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Monolaurin is a natural compound that has been known for its broad antimicrobial activities. We evaluate the antifungal activity of monolaurin against Candida albicans biofilms in vivo using a novel bioluminescent model to longitudinally monitor oral fungal infection. Oral fungal infection in vivo was performed using bioluminescent engineered C. albicans (SKCa23-ActgLUC) biofilms on Balb/c mice. The antifungal activity of monolaurin was determined by comparing three groups of mice (n=5/group): monolaurin, vehicle control, and positive control (nystatin). All mice were immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate and oral topical treatments were applied for 5 d. In vivo imaging system (IVIS) imaging was used to monitor the progression of infection over a 5-d period. Total photon flux and ex vivo microbiological analysis of the excised tongues were used to determine the overall fungal burden. Oral topical treatments of monolaurin have resulted in a significant decrease (p

Colon cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in the United States and the incidence has been rising among young adults. We and others have shown a relationship between the immune infiltrate and prognosis, with improved disease-free survival (DFS) being associated with a higher expression of CD8+ T cells. We hypothesized that a microbial signature might be associated with intratumoral immune cells as well as DFS. We found that the relative abundance of one Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU), OTU_104, was significantly associated with recurrence even after applying false discovery correction (HR 1.21, CI 1.08 to 1.36). The final multivariable model showed that DFS was influenced by three parameters: N-stage, CD8+ labeling, as well as this OTU_104 belonging to the order Clostridiales. Not only were CD8+ labeling and OTU_104 significant contributors in the final DFS model, but they were also inversely correlated to each other (p=0.022). Interestingly, CD8+ was also significantly associated with the microbiota composition in the tumor: CD8+ T cells was inversely correlated with alpha diversity (p=0.027) and significantly associated with the beta diversity. This study is the first to demonstrate an association among the intratumoral microbiome, CD8+ T cells, and recurrence in CC. An increased relative abundance of a specific OTU_104 was inversely associated with CD8+ T cells and directly associated with CC recurrence. The link between this microbe, CD8+ T cells, and DFS has not been previously shown.

Study objective The adolescent brain may be uniquely affected by acute sleep deprivation (ASD) and chronic sleep restriction (CSR), but direct evidence is lacking. We used electron microscopy to examine how ASD and CSR affect pyramidal neurons in the frontal cortex of adolescent mice, focusing on mitochondria, endosomes, and lysosomes that together perform most basic cellular functions, from nutrient intake to prevention of cellular stress. Methods Adolescent (1-mo-old) mice slept (S) or were sleep deprived (ASD, with novel objects and running wheels) during the first 6-8 h of the light period, chronically sleep restricted (CSR) for > 4 days (using novel objects, running wheels, social interaction, forced locomotion, caffeinated water), or allowed to recover sleep (RS) for ∼32 h after CSR. Ultrastructural analysis of 350 pyramidal neurons was performed (S = 82; ASD = 86; CSR = 103; RS = 79; 4 to 5 mice/group). Results Several ultrastructural parameters differed in S versus ASD, S versus CSR, CSR versus RS, and S versus RS, although the different methods used to enforce wake may have contributed to some of the differences between short and long sleep loss. Differences included larger cytoplasmic area occupied by mitochondria in CSR versus S, and higher number of secondary lysosomes in CSR versus S and RS. We also found that sleep loss may unmask interindividual differences not obvious during baseline sleep. Moreover, using a combination of 11 ultrastructural parameters, we could predict in up to 80% of cases whether sleep or wake occurred at the single cell level. Conclusions Ultrastructural analysis may be a powerful tool to identify which cellular organelles, and thus which cellular functions, are most affected by sleep and sleep loss.

Breast Cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent of all cancers worldwide. It is a well-established disease with intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Over the past decades, scientists postulated a role for infectious agents and the resident microbiota as extrinsic risk factors for several types of cancers. Viruses may exert effects on the early stage of oncogenesis during the initiation or late stage through the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Bacteria within the host may interact with host cells, such as the epithelium and immune cells to affect development or progression of BC. For example, microbes may impact the host response, from somatic or immune cells, causing changes in inflammatory pathways and the tissue microenvironment, which may influence cancer development. Microbial communities composed of eukaryotic species, bacteria, fungi and viruses inhabit the human body and may contribute to cancer pathogenesis or prevention. This chapter describes studies related to the associations of BC and microorganisms present in humans discovered over the last decades.

Monolaurin is a natural compound that has been known for its broad antimicrobial activities. We evaluate the antifungal activity of monolaurin against Candida albicans biofilms in vivo using a novel bioluminescent model to longitudinally monitor oral fungal infection. Oral fungal infection in vivo was performed using bioluminescent engineered C. albicans (SKCa23-ActgLUC) biofilms on Balb/c mice. The antifungal activity of monolaurin was determined by comparing three groups of mice (n=5/group): monolaurin, vehicle control, and positive control (nystatin). All mice were immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate and oral topical treatments were applied for 5 d. In vivo imaging system (IVIS) imaging was used to monitor the progression of infection over a 5-d period. Total photon flux and ex vivo microbiological analysis of the excised tongues were used to determine the overall fungal burden. Oral topical treatments of monolaurin have resulted in a significant decrease (p0.05) in the total photon flux over 4 and 5 d post-infection in comparison to the vehicle control group. Furthermore, monolaurin treated group had a significant decrease in colony formation unit of tongue tissue compared to the vehicle control. Our findings support monolaurin as a promising antifungal compound in vivo, which may translate to its future use in the treatment of oral candidiasis.

BACKGROUND The incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) exceeds the incidence of all other types of cancers combined. Cumulative sun exposure and intermittent sun exposure are known risk factors for the development of NMSC. Because obesity has been shown to decrease the risk of NMSC incidence, this study investigated whether the risk of NMSC with sun exposure was consistent across different levels of body size. METHODS Body size was assessed with the body mass index (BMI) and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Sun exposure was assessed in watts and langleys and by the amount of time spent outdoors per day in the summer during a person's 30s. RESULTS Among 71,645 postmenopausal women eligible for inclusion in this study, 13,351 participants (18.6%) developed NMSC. A BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 or a WHR ≥ 0.80 was associated with lower NMSC hazard rates (hazard ratio for BMI, 0.78; hazard ratio for WHR, 0.89); however, the association between higher levels of sun exposure and a higher risk of NMSC was more apparent among women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 or a WHR ≥ 0.80 in comparison with those of a normal weight (P for interaction for BMI < .001; P for interaction for WHR = .022). CONCLUSIONS Although most studies have considered sun exposure as a covariate, none have addressed the potential interaction of body size with sun exposure; therefore, the effect size of being overweight or obese may have been overestimated. In comparison to the normal-weight group, those in the overweight group had increasingly higher hazard rates with increasing sun exposure. Further studies are warranted to investigate how increased weight interacts with sun exposure to influence skin cancer pathogenesis.

Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive neoplasm. In Brazil, it is the sixth most frequent among men and fifteenth among women. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), responsible for 96% of cases. Twenty-eight specimens of Esophael squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were obtained by surgery procedures.The tissues were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. In each case, all available hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were examined and a representative block was selected. The ages of these patients ranged from 40 to 93 years, with a mean age of 60 years. Results: The histological grade of tumors was 4 well-differentiated, 19 moderately differentiated and 5 poorly differentiated. Expression of Cox-2 and VEGF in ESCC was demonstrated in 23 (82,14%) and 13 (44,43%) cases, respectively. Adjacent normal mucosa was positive in 11 (39,29%) samples and 9 (32,15%) samples for Cox-2 and VEGF, respectively. No relationship between the expression of Cox-2 and VEGF with the clinicopathological parameters, including gender, age, surgical margin, lymph node status and tumor differentiation. The median follow-up period was 60 months. Survival analysis of patients with ESCC showed no relationship with the expression of Cox-2 and VEGF. Conclusion: VEGF and Cox-2 are expressed in ESCC. Cox-2, VEGF, play a significant role in the origin and development of ESCC and the inhibitors of these proteins could prove to be an important therapeutic tool in the control of this disease.

Candida albicans is a pathogen in the mouth responsible for opportunistic infections that are usually harmless. Natural products have been used to develop several drugs, mostly anticancer and anti-infective agents. Among these, alkaloids have been studied for their medicinal properties. In this study, we examined their antifungal activity against C. albicans in vitro. Among the alkaloids studied in this work, berberine hydrochloride showed the best activity against C. albicans.

Twenty-eight specimens of Esophael squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were obtained by surgery procedures. The tissues were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. In each case, all available hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were examined and a representative block was selected. The ages of these patients ranged from 40 to 93 years, with a mean age of 60 years. Results. The histological grade of tumors was 4 well-differentiated, 19 moderately differentiated and 5 poorly differentiated. Expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70 in ESCC was demonstrated in 23 (82,14%) and 26 (92,86%) cases, respectively. Adjacent normal mucosa was positive in 11 (39,29%) samples and 9 (32,15%) samples for Hsp27 and Hsp70, respectively. No relationship between the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70 with the clinicopathological parameters, including gender, age, surgical margin, lymph node status and tumor differentiation. The median follow-up period was 60 months. Survival analysis of patients with ESCC showed no relationship with the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70. Conclusion. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Hsp27 and Hsp70 are expressed in ESCC tissues, but they are not good prognostic factor for patients with ESCC.

1 Pathology, 2 Psichobiology, 3 ABSTRACT Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether paradoxical sleep deprivation could affects the mechanisms and pathways essentials for cancer cells in tongue cancer induced by 4‑nitroquinole 1‑oxide in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the animals were distributed into 4 groups of 5 animals each treated with 50 ppm 4 NQO solution through their drinking water for 4 and 12 weeks. The animals were submitted to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 72 h using the modified multiple platform method, which consisted of placing 5 mice in a cage (41 × 34 × 16 cm) containing 10 circular platforms (3.5 cm in diameter) with water 1 cm below the upper surface. The investigations were conducted using immunohistochemistry of p53, Bax and Bcl‑2 proteins related to apoptosis and its pathways. Results: Although no histopathological abnormalities were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure in all groups, in 12 weeks were observed pre‑neoplasic lesions. Data analysis revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in 4 weeks group for p53 and for bcl‑2 and for all immunomarkers after 12 weeks of 4NQO administration. Conclusion: Our results reveal that sleep deprivation exerted alterations in proteins associated with proliferation and apoptosis in carcinogenesis. AQ1

Sleep disorders are associated with various human pathologies and interfere with biological processes essential for health and quality of life. On the other hand, cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide with an average of 1,500 deaths per day in the USA. Is there a factor common to both sleep disorders and cancer that serves to link these conditions?It is a normal process for cellular metabolism to produce reactive oxidant series (ROS). However, when the production of ROS overcomes the antioxidant capacity of the cell to eliminate these products, the resulting state is called oxidative stress. Oxidative DNA damage may participate in ROS-induced carcinogenesis. Moreover, ROS are also produced in the sleep deprivation process. The aim of this article is to review pathways and mechanisms that may point to oxidative stress as a link between sleep deprivation and cancer.

Esophageal cancer is one of the most frequently occurring malignancies and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide. Our goal in this study was to detect c-myc, p21WAF/CIP1, p53, C-erbB-2 and COX-2 immuno-expression in ESCC. Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 18 cases of ESCC (13 biopsies and 5 surgical specimens) were studied, retrospectively, by immunohistochemistry. p53 protein was observed in 50% of the cases, while c-myc was found in 6 of 18 samples (33.33%). All samples (100%) were negative for p21WAF/CIP1. C-erbB-2 oncoprotein and the COX-2 protein were detected in 5.5% (1/18) and 16.66% (3/18) of the cases, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that c-myc, p53, C-erbB-2 and COX-2 proteins do not correlate with cancer stage or follow-up in ESCC as revealed by immunohistochemistry.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether paradoxical sleep deprivation couldaffects the mechanisms and pathways essentials for cancer cells in tongue cancer induced by4‑nitroquinole 1‑oxide in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the animals were distributed into 4 groups of 5 animalseach treated with 50 ppm 4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide (4 NQO) solution through their drinkingwater for 4 and 12 weeks. The animals were submitted to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD)for 72 h using the modified multiple platform method, which consisted of placing 5 mice in acage (41 × 34 × 16 cm) containing 10 circular platforms (3.5 cm in diameter) with water 1 cmbelow the upper surface. The investigations were conducted using immunohistochemistry of p53,Bax and Bcl‑2 proteins related to apoptosis and its pathways. Statistical analysis was performedby Kruskal‑Wallis non‑parametric test followed by the Dunn’s test using SPSS software pack(version 1.0). P value < 0.05 was considered for statistic significance. Results: Although no histopathological abnormalities were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeksof carcinogen exposure in all groups, in 12 weeks were observed pre‑neoplasic lesions. Data analysisrevealed statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05) in 4 weeks group for p53 and for bcl‑2 andfor all immunomarkers after 12 weeks of 4NQO administration. Conclusion: Our results reveal that sleep deprivation exerted alterations in proteins associatedwith proliferation and apoptosis in carcinogenesis. Key Words: Apoptosis, carcinogenesis, rat, sleep deprivation

The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate genomic damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) in exfoliated oral mucosa cells from hairdressers using two different anatomic buccal sites: cheek mucosa and lateral border of the tongue. A total of 28 hairdressers and 30 health controls (non-exposed individuals) were included in this setting. Individuals had epithelial cells from the cheek and lateral border of the tongue mechanically exfoliated, placed in fixative and dropped in clean slides that were checked for the previously mentioned nuclear phenotypes. The results pointed out statistically significant differences (p0.05) of micronucleated oral mucosa cells from hairdressers in the lateral border of the tongue. Exposure to hair dyes caused an increase of other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity, such as karrhyorexis, pyknosis and karyolysis in both the oral sites evaluated. In summary, these data indicate that hairdressers are occupationally exposed to agents that are genotoxic and cytotoxic. It seems that the lateral border of the tongue is a more sensitive site to the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of hair dyes.

Skin performs a host of primordial functions that keep the body alive. Morphine is a drug with immunosuppressant properties whose chronic use may lead to increased infection and delayed wound healing. Sleep is a fundamental biological phenomenon that promotes the integrity of several bodily functions. Sleep deprivation adversely affects several systems, particularly the immune system. The aim of this study was to perform an immunohistochemical evaluation on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in skin of sleep-deprived mice and mice chronically treated with morphine. Adult hairless male mice were distributed into the following groups: Control, morphine, sleep-deprived, and morphine + SD. Morphine (10 mg/kg, subcutaneous) was injected every 12 h for 9 days. Morphine induced immunoexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase. Sleep deprivation did not modulate outcomes induced by morphine. Morphine, not sleep loss, induces cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase immunoexpression in the skin of hairless mice.

The interaction between sleep deprivation and epilepsy has been well described in electrophysiological studies, but the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. The present study evaluated the effects of sleep deprivation on locomotor activity and genetic damage in the brains of rats treated with saline or pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). After 50 days of pilocarpine or saline treatment, both groups were assigned randomly to total sleep deprivation (TSD) for 6h, paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) for 24h, or be kept in their home cages. Locomotor activity was assessed with the open field test followed by resection of brain for quantification of genetic damage by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Status epilepticus induced significant hyperactivity in the open field test and caused genetic damage in the brain. Sleep deprivation procedures (TSD and PSD) did not affect locomotor activity in epileptic or healthy rats, but resulted in significant DNA damage in brain cells. Although PSD had this effect in both vehicle and epileptic groups, TSD caused DNA damage only in epileptic rats. In conclusion, our results revealed that, despite a lack of behavioral effects of sleep deprivation, TSD and PSD induced genetic damage in rats submitted to pilocarpine-induced SE.

The aim of this study was to evaluate alkylation induced genotoxicity as a result of DNA repair deficiency during 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis by means of single cell gel (comet) assay. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution through their drinking water for 4, 12, and 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. Blood samples and oral mucosa cells collected from all animals were divided into two aliquots of 20 μL each to study basal DNA damage and DNA damage due to genotoxin sensitivity. The first aliquot was processed immediately for comet assay to assess basal DNA damage. The second aliquot was treated with a known genotoxin, methylmetanesulfonate. Significantly greater DNA damage was noticed to oral mucosa cells from 4, and 12 weeks post-treatment. Peripheral blood cells did show statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) after 20 weeks-group (squamous cell carcinoma). In conclusion, alkylation induced genotoxicity as a result of DNA repair deficiency is present in oral mucosa cells following oral experimental carcinogenesis.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is caused by a deficiency of alfa-iduronidase (IDUA), which leads to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. Some studies have revealed that oxidative stress plays an important role in MPS I. However, the mechanisms by which these alterations occur are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze genomic instability in blood cells from murine model of MPS I by single cell gel (comet) assay and micronucleus test. The results pointed out genetic damage in blood cells as depicted by the single cell gel (comet) assay results. By contrast, no increase of micronucleated cells were found in mouse blood cells when compared to negative control. Taken together, our results suggest that IDUA deficiency induces genomic damage in blood cells. Certainly, this finding offers new insights into the mechanisms underlying the relation between IDUA deficiency and clinical manifestations that can occur in MPS I patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative DNA damage during 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution through their drinking water for 4, 12, and 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. The alkaline Comet assay modified with lesion-specific enzymes was used to detect single and double strand breaks, labile sites (SBs), and oxidised purines and pyrimidines. Although no histopathological abnormalities were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure, oxidative DNA damage was detected in the ‘normal’ oral epithelium. In pre-neoplastic lesions and squamous cell carcinomas induced after 12 and 20 weeks following carcinogen exposure, respectively, oxidative DNA damage was also increased (P < 0.05) when compared to negative control. In conclusion, our results suggest that oxidative DNA damage is an early event during multistep carcinogenesis assay induced by 4NQO. This kind of approach should be considered to persons with high risk of oral cancer, such as in smokers or alcohol consumers.

Oral candidiasis (OC) is an opportunistic fungal infection with high prevalence among immunocompromised patients. Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen responsible for OC, often manifested in denture stomatitis and oral thrush. Virulence factors, such as biofilms formation and secretion of proteolytic enzymes, are key components in the pathogenicity of C. albicans. Given the limited number of available antifungal therapies and the increase in antifungal resistance, demand the search for new safe and effective antifungal treatments. Lichochalcone-A is a polyphenol natural compound, known for its broad protective activities, as an antimicrobial agent. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of lichochalcone-A against C. albicans biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. Lichochalcone-A (625 μM; equivalent to 10x MIC) significantly reduced C. albicans (MYA 2876) biofilm growth compared to the vehicle control group (1% ethanol), as indicated by the reduction in the colony formation unit (CFU)/ml/g of biofilm dry weight. Furthermore, proteolytic enzymatic activities of proteinases and phospholipases, secreted by C. albicans were significantly decreased in the lichochalcone-A treated biofilms. In vivo model utilized longitudinal imaging of OC fungal load using a bioluminescent-engineered C. albicans (SKCa23-ActgLUC) and coelenterazine substrate. Mice treated with lichochalcone-A topical treatments exhibited a significant reduction in total photon flux over 4 and 5 days post-infection. Similarly, ex vivo analysis of tongue samples, showed a significant decrease in CFU/ml/mg in tongue tissue sample of lichochalcone-A treated group, which suggest the potential of lichochalcone-A as a novel antifungal agent for future clinical use.

Oral cancer is a serious problem growing in incidence in many parts of the world; it is considered the sixth most common cancer and despite sophisticated surgical and radiotherapeutic modalities, oral squamous cell carcinoma, which represents 90% of oral cancers, is characterized by poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The Epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) comprises of four distinct receptors: the EGFR (also known as ErbB-1/HER1), ErbB-2 (neu, HER2), ErbB-3 (HER3) and ErbB-4 (HER4). Several studies have been published on the role of EGFR in the pathogenesis of oral carcinoma. The aim of the present review is to describe the role of EGFR pathway in oral cancer with special focus on its role during the carcinogenesis process as a result of therapeutic approaches of EGFR in oral cancer. The EGFR is a 170-kDa cell-surface protein involved in many biological processes, such as proliferation, migration, DNA synthesis and adhesion. Overexpression of EGFR results in a poor prognosis in oral cancer and its activation is associated with the malignant phenotype, inhibition of apoptosis and increased metastatic potential. EGFR variations and mutations have been correlated with tumor formation, and possibly alter the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR inhibitors.

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by an up-regulation of the synthesis and release of a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators leading to excessive tissue injury. Flavonoids are able to inhibit enzymes and/or due to their antioxidant properties regulate the immune response. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of phenolic compounds present in grape juice on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. A total of forty-one male Wistar rats were randomised into seven groups: negative control group; TNBS non-treated induced colitis; 2 % grape juice control group; 1 % grape juice 24 h after TNBS colitis induction; 1 % grape juice on day 7 after colitis induction; 2 % grape juice 24 h after colitis induction; 2 % grape juice on day 7 after colitis induction. The 1 % grape juice-treated induced colitis group showed marked clinical improvement when compared with the TNBS-induced colitis group. Rats that received 1 % grape juice, on day 7 after colitis induction, presented reduced intensity of macroscopic and histological scores. Statistically significant differences (PTNF-α and inducible NO synthase mRNA expression were detected in the groups treated with grape juice at the 1 % dose after inducing experimental colitis when compared with the TNBS group. Grape juice reduced the noxious effects induced by colitis caused by TNBS, especially at the 1 % dose.

Polyphenols are present in foods and beverages, being related to sensorial qualities such as color, bitterness, and astringency, which are relevant in products such as wine, tea, and grape juice. These compounds occur naturally in forms varying from simple phenolic acids to complex polymerized tannins. Oral cancer is the most common head and neck cancer, and it often has a poor prognosis owing to local tumor invasion and frequent lymph node metastasis. Nowadays, chemoprevention is considered as a promising approach for controlling cancer as a result of specific natural products or synthetic agents able to suppress, reverse, or even prevent premalignancy before transformation into invasive cancer. The use of polyphenols as a chemopreventive agent is a suitable tool for modulation of the oral carcinogenesis process. The aim of this article is to present data generated from the use of polyphenols as a chemopreventive agent in oral carcinogenesis using in-vivo and in-vitro test systems. These results have shown that polyphenols are able to exert some chemopreventive action as a result of inducing cellular death, apoptosis, inhibition of tumor growth, and antioxidative properties. Therefore, this area warrants further investigation as a new approach that would apply not only to polyphenols but also to other phytochemicals used as promising therapeutic agents against oral human diseases, especially cancer.

Oral cancer is a common neoplasm worldwide. Its incidence and mortality have also increased over the past decades. It is characterized by poor prognosis and a low survival rate despite sophisticated surgical and radiotherapeutic modalities. Metastasis of oral cancer is a complex process involving detachment of cells from tumor tissue, regulation of cell motility and invasion, proliferation and evasion through the lymphatic system or blood vessels. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge in metastasis from oral cancer regarding facts, such as incidence; stage, histopathology and grade of primary tumor; clinical manifestations; diagnosis; and treatment. Certainly, such information will contribute to the understanding of oral cancer pathogenesis.

The Glutatione-S-transferases (GSTs) comprise a family of enzymes closely associated with the cell detoxification of xenobiotics. GSTs exist as homo- or heterodimers and have been grouped into at least seven distinct classes. The main function of GSTs is to catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to an electrophilic site of a broad range of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compounds, thereby making such compounds less dangerous and enabling their ready-excretion. Placental GST, known as GST-P 7-7, is the main isoform found in normal placental tissue and comprises 67% of the total GST concentration in this tissue. During development, GST-P 7-7 decreases in concentration and is absent in adult tissues. Interestingly, GST-P 7-7 expression has been detected in adult tissues after exposure to carcinogenic agents in several experimental test systems, being considered a reliable biomarker of exposure and susceptibility in early phases of carcinogenesis. In this article, we review a series of studies involving GST-P 7-7 expression as a suitable tool for understanding cancer pathogenesis, especially cancer risk.

Titanium is known to possess excellent biocompatibility as a result of corrosion resistance, lack of allergenicity when compared with many other metals. Fluoride is well known as a specific and effective caries prophylactic agent and its systemic application has been recommended widely over recent decades. Nevertheless, high fluoride concentrations impair the corrosion resistance of titanium. The purpose of this article is to summarize the current data regarding the influence of fluoride on titanium corrosion process in the last 5 years. These data demonstrate noxious effects induced by high fluoride concentration as well as low pH in the oral cavity. Therefore, such conditions should be considered when prophylactic actions are administrated in patients containing titanium implants or other dental devices.

The goal of this study was to investigate whether subchronic treatment with grape juice concentrate is able to protect the liver from high fat diet injury in rats. The effects of grape juice concentrate treatment on histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry for p53, p16 and p21 were evaluated.Male Wistar rats (n = 18) were distributed into three groups: group 1: negative control; group 2: cholesterol at 1% (w/w) in their diet, treated during 5 weeks; and group 3: cholesterol at 1% in their chow during 5 weeks, and grape juice concentrate at 222 mg per day in their drinking-water in the last week only.The results pointed out that treatment with grape juice concentrate did not show remarkable differences regarding liver tissue in the cholesterol-exposed group when compared to group 2. However, grape juice concentrate was able to modulate p16 immunoexpression when compared to high fat diet group. p53 and p21 did not show any significant statistical differences among groups.Taken together, our results suggest that subchronic grape juice concentrate administration was able to modulate cell cycle control by downregulation of p16 immunoexpression in high fat diet-induced liver steatosis in rats.

The goal of this study was to investigate the expression of some metalloendopeptidases in squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx as well as its relation to histological differentiation, staging of disease, and prognosis. Paraffin blocks from 21 primary tumors were obtained from archives of the Department of Pathology, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of EP24.15 and EP24.16 by means of tissue microarrays. Expression of EP24.15 or EP24.16 was not correlated with the stage of disease, histopathological grading or recurrence in squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx. In summary, our results support the notion that EP24.15 and EP24.16 are expressed in carcinoma of the oropharynx; however, these do not appear to be suitable biomarkers for histological grading, disease stage or recurrence as depicted by tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry.

A aplicação de ozônio pode ser usada como uma alternativa no tratamento de inúmeras patologias. O objetivo é interferir positivamente na reparação tecidual e na anti-sepsia de injúrias, uma vez que o ozônio é um potente agente antimicrobiano e possui a capacidade de estimular a circulação sanguínea e a resposta imunomodulatória. Tais características justificam o interesse da sua aplicação na Medicina e na Odontologia. Quando em contato com fluidos orgânicos, o ozônio age como um oxidante gerando a formação de moléculas reativas do oxigênio e produtos de lipídeos oxidantes que influenciam em eventos bioquímicos do metabolismo celular. A proposição deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicação do ozônio diluído em água no processo de reparação óssea através de análise morfológica e imunoistoquimica em modelo animal. Nossos resultados mostraram que a irrigação da ferida cirúrgica com ozônio diluído em água ocasionou atraso na reparação e que este era mais exuberante no início do processo. The ozone therapy can be used as an alternative for the treatment of numerous diseases. The goal is to positively affect tissue repair and antisepsis as ozone is a potent antimicrobial agent and has the ability to stimulate blood circulation and immunomodulatory response. These characteristics justify the interest of its application in Medicine and Dentistry. When in contact with body fluids, ozone acts as an oxidant generating reactive oxygen molecules and oxidative products of lipids influencing biochemical events of cellular metabolism. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate, in an animal model, the effect of ozone application during the bone wound healing process. These analyses were performed by the study of bone cells morphology and immunohistochemical expression of bone matrix proteins. Our results showed that the use of ozone diluted in water for irrigation caused a delay in early stages of bone repair. This delay was more prominent in the first phase of the bone wound healing.

Beedi smokers (2.65%) and chewers of pan with tobacco (2.3%) had more prevalence of leukoplakia compared to other form of smoking and chewing habits. Present study showed that tobacco users having the habit for the past 2–5 years of duration had higher prevalence of oral mucosal conditions. Discussion: The present study showed that tobacco use in any form caused oral mucosal conditions. The different forms of tobacco use along with duration of use had its significant effect on severity of oral mucosal and periodontal condition.

Beedi smokers (2.65%) and chewers of pan with tobacco (2.3%) had more prevalence of leukoplakia compared to other form of smoking and chewing habits. Present study showed that tobacco users having the habit for the past 2–5 years of duration had higher prevalence of oral mucosal conditions. Discussion: The present study showed that tobacco use in any form caused oral mucosal conditions. The different forms of tobacco use along with duration of use had its significant effect on severity of oral mucosal and periodontal condition.