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Fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated, and their metabolites (eicosanoids) play many pivotal roles in human body, influencing various physiological and pathological processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with edible oils diverse in terms of fatty acid composition on fatty acid contents, activities of converting their enzymes, and on lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic and linoleic acids (eicosanoids) in rat serum. Female Sprague-Dawley rats divided into seven groups were used in the study. Animals from six groups were fed one of oils daily (carotino oil, made up by combining of red palm oil and canola oil, linseed oil, olive oil, rice oil, sesame oil, or sunflower oil). One group received a standard diet only. Fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Eicosanoids&mdash, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE) were extracted using a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed with HPLC. Vegetable oils given daily to rats caused significant changes in serum fatty acid profile and eicosanoid concentrations. Significant differences were also found in desaturases&rsquo, activity, with the linseed and olive oil supplemented groups characterized by the highest D6D and D5D activity. These findings may play a significant role in various pathological states.

Cross-sectional evidence shows that loss of control (LOC) eating is a common and psychopathologically relevant experience in preadolescence. This study sought to investigate the natural course of preadolescent LOC eating in relation to psychopathology and body weight trajectory. A community sample of 55 children ages 8-13 years with LOC eating, defined as at least one episode of LOC eating within the past 3 months (LOC+), and 59 matched children without LOC history (LOC-), were assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination adapted for Children and self-report questionnaires every 6 months over a 2-year follow-up. Of the LOC+ children, 54.5% of children remitted from LOC eating, 3.6% showed persistent LOC eating, and 41.8% showed recurring LOC eating over the follow-up period. Of the LOC- children, 19% revealed an onset of LOC episodes, mostly with a low level of stability. Multilevel modeling showed that LOC eating predicted a partial binge eating disorder diagnosis and greater global eating disorder psychopathology, but not depressive symptoms or growth in body fatness. Between-person higher shape concern and weight-related teasing, as well as within-person decreases in shape concern and increases in depression, predicted a greater likelihood of subsequent LOC eating. The results indicate a moderate stability of LOC eating in preadolescent children, with prognostic significance for clinically relevant eating problems and eating disorder psychopathology.

The Eating Disorder Examination adapted for children (ChEDE) is the child version of the semi-structured gold standard eating disorder interview for adults. This study was a comprehensive test statistic evaluation of the German ChEDE in a large sample of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, loss of control eating, overweight and obesity, as well as non-eating-disordered and chronically ill control probands (n = 352). Excellent inter-rater reliability, adequate internal consistency and satisfactory stability of ChEDE indicators were demonstrated. ChEDE indicators discriminated between diverse forms of eating and weight disturbances and normative eating and were significantly correlated with conceptually related measures. Factorial validity was not convincing; a brief eight-item scale showed the best fit. Item statistics were mostly acceptable. Overall, the ChEDE's German translation reliably and validly assesses psychopathology across the eating and weight disorder spectrum and facilitates international comparison of eating disorder research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

Ein Kontrollverlust beim Essen ist eine haufige und psychopathologisch relevante Erfahrung im Kindesalter. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Bissgrose und -geschwindigkeit als Verhaltensmase des Kontrollverlustes wahrend einer experimentellen Testmahlzeit in Abhangigkeit von der Stimmung zu untersuchen. Kinder mit versus ohne Kontrollverlust beim Essen (N = 120, 8-13 Jahre) nahmen nach einer Induktion negativer Stimmung mit einem Elternteil an einer laborexperimentellen Testmahlzeit und allein an einem freien Essen von Snacks teil. Bissgrose und -geschwindigkeit wurden durch Verhaltensbeobachtung bestimmt, die Nahrungsaufnahme gemessen und der Kontrollverlust und die Stimmung eingeschatzt. Kinder mit Kontrollverlust zeigten im Vergleich zu Kindern ohne Kontrollverlust keine erhohte Bissgrose und -geschwindigkeit. In negativer Stimmung war ihre Bissgrose erhoht, wahrend sie in neutraler Stimmung verringert war. Eine hohere Bissgrose und/oder -geschwindigkeit pradizierten ohne einen intervenierenden Einfluss der Stimmung eine grosere Nahrungsaufnahme wahrend der Testmahlzeit und dem freien Essen sowie ein vermehrtes Kontrollverlusterleben beim freien Essen. Die Bissgrose war signifikant mit einem erhohten Korpergewicht von Kind und Eltern korreliert. Beide Verhaltensmase waren nicht mit der Essstorungspsychopathologie und verschiedenen Schweregraden einer Kontrollverlustsymptomatik assoziiert. Die Bissgrose und -geschwindigkeit eignen sich in objektiver Messung nicht eindeutig als Verhaltensmase eines Kontrollverlustes beim Essen. Weitere Forschung zu Verhaltensmasen eines Kontrollverlustes ist notwendig. Schlagworter Essanfall – Binge-Eating-Storung – Kontrollverlust – Verhaltenstest – Verhaltensmase Loss of control (LOC) over eating is a common and psychopathologically relevant experience in childhood. The current study aimed at evaluating bite size and bite velocity as behavioral indicators of LOC eating in an experimental test meal study with a variation of mood. Children with or without LOC eating (N = 120, 8-13 years) consumed a parent-child test meal and a child-only meal consisting of snack food, following induction of negative mood. Bite size and bite velocity were determined through behavioral observation, food intake was measured, and sense of LOC and mood were rated. Children with LOC eating did not show greater bite size and bite velocity than children without LOC eating. Bite size of children with LOC eating was increased in negative mood and decreased in neutral mood. Greater bite size and bite velocity predicted greater food intake at test meal and snack eating and greater LOC over eating at snack eating, however, without an intervening influence of negative mood. Bite size was significantly associated with greater body weight of child and parent. Bite size and bite velocity were not significantly associated with eating disorder psychopathology and varying levels of LOC symptoms. The evidence as to hether bite size and bite velocity are suited as behavioral indicators of LOC eating is not clear-cut. Further research on behavioral indicators of childhood LOC eating is warranted. Keywords binge eating – binge eating disorder – loss of control – behavioral test – behavioral indicator

Background In children with loss of control (LOC) over eating, recent research has revealed evidence for distinct personality features, such as more impulsivity. The aim of this study was to assess parent- and child-report personality profiles in children with and without LOC over eating and to relate these profiles to general and eating-disorder psychopathology. Method A total of 120 children (60 with LOC over eating; 68 girls) aged 8 to 13 years were recruited from the community. Clinical interview, self-report, and parent-report questionnaires were administered to assess personality as well as both general and eating-disorder psychopathology. Results The group with LOC over eating showed lower self-directedness and cooperativeness compared to the group without LOC. The children with LOC were significantly more impulsive. Personality dimensions were significantly correlated with greater general but not eating-disorder psychopathology and frequency of LOC over eating. Conclusion A distinct pattern of personality traits in children with LOC over eating was found that is partly in line with research on binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and obesity in adulthood. The findings suggest that longitudinal studies should examine whether certain patterns of personality in children with LOC over eating account for differences in psychopathology later in life.

Background: Loss of control (LOC) eating in children leads to excessive weight gain. However, few studies have investigated the eating behavior of children with LOC eating and psychological and familial factors that maintain the eating behavior. Objective: This study sought to measure food intake in children with LOC eating and to examine maintenance through negative mood and parent-child mealtime interactions. Design: Children with or without LOC eating (n = 120, aged 8– 13 y) consumed a parent-child test meal and a child-only meal, consisting of snack food, after the induction of negative mood. Food intake, mood, sense of LOC, hunger, satiety, and mealtime interactions were assessed. Results: Regardless of mood induction, children with LOC eating showed a greater intake of energy, fat, and protein and a greater sense of LOC than did those without LOC in the child-only snack group, which was accounted for by greater baseline hunger and satiety. Independently, children with high recurrent LOC eating had a greater food intake at both test meals than did those with low recurrent LOC eating. Overall, mealtime interactions did not differ between groups, but parents of children with LOC eating expressed more weight-related critique than did parents of children without LOC eating outside negative mood induction. Predictors of food intake were greater antecedent hunger or less satiety, stronger antecedent sense of LOC, and more weight-related critique. Conclusions: The results showed objective abnormalities in the eating behavior of children with LOC eating that was mostly unrelated to negative mood or dysfunctional mealtime interactions. Further research is required to specify factors maintaining LOC eating. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28843.

Objective: To examine the ability to regulate emotions in children with binge eating. Method: A community sample of 60 children ages 8–13 with at least one episode of loss of control (LOC) eating during the past 3 months and a matched control group without LOC (n = 60) underwent a clinical interview (Eating Disorder Examination adapted for Children) and completed self-report questionnaires assessing emotion regulation strategies, eating pathology, and depressive symptoms. Results: Children with LOC eating made a significantly higher use of dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies (p < .01), especially for the regulation of anxiety (p < .01). Maladaptive strategies were associated with greater depressiveness (p < .001). Use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies did not differ between children with and without LOC eating. Discussion: Results document an association between LOC eating and difficulties in regulating negative emotions in children. Interventions targeting LOC eating in children should include training for coping with negative emotions. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009

Objective: This study investigated the diagnostic validity of the DSM-IV-TR criteria for binge eating disorder as well as proposed diagnostic criteria in younger children with and without loss of control (LOC) eating. Method: A total of 60 children with at least one episode of loss of control over eating within the past 3 months and 60 matched children without LOC history were recruited from the community. Clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires were used to assess psychopathology. Results: Hierarchical cluster analyses produced clusters of high recurrent LOC eating, low recurrent LOC eating, and no or sporadic LOC eating. The children with high recurrent LOC eating had eating disorder and general psychopathology comparable to that documented in clinical eating disorders. The DSM-IV-TR criteria and the criterion of “undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation” could at lower thresholds than for adults be used to identify children with high recurrent LOC eating. Discussion: Overall, this evaluation of the diagnostic validity of binge eating disorder in middle childhood suggests that only a few modifications to the adult DSM-IV-TR criteria are necessary to identify children with LOC eating suffering from clinically significant eating disorder psychopathology and increased general psychopathology. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009

Objective Recent research suggests that binge eating is a common experience in youth. However, it remains largely unknown how children's binge eating presents in everyday life and which psychological factors serve to maintain this binge eating. Methods Children aged 8–13 years with binge eating (n = 59), defined as at least one episode of loss of control (LOC) over eating within the past three months, and 59 matched children without LOC history were recruited from the community. Following a combined random- and event-sampling protocol, children were interviewed about their day-to-day eating behavior, mood, and eating disorder-specific cognitions using child-specific cell phones during a 4-day assessment period in their natural environment. Results LOC episodes led to a significantly greater intake of energy, particularly from carbohydrates, than regular meals of children with and without LOC eating. While LOC episodes were preceded and followed by cognitions about food/eating and body image, there was minimal evidence that negative mood states were antecedents of LOC eating. Conclusions The results provide support for the construct validity of LOC eating in children. Maintenance theories of binge eating for adults apply to children regarding eating disorder-specific cognitions, but the association with affect regulation difficulties requires further investigation.

Emerging evidence suggests that subgroups of obese children, including children with binge eating, suffer from an increased psychopathology. The current study provides an overview of research on binge eating disorder (BED) symptomatology in childhood. Data from a community-based investigation in children aged 8-13 years show that binge episodes co-occurred with eating concerns, weight and shape concerns, depressiveness, and overweight and obesity, but not with psychiatric diagnoses or general behavioral disturbances. Recurrent binge eating was associated with clinically significant eating disorder psychopathology, but a BED diagnosis was present in only a few cases. The DSM-IV criteria and further proposed research criteria for children showed low to moderate associations with binge eating frequency. Psychological characteristics associated with recurrent binge eating in children are in need of further study.

Objective: To provide a comprehensive investigation of the retrospective correlates of loss of control (LOC) over eating in children close to the onset of their first LOC eating episodes. Method: A community-based, case-control design was used to compare matched groups of 60 children with and without LOC eating. Retrospective correlates were assessed using a child-adapted version of the Oxford Risk Factor Interview. Results: Children with LOC eating revealed greater levels of exposure to parental problems, (e.g., underinvolvement, arguments, and depression of family members) and dieting-related risk factors than children without LOC eating. Predictors of LOC eating were risk correlates parental underinvolvement, and critical comments by the family and the critical life event change of school. Discussion: Results underline the influence of parental behavior and the impact of dieting behavior on the development of non-normative eating in middle childhood. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:751–758)

Loss of control (LOC) over eating is a common and psychopathologically relevant experience in childhood. The current study aimed at evaluating bite size and bite velocity as behavioral indicators of LOC eating in an experimental test meal study with a variation of mood. Children with or without LOC eating (N=120, 8-13 years) consumed a parent-child test meal and a child-only meal consisting of snack food, following induction of negative mood. Bite size and bite velocity were determined through behavioral observation, food intake was measured, and sense of LOC and mood were rated. Children with LOC eating did not show greater bite size and bite velocity than children without LOC eating. Bite size of children with LOC eating was increased in negative mood and decreased in neutral mood. Greater bite size and bite velocity predicted greater food intake at test meal and snack eating and greater LOC over eating at snack eating, however, without an intervening influence of negative mood. Bite size was significantly associated with greater body weight of child and parent. Bite size and bite velocity were not significantly associated with eating disorder psychopathology and varying levels of LOC symptoms. The evidence as to whether bite size and bite velocity are suited as behavioral indicators of LOC eating is not clear-cut. Further research on behavioral indicators of childhood LOC eating is warranted.

Emerging evidence suggests that subgroups of obese children, including children with binge eating, suffer from an increased psychopathology. The current study provides an overview of research on binge eating disorder (BED) symptomatology in childhood. Data from a community-based investigation in children aged 8-13 years show that binge episodes co-occurred with eating concerns, weight and shape concerns, depressiveness, and overweight and obesity, but not with psychiatric diagnoses or general behavioral disturbances. Recurrent binge eating was associated with clinically significant eating disorder psychopathology, but a BED diagnosis was present in only a few cases. The DSM-IV criteria and further proposed research criteria for children showed low to moderate associations with binge eating frequency. Psychological characteristics associated with recurrent binge eating in children are in need of further study.