microtubules. Together, we propose a new mechanism for nPPT extension that might explain contradictions between severely affected cPPT production and moderate platelet count defects in some patients and animal models.

Published
2020
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