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Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite related to abortion in cattle, goats and sheep. The life cycle of N. caninum is characterized by the time-coordinated secretion of proteins contained in micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules, allowing the active invasion and the adaptation of the parasite in the cell environment. Thus, the proteins of the secretome have the potential to be considered as targets for N. caninum control. Despite the importance of neosporosis in the livestock-related economy, no commercial treatment is available. Furthermore, the process of invasion, propagation and immune evasion are not completely elucidated. In this study, we initiated the characterization of NCLIV_011700 of N. caninum, a protein with low sequence identity to NcROP15 or TgROP15 (15%). Our goal was the detection and molecular characterization of the NCLIV_011700, once homology (with low identity20%) was observed within the Apicomplexa. The NCLIV_011700 sequence was aligned and compared to the closer apicomplexan homologues (ROP15 from N. caninum, T. gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Cystospores suis), including the predicted domains. In general, the NCLIV_011700 demonstrated low identity with ROP15 of apicomplexan (20%) and had a ubiquitin domain. On the other side, the NCLIV_011700 homologues were composed of a non-cytoplasmic domain, suggesting different functions between NcROP15 (or homologues) and NCLIV_011700 during the parasite life cycle. Moreover, the NCLIV_011700 was amplified by PCR, ligated to a pET28a plasmid and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant form of NCLIV_011700 was purified in a nickel-Sepharose resin and applied for polyclonal antibody production in mice. The antiserum against NCLIV_011700 (anti-rNCLIV_011700) was used to localize the native form of the protein using Western blot and confocal microscopy. Also, the NCLIV_011700 antiserum partially inhibited the parasite adhesion/invasion process, indicating an active role of the protein in the N. caninum cycle. Thus, the initial NCLIV_011700 characterization will contribute to enlarging the comprehension of N. caninum, aiming at the future development of tools to control the parasite infection/propagation.

Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) é o agente causador da neosporose, descrita como a principal causa de aborto parasitário em gado bovino .Parasitos desse filo interagem e invadem as células hospedeiras através da secreção coordenada de proteínas do complexo apical, formado por diversas organelas, dentre elas as roptrias (ROPs), que desempenham papel fundamental no processo de infecção, associado à formação do vacúolo parasitóforo (PV), sobrevivência no ambiente intracelular e virulência do parasito. Essas proteínas podem ser caracterizadas em: proteínas de roptrias de pescoço (RONs), e proteínas de roptrias (ROPs). Além disso, algumas ROPs podem se diferenciar e, dessa maneira, constituem uma grande família de quinases e pseudo-quinases, denominada família de roptrias quinase (ROPKs). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as proteínas de roptrias NcROP15B (NcLIV_011700) e NcROP55 (NcLIV_031550) de N. caninum. As sequências de NcROP15B e NcROP55 foram alinhadas com homólogos de alguns microrganismos, incluindo apicomplexas, ao BLAST. NcROP15B apresentou identidade de 19% com as sequencias de ROP15 de T. gondii e Hammondia hammondi. NcROP55 mostrou identidade de 14% com a ROP37 de T. gondii e com ROP28 de Hammondia hammondi, e 15% com a ROP28 de Neospora caninum. Foram detectados domínios pertencentes à família de proteínas quinase para NcROP15B e NcROP55, e peptídeo sinal apenas para NcROP15B. Os primers foram delineados para amplificar regiões de cDNA de ambos os genes com diferentes tamanhos, denominados NcROP15B maior, NcROP15B menor, NcROP55 maior e NcROP55 menor. Os insertos foram subclonados (pGEM) e posteriormente ligados em plasmídeo de expressão pET28 em E. coli BL21(DE3) e a expressão recombinante induzida por IPTG. As formas recombinantes foram expressas com 30 kDa e 16 kDa (NcROP15B fragmento Maior e Menor, respectivamente) e NcROP55 Maior e Menor gerou um peso molecular de 19.9 kDa e 15 kDa, respectivamente. Após purificação, NcROP15B e NcROP55 foram utilizadas para obtenção de soros policlonais. Anti-ROP15B e anti-ROP55 reagiram com extrato de N. caninum em Western Blot 1D, tendo NcROP15B sido detectada com 35 kDa, próximo ao predito (32 kDa) e NcROP55 com aproximadamente 35 KDa, porém abaixo do predito (47.9 kDa). Na imunofluorescência confocal, NcROP-15B e NcROP55 exibiram padrão de localização na região perinuclear de taquizoítos de N. caninum. Os anticorpos anti-NcROP15B e anti-NcROP55 apresentaram, individualmente, capacidade limitada para inibir o processo de adesão/invasão de N. caninum, sendo 16% e 6,43% respectivamente. Quando os soros anti-NcROP15B e anti-NcROP55 foram associados, a a inibição da invasão aumentou para 62%. As proteínas NcROP-15B e NcROP55 podem representar quinases importantes no metabolismo de N. caninum, e podem estar relacionadas ao processo de invasão e proliferação do parasito. Dessa maneira, são possíveis alvos para se considerar no estudo de medidas preventivas, sendo necessários mais estudos para avaliar suas funções na sobrevivência intracelular e virulência de N. caninum. Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) is the causative agent of neosporosis, described as the main responsible of parasitic abortion in cattle. Parasites of this phylum interact and invade the host cells through a coordinated secretion of proteins of the apical complex, formed by organelles like rhoptries, which play a key role in the infection process, associated to the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), intracellular survival and parasite virulence. These proteins can be characterized in: neck rhoptry proteins (RONs), and rhoptry proteins (ROPs). Some ROPs can differentiate and thus constitute a large family of kinases and pseudo-kinases, called the kinase rhoptry family (ROPKs). The aim of this study was to characterize N. caninum NcROP15B (NcLIV_011700) and NcROP55 (NcLIV_031550) rhoptry proteins. The amino acid sequences of NcROP15B and NcROP55 were aligned with homologous proteins from some microorganisms, including apicomplexan on BLAST. NcROP15B showed a 19% identity with the ROP15 of T. gondii and Hammondia hammondi. NcROP55 had 14% of identity with ROP37 of T. gondii and with ROP28 of Hammondia hammondi, and 15% with ROP28 of Neospora caninum. Domains were detected belonging to the protein kinase family for NcROP15B and NcROP55, and signal peptide only for NcROP15B. Primers were designed to amplify cDNA regions of both genes, opting for fragments of different sizes, names as NcROP15B major, NcROP15B minor, NcROP55 major and NcROP55 minor. The inserts were subcloned (pGEM) and then ligated into pET28 expression plasmid in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and IPTG-induced recombinant expression. The recombinant forms were expressed with 30 kDa and 16 kDa (NcROP15B Major and Minor, respectively) and Major and Minor NcROP55 had molecular weights of 19.9 kDa and 15 kDa, respectively. After purification, NcROP15B and NcROP55 were used to obtain polyclonal serum. Anti-ROP15B and anti-ROP55 reacted with N. caninum extract in Western Blot 1D, with NcROP15B being detected at 35 kDa, near predicted (32 kDa) and NcROP55 at approximately 35 KDa, but below the predicted (47.9 kDa). At confocal immunofluorescence, NcROP-15B and NcROP55 exhibited a localization pattern at the perinuclear region of N. caninum tachyzoites. Anti-NcROP15B and anti-NcROP55 antibodies had, individually, limited ability to inhibit the N. caninum adhesion/invasion process (16 and 6,43%, respectively). When associated, anti-NcROP15B and anti-NcROP55 sera inhibition of invasion increased to 62%. NcROP-15B and NcROP55 proteins might represent important kinases in the metabolism of N. caninum with a possible role in the parasite invasion and proliferation process. Thus, they represent possible targets for preventive measures, but further studies are necessary to evaluate their functions in intracellular survival and virulence of N. caninum.