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Timber housing sector has several features and is essential for civil construction and forestry chains. In Brazil, the economy related to timber housing is still an unprecedented topic. Thus, the paper aimed to estimate scenarios to delimit the annual volume of this sector. Three years were studied from rare data available in the literature. From these national outcomes, projections for next years were developed. Multiple case approaches composed the literature-based methodology. As a result, the sector endured distinct internal and external economic instabilities, whose associated factors compiled political and sanitary crises, specially, with negative influences. The economy of timber housing reached an average about 500 million Dollars in 2014, being halved in 2015 due to the government crisis marked by the impeachment of the Brazilian president. From 2016 to 2019, small improvements were verified for this sector. In 2020, this favorable scenario was stagnated by the global Covid-19 pandemic. After 2021, a sectoral recovery is forecast based on positive expectations on the Brazilian economy. The two-year period of domestic presidential impeachment was more economically catastrophic than the current three-year phase of sanitary pandemic with global implications. From our economic forecasts, it was possible to attest that the Brazilian sector of timber houses is economically perceptible.

Eucalypt wood is an important raw material with multiple uses applied for furniture, pulp and paper, charcoal, biomass, and construction. Sixteen tests were performed to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus triantha, which could estimate the possibility of utilization of this woody material in construction. In all, about 267 repeats were realized. Two moisture contents were regarded according to the Brazilian and American standard documents: fiber saturation point (30%) and standard dried point (12%). Results were statistically treated with t-test and demonstrated increases in six mechanical properties from Eucalyptus triantha wood species: rupture moduli in perpendicular and parallel compressions and static bending; elasticity moduli in parallel tensile, perpendicular compression, and static bending. Volumetric mass and bulk densities were practically stable. Physical and mechanical properties estimation evinced that Eucalyptus triantha wood can be used in structural elements.

To identify the time spent with the different construction techniques of timber houses, this study evaluates the execution time of different models available in Brazil. Using face-to-face interviews, semi-structured questionnaires were randomly applied to collect average time according to distinct production methods. The most efficient techniques were: ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘post-and-beam’, and ‘log-home’ using artisanal production; ‘clapboard and wainscot’, ‘stick framing with masonry’, and ‘post-and-beam’ in semi-industrial process; and, ‘modular for building sites’, ‘modular in cross-laminated timber’ and ‘modular woodframe’ in industrial production. Different industrial developers were not as agile as artisanal competitors due to production obstacles in customized projects. Timber construction offers lower execution time than masonry, representing an agile form to build a versatile sustainable dwelling. RESUMO Para identificar o tempo gasto com as diferentes técnicas de construção de casas de madeira, este estudo avalia o tempo de execução de diferentes modelos disponíveis no Brasil. Utilizando entrevistas face-a-face, formulários semiestruturados foram randomicamente aplicados para coletar o tempo médio de acordo com distintos métodos de produção. As técnicas mais eficientes foram: ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘pilar-viga’ e ‘casa de toras ’ utilizando produção artesanal; ‘tábua e mata-junta’, ‘paliteiro com alvenaria’ e ‘pilar-viga’ em processo semi-industrial; e, ‘modular para canteiros de obras ’, ‘modular em madeira laminada colada-cruzada’ e ‘entramado leve modular’ em produção industrial. Diferentes produtores industriais não foram tão ágeis como seus concorrentes artesanais devido aos obstáculos produtivos em projetos customizados. A construção em madeira oferece um tempo produtivo mais baixo que a alvenaria, representando uma forma ágil para construir uma moradia sustentável e versátil.

Context: Timber construction is not among the most popular options due to cultural issues in Brazil. Timber housing standards and costs remain uncertain subjects, and this study seeks to investigate these secular gaps.Method: Basic unitary costs for different finishing standards and production types were measured through face-to-face interviews led by a semi-structured questionnaire. A margin of error was used to validate all results. Entrepreneurs from six Brazilian states were randomly interviewed to obtain a representative sample.Results: The sampling exceeded 50% of the sector population and provided significant outcomes. More than 40% of timber housing techniques showed competitive costs in comparison with masonry. There are feasible alternatives of timber housing for the different scenarios analyzed.Conclusions: Timber houses are economically viable in Brazil, even compared to traditional examples built via masonry. Attractive costs for all social classes symbolize a strong factor in conquering housing markets.

Eucalypt varieties have been identified as multipurpose materials. With origins in those nations of Oceania, this genus has been applied for purposes such as pulp and paper, bioenergy, civil construction, and furniture. Very suitable as firewood and charcoal, Eucalyptus microcorys would have good potentialities as structural solutions for construction. But, this wood species is not easily found as building parts in the Brazilian market. This paper aimed to develop a broad evaluation of this species to highlight their features for the utilization as structural lumber. Based on the Brazilian standard document on wooden structures, sixteen properties were evaluated to emphasize such potentialities. Using two moisture contents, these conditions were adopted to identify each wood property at green and dried points. About 966 repeats were realized in these tests. Nine properties showed influences with the moisture reduction as well as perceptible increases in their resistances: static bending, parallel and perpendicular compressions, and parallel tensile in the modulus of rupture; perpendicular compression and parallel tensile in the modulus of elasticity; and, shear stress and hardness properties in parallel and perpendicular directions. Eucalyptus microcorys wood reached good resistance properties, justifying its potentiality for construction in structural uses.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 A heteroscedastic regression based on the odd log-logistic Marshall–Olkin normal (OLLMON) distribution is defined by extending previous models. Some structural properties of this distribution are presented. The estimation of the parameters is addressed by maximum likelihood. For different parameter settings, sample sizes and some scenarios, various simulations investigate the performance of the heteroscedastic OLLMON regression. We use residual analysis to detect influential observations and to check the model assumptions. The new regression explains the mass loss of different wood species in civil construction in Brazil. ESALQ Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas UNESP UFPE Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UNIFEI Universidade Federal de Itajubá Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 This paper aimed to measure the carbonization action in four wood species with different densities formed by a variety with global utilization, eucalyptus grandis, and other three native species from Brazil, cupiuba, guapuruvu and morototoni. The analysis included the verification of damages from carbonization at high temperature as well as the influence of these covariates by the Bayesian Logistic Regression. The analysis verified the convergences from R-Hat diagnostic and Markov chains. Statistical model of temperature-species covariates was selected, since it presents the possibility of a more plausible explanation for the assessed data set. Eucalyptus grandis and guapuruvu wood species showed the greatest damage volumes caused by carbonization. Density was not a covariate that interfered, statistically, in this analysis of high temperature damages. Regarding wood species, the eucalyptus grandis differed significantly from the Bayesian model, both from cupiuba and morototoni woods. The detailed analysis evinced the efficient performance of the Bayesian model, which is an alternative option for studies about the carbonization of forest resources. São Paulo State University University of São Paulo Research Group São Paulo State University

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-03 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) This research identified the central hindrances found in Brazilian wooden housing scenario in the fields of finished product, producer, and sector. Thus, a questionnaire with three qualitative questions based on multiple-choice answers allowed investigating the difficulties faced by these producers in Brazil. This sector still faces obstacles in the three observed fields, especially for the negative aspects of house financing, housing technique certification, skilled hand labour, general costs incurred in local production, tax exemptions, public policies, utilization of wooden houses in public works, and other factors. These obstacles in wooden housing sector have created limitations of production potential and restrictions of its market. A current panorama from these obstacles was formed, which could contribute with sectoral development. Actions such as creation and institution of incentives and specific policies should consolidate as the main direction to reduce these difficulties faced by the wooden housing producers. Res Grp LIGNO, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil Virginia Tech, Dept Sustainable Mat, Blacksburg, VA USA Texas A&M Univ, Dept Architecture, College Stn, TX USA Univ Coimbra, Dept Civil Engn, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Civil Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Struct Engn, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Forest Sci, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Wood Ind Engn Course, Itapeva, Brazil

Forest Red Gum eucalypt provides a versatile wood and is converted into different purposes. However, such wood is somewhat limited in structural ends, which highlights the need to exploit this gap through diffusion of mechanical properties of such timber. Obtained results should assist engineers and architects in decision-making for its best building application. This paper studied two physical and fourteen mechanical properties evaluation of Eucalyptus tereticornis at two different moisture contents, following the prescriptions of Brazilian (ABNT NBR 7190: 1997) and North American (ASTM D-143-14: 2014) standard documents. Thus, 1091 repeats were carried out for all properties. By a moisture reduction from 30% to 12%, the bulk density and eleven strength properties statistically showed changes such as modulus of rupture (static bending, parallel and perpendicular compressions), modulus of elasticity (perpendicular compression and static bending), shear stress, tangential cleavage, and parallel and perpendicular hardnesses. Then, the Eucalyptus tereticornis timber could be better usable if is further applied for structural construction uses. Eucalipto de goma vermelha prove uma madeira versátil e é convertido para diferentes propósitos. Porém, essa madeira é um pouco limitada para fins estruturais, o que destaca a necessidade de explorar essa lacuna mediante à difusão das propriedades mecânicas de tal madeira. Os resultados obtidos deverão auxiliar os engenheiros e arquitetos na tomada de decisão para a sua melhor aplicação construtiva. Esse artigo estudou a avaliação de duas propriedades físicas e catorze propriedades mecânicas do Eucalyptus tereticornis em dois teores de umidade, seguindo as prescrições dos documentos normativos brasileiro (ABNT NBR 7190: 1997) e norte-americano (ASTM D-143-14: 2014). Assim, 1091 repetições foram conduzidas para todas essas propriedades. Pela redução de umidade de 30% para 12%, a densidade aparente e onze propriedades de resistência demonstraram estatisticamente mudanças, tais como módulos de ruptura (flexão estática e compressões paralela e perpendicular), módulos de elasticidade (compressão perpendicular e flexão estática), cisalhamento, fendilhamento e as durezas perpendicular e paralela. Então, a madeira de Eucalyptus tereticornis poderia ser melhor utilizável se for também aplicada para usos construtivos estruturais.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:58:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-01 This paper evaluated lignocellulosic biomass volume, in net and gross forms, consumed by Brazilian wood-based housing producers by building technique, as well as net volumes of fixed carbon and carbon dioxide by built area. Net volumetric values of consumed wood per available technique were obtained for single-story house with 100 m(2) of built area, whose data collection was supported by face-to-face interviews with Brazilian producers. Gross volumes were obtained according to wood machining yield described in literature. Determinations of fixed carbon and carbon dioxide were verified by means of net volumes per built area, being calculated from data collected in the interviews. In wood consumption for this standard 100 m(2) house, most of construction techniques revealed average net volumes from 8 to 15 m(3) and gross volumes from 15 to 24 m(3) and from 13 to 21 m(3), respectively, for 30% and 55% yields. In net volumes for 100 m(2) house, the lowest wood consumption was 2 m(3) (or 0.02 m(3) per m(2) of built area) obtained by two versions of nailed clapboard technique, while the highest amount of wood consumed was 34 m(3) (0.34 m(3)/m(2)) for modular technique in cross-laminated timber. As regards carbon fixation, contemporary techniques mostly based on eucalypt and pine species ranged from 30 to 40 kg(C)/m(2), while this range was from 35 to 55 kg(C)/m(2) for traditional techniques largely made with natives. For native woods, the lowest carbon fixation was obtained by stick with masonry technique with parica(12 kg(C)/m(2)), and the highest value was observed in log-home technique using sapucaia (92 kg(C)/m(2)). In exotics, modular for construction site with loblolly pine presented the lowest fixation (19 kg(C)/m(2)), and the possibility of modular technique in cross-laminated timber with blue spotted gum had the highest level (107 kg(C)/m(2)). High wood consumptions were influenced by obsolete production technologies and robust techniques, evincing expressive fixations. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ligno Res Grp, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 3780 Univ, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, 400 Trabalhador Saocarlense, Sao Carlos, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, 11 Padua Dias, Piracicaba, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 3780 Univ, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, 519 Geraldo Alckmin, Itapeva, Brazil

Over the years, the species of eucalyptus has become a multipurpose raw material. In addition, the most relevant aspect of the use for various purposes is related to the production of a high quality wood, coming from short duration plantations, which is fundamental to the current demand of the industries. However, its use in civil construction has not yet reached a level of importance, due to the low knowledge of many of its resistance properties and the consequent popular fear in the use of reforestation woods, in particular the Eucalyptus grandis. This research investigated its main mechanical properties, aiming to reinforce its constructive applications in wood structures. For this, two physical properties and fourteen mechanical properties, in two different moisture conditions of the samples were evaluated, according to the norm NBR 7190 (1997). In the first moisture content, the samples were stabilized at 30%, while the second level considered the content of 12%. It was obtained 3580 determinations for the sixteen properties. From the 14 mechanical properties, only 7 had significant increases with the moisture reduction (30% to 12%), consisting of the rupture modulus in the parallel and normal compressions, normal traction and static bending; modulus of elasticity in normal compression and static bending and in shear strength.

RESUMO A qualidade térmica do ambiente urbano é um dos problemas enfrentados pelas cidades atualmente. A forma de ocupação urbana altera o balanço de energia nas cidades, provocando frequentemente um aquecimento do ar nas camadas intraurbanas e criando microclimas variados. No entanto, mapear os microclimas urbanos possibilitando apoio à tomada de decisões de planejamento urbano é uma tarefa complexa e de longo prazo. Procurando demonstrar as potencialidades térmicas oferecidas por alguns índices urbanísticos usualmente aplicados por órgãos decisores, este artigo buscou verificar a influência dos coeficientes de ocupação, de aproveitamento e de cobertura vegetal sobre a temperatura do ar em microclimas urbanos. Em uma fração urbana de ocupação consolidada, foram realizadas medições em campo, que serviram de base para a validação de um modelo computacional de simulação do ambiente térmico urbano. Posteriormente foram feitas simulações com diferentes índices urbanísticos e desenvolvidos mapas térmicos. Os resultados apontaram que os coeficientes estudados devem ser mais explorados termicamente, principalmente se considerado o coeficiente de cobertura vegetal, cuja alteração de valores pode levar a diferenças mais significativas na temperatura do ar.

As primeiras escolas florestais foram criadas na Europa Ocidental em meados do Século XVIII. Ao final do Século XIX, a Educação Florestal foi estruturada para intervir nos ecossistemas florestais e garantir a gestão sustentável de seus recursos. Assim, a cadeia florestal avançou na busca por soluções de maior valor e qualidade, incluindo os produtos florestais nos currículos educacionais. No Século XX, a Educação em Madeira foi concebida para abordar a madeira e seu processamento. Então, este artigo teve como objetivo examinar, nos cenários global e brasileiro, a Educação Florestal e a Educação em Madeira para compreender suas características, cronologias e perspectivas. Extensivas consultas em websites de universidades e literaturas científicas foram conduzidas para assegurar a informação necessária para suportar as discussões. Os cursos de graduação em Educação Florestal e em Madeira têm sido intitulados por diferentes designações, onde as nomenclaturas generalistas são frequentes nas áreas de silvicultura e os nomes mais específicos são comuns nos campos da madeira. A Educação Florestal se iniciou na Europa e se espalhou pelo mundo durante dois séculos, surgindo no Brasil em meados do Século XX. A partir de modernas tecnologias industriais, a Educação em Madeira foi desenvolvida no Hemisfério Norte e se espalhou globalmente ao longo de um século até a sua inserção no Brasil ao final do Século XX. Um declínio estudantil tem sido observado globalmente nessas carreiras, razões pelas quais novos estímulos e políticas são requeridos por uma sociedade ávida pelos bioprodutos sustentáveis e genuinamente preocupada com as questões ambientais.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-03T17:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-04T16:20:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1678-86212019000200233.pdf: 134403 bytes, checksum: 1c959f91dc6c098a8d22edfc323c9793 (MD5) Resumo A fim de auxiliar no consumo de madeira pela construção civil, o Eucalyptus saligna surge como uma boa oportunidade a ser explorada, devido à sua grande disponibilidade em florestas plantadas no Brasil. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi determinar as principais propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus saligna para sua utilização na construção civil. Esta avaliação baseou-se em 16 propriedades físicas e mecânicas obtidas de acordo com a norma NBR 7190 (1997). Dois valores de teor de umidade foram considerados: 30% (acima do ponto de saturação das fibras) e 12% (teor de umidade de equilíbrio) de acordo com a NBR 7190 (1997). Todos os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente de acordo com o teste t ao nível de 5% de significância. Além disso, também foram determinadas as resistências características para classificação do lote nas classes de resistência recomendadas pela norma. O Eucalyptus saligna apresentou densidade aparente igual a 0,58 g/cm3 e densidade básica igual a 0,73 g/cm3. Em relação às propriedades mecânicas, apresentou fc0 e fc0,k iguais a 46,80 e 32 MPa, respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados, foi possível concluir que o Eucalyptus saligna pode ser utilizado na construção de estruturas de madeira como elemento estrutural. Abstract Due to its great availability in planted forests in Brazil, Eucalyptus saligna appears as a good species to be exploited, in order to assist in the consumption of wood for construction purposes. The aim of this research was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus saligna wood species for its use in civil construction. The evaluation was based on 16 physical and mechanical properties obtained according to NBR 7190 (1997) standard. Two values of moisture content were considered: 30% (above the fiber saturation point) and 12% (equilibrium moisture content) according to NBR 7190 (1997). All obtained results obtained were statistically analyzed according to the t-test at the 5% level of significance. In addition, the characteristic strength properties were also determined, for batch classification in the strength classes recommended by the Brazilian standard. Eucalyptus saligna had an apparent density of 0.58 g/cm3 and a basic density of 0.73 g/cm3. The mechanical properties, presented fc0 and fc0,k equal to 46.80 and 32 MPa, respectively. The results indicated that Eucalyptus saligna wood can be used in the construction of timber structures as structural member Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso Universidade Federal de Rondônia Universidade de São Paulo Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Federal de São Carlos Universidade Estadual Paulista

In the current competitive market, production efficiency and product quality are prioritized by the whole industry. Machinery characterization is an understudied topic, particularly in those sectors focused on basic raw material production, processing, and/or heavy industrialization. For this reason, the wooden housing sector requires evaluation to identify its mechanical potential and support future policies dealing with industrial development. This study aimed to identify the equipment and machinery from Brazilian timber housing producers. Such a sectoral study involved individual personal data collection by way of face-to-face interviews. Sampled producers were asked about equipment/machinery size, drying process availability, and the range of overall obsolescence from these devices. Thus, tools, portable machines, and medium-sized machinery exhibited the highest popularities, revealing a lower industrial level. Most of these producers do not have machined drying processes because of the demand for static infrastructures. The low obsolescence was a result of the greater utilization of compact equipment, which is easier to replace because of its low cost. Lower-cost machinery could also stimulate in the creation of new businesses for this sector.

La biomasa para energia y los productos a base de madera solida son algunas de las aplicaciones mas populares del Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Sin embargo, esta especie todavia es subutilizada en la construccion civil por toda America Latina. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron la evaluacion de las propiedades del Eucalyptus camaldulensis para determinar y ampliar su utilizacion para elementos estructurales. Las maderas fueron procedentes de plantaciones en la ciudad de Restinga, Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Dos propiedades mecanicas y catorce fisicas fueron evaluadas para la caracterizacion de la madera de Eucalyptus camaldulensis con soporte de la norma brasilena NBR 7190 (1997). Dos contenidos de humedad fueron observados, el primero en el punto de saturacion de las fibras a 30% y el segundo en el punto estandar a 12% de acuerdo con la norma brasilera al contenido de humedad de equilibrio. Este estudio evaluo 538 repeticiones. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos fueron analizados estadisticamente mediante la prueba t con 5% de significancia. Diez propiedades de resistencia indicaron una mejora en sus propiedades durante la reduccion del contenido de humedad estudiado: compresion paralela y normal, tension normal y flexion en los modulos de ruptura; compresion normal y flexion en los modulos de elasticidad; durezas normal y paralela; cizallamiento; y agrietamiento. Asi, el Eucalyptus camaldulensis puede ser utilizado para fin estructural, debido a la mejora de sus propiedades mecanicas con la reduccion de humedad y por presentar valores de propiedades mecanicas conformes a la norma brasilena.

This study involved the study of physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus umbra wood for its use in timber structures. Two physical and fourteen mechanical properties tests were performed according to Brazilian code ABNT NBR 7190:1997. Two moisture contents were considered: above the Fiber Saturation Point (30%) and standardized point 12%. Decreasing the moisture content, this study presented an increase in eight mechanical properties. Oppositely, five mechanical properties presented decreasing of values, and one single variable persisted stable. But statistical perspective supported by the t-test, only three mechanical properties (ft90, fH0 and W) increased significantly. According to results obtained in this study, it is possible to use Eucalyptus umbra wood as raw material for structures.

Os produtos manufaturados em madeira são fundamentais para a sociedade moderna, visto que os mesmos são fabricados a partir de matéria-prima renovável e reciclável, caracterizando um insumo sustentável. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em elucidar a importância da madeira de florestas plantadas na manufatura de produtos florestais com maior valor agregado, abordando os contextos florestais e madeireiros de tópicos relacionados à educação, recursos, produtos, indústrias, incentivos estatais, políticas públicas e mercado. Verificou-se que o Brasil, diferente da Europa, não estimula favoravelmente esse importante setor industrial, que ainda assim apresenta potencial de crescimento em função da diversidade de produtos à base de madeira. Desse modo, a madeira poderá alcançar um lugar de destaque na economia do País, se estratégias e incentivos forem definidos por meio de normas e políticas públicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:41:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:32:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-69162017000500900.pdf: 345225 bytes, checksum: 93b1f19c4a7b140e1751ef1dde65c75d (MD5) Eucalyptus urophylla consists in a wood-producing species, which offers a natural multiple raw material of good quality for applications in rural and civil constructions. However, Eucalyptus urophylla still has a small utilization as building parts and elements, resulting from the possible ignorance and low diffusion of its structural possibilities. Thereby, the present research aims to measure the main thirteen mechanical properties of Eucalyptus urophylla wood for two different moisture contents, 12% and 30% (green wood). Furthermore, in these two conditions of moisture content evaluation, volumetric mass densities were also evaluated. At the end of this evaluation, which included 2688 determinations, all the obtained results were statistically treated with t-test at a 5% of significance level in order to evaluate the influence of moisture content in the evaluated properties. Twelve mechanical properties were significantly affected by moisture content, and the behavior pattern consisted in increasing the values of the properties with the reduction of the moisture content. Univ Sao Paulo, EESC, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Mato Grosso Ufmt, Cuiaba, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Esalq, Piracicaba, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Grp Pesquisa Ligno, Itapeva, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos Ufscar, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Grp Pesquisa Ligno, Itapeva, Brazil

Wooden housing is one of the most sustainable building alternatives. In many European and North American countries, wooden houses provide the most common, economical, and practical solution for construction. The timber buildings present adequate levels of durability, acoustics, and thermal comforts. Despite their popularity, wood houses do not have a standardized classification to define and organize their main aspects. In literature dealing with timber construction, most authors emphasize structural systems for large spans (bridges, hangars, roofs, etc.). The presence of some classifications of timber construction results in unclear issues, and few studies have covered and regarded wooden buildings as residential construction typologies. Accordingly, this paper proposes a classification that connects the aspects and details of wooden housing materials in relation to the industrialization level and chronological origin. We expect this classification to assist in a better understanding of distinct wooden housing techniques commercially produced worldwide, diffusing their concepts and possibilities as forestry-timber products.

The waste generated by industries has been an environmental problem to be solved, even in timber chain, whereas the wood has a high potential of reuse. This paper aimed to collect and disseminate the data obtained on lignocellulosic waste generation produced by manufacturers of wood houses located at Brazilian state of Paraná. This information could help the companies with new discussions on the reuse of this waste. A simple survey composed by three questions was applied in the companies in order to verify the current situation of the theme. After the examination, it was checked that many industries do not have the habit to reuse their residual raw materials, and also all these companies do not have any type of periodic evaluation about waste generation, nor they have any kind of waste separation and quantification.

Researches regarding the use of agricultural residues as raw material for the fibrous pulp and paper industries are important, especially the use of castor (Ricinus communis L.), whose application can be found in many sectors of the economy, with its main product derived from the oil of its seeds. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the physico-chemical properties of castor fibrous waste, such as leaves, branches and stems to evaluate the potential of these residues for pulp and paper production. Results of physico-chemical analysis of castor residues revealed the following contents: 80.10 % of holocellulose (50.56% of cellulose and 29.64% of hemicellulose); 17.34% of lignin; 1.48% of ash; 1.24% of extractives soluble in hot water; and 1.88% of extractives soluble in organic solvents. In general, fibrous crop residues of castor presented as a good alternative for pulp and paper manufacturing, since they have high cellulose content compared with its basic density.